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36-623: At the time, there were two other slick-paper libertarian magazines, Reason , which at the time leaned towards the right wing of the libertarian spectrum, and Inquiry , which tilted left. Libertarian Review was more movement-oriented than either magazine. It also differed from both in its strong opposition to nuclear energy . In the summer of 1981, the Koch Foundation , which was funding Inquiry as well as Libertarian Review , decided that it could not continue to support two magazines and folded Libertarian Review into Inquiry starting with

72-551: A neuropsychologist at University of California, Davis , that people with damage in the prefrontal cortex have difficulty understanding non-verbal aspects of language like tone. Neuroscientist David Salmon at the University of California, San Diego , stated that this type of research could help doctors distinguish between different types of neurodegenerative diseases, such as frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease . In William Brant's Critique of Sarcastic Reason , sarcasm

108-501: A lowered pitch; sometimes to such an extent that the expression is reduced to a mere mumble. But other research shows that there are many ways that real speakers signal sarcastic intentions. One study found that in Cantonese , sarcasm is indicated by raising the fundamental frequency of one's voice. In Amharic , rising intonation is used to show sarcasm. Though in the English language there

144-432: A maladaptive coping mechanism for those with unresolved anger or frustrations. Psychologist Clifford N. Lazarus describes sarcasm as " hostility disguised as humor". While an occasional sarcastic comment may enliven a conversation, Lazarus suggests that too frequent use of sarcasm tends to "overwhelm the emotional flavor of any conversation". Understanding the subtlety of this usage requires second-order interpretation of

180-561: A popular teacher apologizes to the class for answering his phone in the other room: "I don't know if we can forgive you!" A French company has developed an analytics tool that claims to have up to 80% accuracy in identifying sarcastic comments posted online. In June 2014, the United States Secret Service requested bids for software that would identify sarcasm in tweets . The Buddhist monk Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu has identified sarcasm as contrary to right speech , an aspect of

216-524: A sentence should be understood as ironic, but not necessarily designate sarcasm that is not ironic. By contrast, more recent proposals, such as the snark mark , or the use of the following tilde are specifically intended to denote sarcasm rather than irony. A bracketed exclamation point or question mark as well as scare quotes are also sometimes used to express irony or ironic sarcasm. In certain Ethiopic languages, sarcasm and unreal phrases are indicated at

252-510: Is a podcast series in which editor at large, Nick Gillespie interviews activists, artists, authors, entrepreneurs, newsmakers, and politicians on current issues such as free speech, censorship, gun control, COVID-19 regulations, institutions such as the FBI , geopolitics and more. The podcast occasionally focuses on historical topics, such as pacifism during World War 2 and the philosophical views of Adam Smith and Ayn Rand . The Soho Forum Debates

288-511: Is an American libertarian monthly magazine published by the Reason Foundation , with the tagline "Free Minds and Free Markets". The magazine aims to produce independent journalism that is "outside of the left/right echo chamber." The magazine has a circulation of around 50,000. Reason was founded in 1968 by Lanny Friedlander (1947–2011), a student at Boston University , as a more-or-less monthly mimeographed publication. In 1970, it

324-415: Is an extremely close connection between sarcasm and irony, and literary theorists in particular often treat sarcasm as simply the crudest and least interesting form of irony." Also, he adds: First, situations may be ironic, but only people can be sarcastic. Second, people may be unintentionally ironic, but sarcasm requires intention. What is essential to sarcasm is that it is overt irony intentionally used by

360-463: Is editor-in-chief. The site produced a series of videos called The Drew Carey Project hosted by comedian Drew Carey . Reason TV teamed with Carey again in 2009 to produce "Reason Saves Cleveland", in which Carey suggested free market solutions to his hometown's problems. Since 2010, comedian Remy Munasifi has partnered with Reason TV to produce parody videos. Since 2017, John Stossel has produced more than 100 commentary segments published on

396-406: Is expressed as early as the age of three, but sarcastic expressions take place much later during development (Brant, 2012). According to Brant (2012, 145–6), sarcasm is (a) form of expression of language often including the assertion of a statement that is disbelieved by the expresser (e.g., where the sentential meaning is disbelieved by the expresser), although the intended meaning is different from

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432-418: Is hypothesized to develop as a cognitive and emotional tool that adolescents use in order to test the borders of politeness and truth in conversation. Sarcasm recognition and expression both require the development of understanding forms of language, especially if sarcasm occurs without a cue or signal (e.g., a sarcastic tone or rolling the eyes). Sarcasm is argued to be more sophisticated than lying because lying

468-419: Is moderated by Gene Epstein and features live debates between public intellectuals on current issues such as bitcoin, electric vehicles, government debt, illegal drugs, robotics, and sex work. The podcast series Why We Can't Have Nice Things is a six part series about American trade policy and its impacts on the economy, such as the 2022 United States infant formula shortage . Sarcasm Sarcasm

504-485: Is not any standard accepted method to denote irony or sarcasm in written conversation, several forms of punctuation have been proposed. Among the oldest and frequently attested are the percontation point —furthered by Henry Denham in the 1580s—and the irony mark —furthered by Alcanter de Brahm in the 19th century. Both of these marks were represented visually by a ⸮ backwards question mark (Unicode U+2E2E). Each of these punctuation marks are primarily used to indicate that

540-655: Is often directly associated with verbal irony (meaning the opposite of what is said) and the two are frequently used together; sarcasm is not necessarily ironic by definition, and either element can be used without the other. Examples of sarcasm and irony used together: "My you're early!" (After one arrives extremely late). "What a fine artist you've become!" (When meaning to express displeasure). Example of sarcasm without irony: (frequently attributed to Winston Churchill ) After an onlooker comments on one being drunk: "My dear, tomorrow I will be sober, and you will still be ugly!" Example of irony without sarcasm: After

576-424: Is the caustic use of words, often in a humorous way, to mock someone or something. Sarcasm may employ ambivalence , although it is not necessarily ironic . Most noticeable in spoken word, sarcasm is mainly distinguished by the inflection with which it is spoken or, with an undercurrent of irony, by the extreme disproportion of the comment to the situation, and is largely context -dependent. The word comes from

612-486: The Ancient Greek σαρκασμός ( sarkasmós ) which is taken from σαρκάζειν ( sarkázein ) meaning "to tear flesh, bite the lip in rage, sneer". It is first recorded in English in 1579, in an annotation to The Shepheardes Calender by Edmund Spenser : Tom piper, an ironicall Sarcasmus, spoken in derision of these rude wits, whych ... However, the word sarcastic , meaning "Characterized by or involving sarcasm; given to

648-589: The Reason TV YouTube channel. Reason TV has a playlist called "Great Moments in Unintended Consequences" which examines historical and contemporary examples of government regulations producing unintended consequences. Reason has multiple podcast series, including Reason Roundtable , a weekly podcast in which the editors "discuss and debate the week’s biggest stories and what fresh hell awaits us all". The Reason Interview with Nick Gillespie ,

684-405: The 1980s as managing editor and editor-in-chief, leaving in 1989. Virginia Postrel was editor-in-chief of the magazine from July 1989 to January 2000. She founded the magazine's website in 1995. Nick Gillespie became editor-in-chief in 2000. In June 2004, subscribers to Reason magazine received a personalized issue that had their name, and a satellite photo of their home or workplace on

720-607: The January 1982 issue. The last issue was November/December 1981. However, Cato then transferred Inquiry to the Libertarian Review Foundation with the February 1982 issue. This American political magazine article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . See tips for writing articles about magazines . Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page . Reason (magazine) Reason

756-454: The book The Declaration of Independents: How Libertarian Politics Can Fix What's Wrong with America , which they co-wrote. Katherine Mangu-Ward became the magazine's editor-in-chief in June 2016, with Welch moving to an editor-at-large position. Nick Gillespie is the other editor-at-large of Reason . Hit & Run was Reason ' s group blog . It was maintained and written by the staff of

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792-427: The comment was expressed and considered. Cultural perspectives on sarcasm vary widely with more than a few cultures and linguistic groups finding it offensive to varying degrees. Thomas Carlyle despised it: "Sarcasm I now see to be, in general, the language of the devil; for which reason I have long since as good as renounced it". Fyodor Dostoevsky , on the other hand, recognized in it a cry of pain: Sarcasm, he said,

828-547: The cover. The concept was to demonstrate the power of public databases, as well as the customized printing capabilities of Xeikon 's printer, according to then editor-in-chief Nick Gillespie. The move was seen by David Carr of The New York Times as "the ultimate in customized publishing" as well as "a remarkable demonstration of the growing number of ways databases can be harnessed." In 2008, Matt Welch became magazine's editor-in-chief, with Gillespie becoming editor-in-chief of reason.tv. In 2011, Gillespie and Welch published

864-501: The difficulties in translating sarcasm. A 2015 study by L. Huang, F. Gino and A.D. Galinsky of the Harvard Business School "tests a novel theoretical model in which both the construction and interpretation of sarcasm lead to greater creativity because they activate abstract thinking." In English, sarcasm is often telegraphed with kinesic / prosodic cues by speaking more slowly and with a lower pitch. Similarly, Dutch uses

900-455: The end of a sentence with a sarcasm mark called temherte slaq , a character that looks like an inverted exclamation point ¡. The usage directly parallels John Wilkins ' 1668 proposal to use the inverted exclamation point as an irony mark. A proposal by Asteraye Tsigie and Daniel Yacob in 1999 to include the temherte slaq in Unicode was unsuccessful. While sarcasm (harsh ridicule or mockery)

936-434: The first aid over the years!" or it may be used in the form of a direct statement, "You couldn't play one piece correctly if you had two assistants." The distinctive quality of sarcasm is present in the spoken word and manifested chiefly by vocal inflection ... Distinguishing sarcasm from banter , and referring to the use of irony in sarcasm, linguist Derek Bousfield writes that sarcasm is: The use of strategies which, on

972-399: The magazine. It was started in 2002 and discontinued on April 14, 2019, with reason.com's site redesign. Then-editor Gillespie and then-Web editor Tim Cavanaugh , both veterans of Suck.com , modeled the blog in some ways after that website: they brought along several other Suck.com writers to contribute, fostered a style in the blog matching that former website's sarcastic attitude, and even

1008-436: The name "Hit & Run" was taken from what had been a weekly news roundup column on Suck.com. Reason editors referred to this co-opting of the former website as the " Suck -ification of Reason ". In 2005, Hit & Run was named as one of the best political blogs by Playboy . Reason TV is a YouTube channel affiliated with Reason magazine that produces short-form documentaries and video editorials. Nick Gillespie

1044-427: The reason why this dissertation does not thoroughly investigate the distinction between irony and sarcasm involves the ideas that: (1) people can pretend to be insulted when they are not or pretend not to be insulted when they are seriously offended; (2) an individual may feel ridiculed directly after the comment and then find it humorous or neutral thereafter; and (3) the individual may not feel insulted until years after

1080-452: The sentence meaning. The recognition of sarcasm without the accompaniment of a cue develops around the beginning of adolescence or later. Sarcasm involves the expression of an insulting remark that requires the interpreter to understand the negative emotional connotation of the expresser within the context of the situation at hand. Irony, contrarily, does not include derision, unless it is sarcastic irony. The problems with these definitions and

1116-553: The speaker as a form of verbal aggression. Lexicographer Henry Watson Fowler writes in A Dictionary of Modern English Usage : Sarcasm does not necessarily involve irony. But irony, or the use of expressions conveying different things according as they are interpreted, is so often made the vehicle of sarcasm ... The essence of sarcasm is the intention of giving pain by (ironical or other) bitter words. Professionals in psychology and related fields have long looked upon sarcasm negatively, particularly noting that sarcasm tends to be

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1152-403: The speaker's or writer's intentions; different parts of the brain must work together to understand sarcasm. This sophisticated understanding can be lacking in some people with certain forms of brain damage, dementia and sometimes autism, and this perception has been located by MRI in the right parahippocampal gyrus . Research on the anatomy of sarcasm has shown, according to Richard Delmonico,

1188-429: The surface appear to be appropriate to the situation, but are meant to be taken as meaning the opposite in terms of face management . That is, the utterance which appears, on the surface, to maintain or enhance the face of the recipient actually attacks and damages the face of the recipient. ... sarcasm is an insincere form of politeness which is used to offend one's interlocutor. Linguist John Haiman writes: "There

1224-461: The use of sarcasm; bitterly cutting or caustic", does not appear until 1695. In its entry on irony, Dictionary.com describes sarcasm thus: In sarcasm, ridicule or mockery is used harshly, often crudely and contemptuously, for destructive purposes. It may be used in an indirect manner, and have the form of irony, as in "What a fine musician you turned out to be!," "It's like you're a whole different person now...," and "Oh... Well then thanks for all

1260-530: Was "usually the last refuge of modest and chaste-souled people when the privacy of their soul is coarsely and intrusively invaded." RFC 1855, a collection of guidelines for Internet communications , includes a warning to be especially careful with it as it "may not travel well." Another study of sarcasm over email verifies these claims. A professional translator has advised that international business executives "should generally avoid sarcasm in intercultural business conversations and written communications" because of

1296-475: Was purchased by Robert W. Poole Jr., Manuel S. Klausner, and Tibor R. Machan , who set it on a more regular publishing schedule. During the 1970s and 1980s, the magazine's contributors included Milton Friedman , Murray Rothbard , Thomas Szasz , and Thomas Sowell . In 1978, Poole, Klausner, and Machan created the associated Reason Foundation , in order to expand the magazine's ideas into policy research. Marty Zupan joined Reason in 1975, and served through

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