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58-611: The history of the Quad traces back to the beginnings of the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition campus. Although the Quad was not finished until 1950, its layout was produced as early as 1915 by its designers Henry Suzzallo , an early UW President, and architect Carl Gould , who designed numerous buildings on the UW campus. In 1915, the Board of Regents adopted Gould's "Revised General Plan of

116-505: A de facto dependent of the commerce on the state of Washington . The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the provision of the Constitution saying one state should not hold sway over another's commerce did not apply because Alaska was only a territory. The prices Seattle's shipping businesses charged began to rise to take advantage of the situation. The Great Depression caused prices of fish and copper, which were vital to Alaska's economy at

174-568: A few buildings on the University of Washington campus named for women. During the Exposition itself the building was clad in stucco; today it is faced in wood siding. The building now houses various educational and other programs related to women. Other buildings from the A-Y-P survived for a time, but were subsequently demolished as the university grew. The Forestry Building was demolished mid-century after

232-536: A long pool with a series of short waterfalls along Rainier Vista. John Galen Howard's firm, Howard and Galloway, based in San Francisco, was chosen as supervising architects for the Exposition buildings. They designed several buildings and supervised construction of those designed by other architects. The fairgrounds were entirely ready for the June 1, 1909 opening. The only foreign countries to erect entire buildings at

290-418: A new chemistry building named Bagley Hall opened. The older building then became the home of Architecture and Physiology. The building survives today, albeit with extensive renovation and restoration, and is known as Architecture Hall. The A-Y-P Women's Building also survives. During the fair it housed exhibits related to women. Today the building is named Cunningham Hall (after Imogen Cunningham ), one of only

348-469: A protest march outside the grounds on Labor Day . The Seattle Socialist editorialized that the Exposition was, "a great fantastic monument to the brutal avarice of the capitalist class." A month-old orphaned boy named Ernest was raffled away as a prize. Although a winning ticket was drawn, nobody claimed the prize. The ultimate destiny of the child was still being investigated in 2009. Other human exhibits included displays presenting Igorot people from

406-535: A rainy day, Raitt invited legislators to the wartime shack that housed the School of Economics. Issues with the building led to the allocation of funds within the Regents Plan to build a new structure for the school. In 1920, two more structures were built in the Quad. Student payments into the University building fund financed the construction of Commerce Hall, which was completed in 1917. This method of funding also marked

464-475: Is lined with thirty Yoshino cherry trees , which draw sightseers when they blossom, typically between mid-March and early April. The cherry trees were bought by the UW in 1939 and initially planted at the Washington Park Arboretum . The trees were moved onto the campus's Liberal Arts Quad in 1962 after construction began on State Route 520 , which cut across part of the arboretum. The decision to move

522-598: The 19th Amendment as it was a territory. Racial segregation was practiced in Territorial Alaska toward Native Alaskans lasting until 1945 when the Alaska Equal Rights Act of 1945 was signed into law banning racial segregation and discrimination making it the first law of its kind in the United States. On January 3, 1959, Alaska became the 49th state. There was some delay because of concern by members of

580-524: The Cold War . Alaska's strategic importance to the United States became more apparent during World War II. In April 1942, over 200 people of Japanese origin in the territory were forcibly removed and sent to internment camps inland as a result of Executive Order 9066 , which authorized the government to evict and intern any person of Japanese descent from the Pacific Coast . From June 1942 until August 1943

638-702: The District of Alaska , 1884–1912. Passage of the 1899 Criminal Code which, among other things, included a tax on liquor, led to increased calls for Alaskan representation in Congress, and the debate finally ended on August 24, 1912, when the Alaska District became an organized, incorporated territory of the United States. The Second Organic Act of 1912 renamed the District to the Territory of Alaska. By 1916, its population

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696-455: The Hoo-Hoos , a lumbermen's fraternity. After the fair, this building served as the faculty club until it was replaced in 1958–60 by the current faculty club. Another legacy of the fair was the enhanced status of exposition president J. E. Chilberg. Although a respected banker, Chilberg had never really been one of the city's elite. He was drafted into his position with the fair simply as a man who

754-488: The Jamestown Exposition . This turned out to be good fortune for Seattle, because 1907 proved to be a bad year for the economy. If the exposition had been held that year it almost certainly would have been a financial failure, rather than the success it was in 1909. The Olmsted Brothers of Brookline, Massachusetts, were selected to plan the Exposition; the firm was already involved in planning parks and parkways for

812-517: The Japan Commerce Association and will be planted at Rainier Vista and in the arboretum. 47°39′26″N 122°18′26″W  /  47.657263°N 122.307198°W  / 47.657263; -122.307198 Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition The Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition , acronym AYP or AYPE , was a world's fair held in Seattle in 1909 publicizing the development of

870-571: The Pacific Northwest . It was originally planned for 1907 to mark the 10th anniversary of the Klondike Gold Rush , but the organizers learned of the Jamestown Exposition being held that same year and rescheduled. The fairgrounds were hosted on an undeveloped portion of the present day campus of the University of Washington . Godfrey Chealander proposed the idea for the fair. Chealander

928-778: The Army and the Navy. Many sat in the fair's amphitheater, awaiting a signal scheduled to be given in Washington, D.C. At 3 p.m. East Coast time (noon in Seattle), in the East Room of the White House, President Taft sent the signal. He "opened...the Exposition...by touching a gold [telegraph] key, studded with gold nuggets taken from the first mine opened in the Klondike region." The telegraphic spark that Taft sent

986-620: The City of Seattle. John C. Olmsted visited Seattle in October 1906 and saw the dominant form of Mount Rainier toward the southeast. He selected the mountain as the focus of the primary axis of the Exposition. This axis later became the Rainier Vista of the University of Washington campus. The principal landscape architect for the fair was the Olmsted firm's James Frederick Dawson . His design centered on

1044-525: The Drumheller Fountain on the campus of the University of Washington on July 16, 2009. Alaska Territory The Territory of Alaska or Alaska Territory was an organized incorporated territory of the United States from August 24, 1912, until Alaska was granted statehood on January 3, 1959. The territory was previously Russian America , 1784–1867; the Department of Alaska , 1867–1884; and

1102-664: The Japanese invaded the U.S. by way of the Aleutian Islands chain, in the Battle of the Aleutian Islands . This marked the first time since the War of 1812 that American soil was occupied by a foreign enemy. The Japanese were eventually repelled from the Aleutian Islands by a force of 34,000 American troops. In the spring and summer of 1945, Cold Bay on the Alaska Peninsula was the site of

1160-729: The Philippines as dog-eating, primitive people; the "Alaskan Siberians — Eskimos"; and a Chinese village depicting opium dens and recounting the recent Boxer Rebellion . The Igorot exhibit spawned a letter of protest to the Seattle Post-Intelligencer signed by over 100 Filipino merchant marines, although some local resident Filipinos responded to the letter by defending the exhibit. Premature babies were also displayed in French physician Alexandre Lion 's incubators , decades before such systems were commonplace in hospitals. This display

1218-448: The University of Washington", known more commonly as the Regents Plan. The first building built to enclose the Quad was Raitt Hall, which was named for Effie Isobel Raitt, director of the University of Washington School of Home Economics (a school founded in 1930 and incorporated into the University of Washington School of Nutritional Sciences and Textiles in 1978; currently part of the University of Washington School of Public Health ). On

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1276-634: The agency name was changed to Alaska Territorial Police and additional personnel were hired from among the U.S. marshals' ranks. The agency became the Alaska Territorial Police in 1953, and again changed its title to Alaska State Troopers in 1967. Prior to statehood, the Federal Bureau of Prisons had correctional jurisdiction over Alaska. Under the Tennessee Plan, Alaska had unrecognized senators and an at-large representative, also being

1334-536: The backing of Times publisher Alden J. Blethen —remarkably, for the time, without gaining the opposition of the rival Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Among other early proponents of the exposition was John Edward Chilberg, one of a line of prominent Seattle merchants in the Chilberg family, who was president of the Alaska Club, and was then given the title of president of the Exposition. Edmond S. Meany proposed that

1392-548: The belief that only those who grew up with climates similar to that of Alaska's could handle settler life there. The United Congo Improvement Association asked the president to settle 400 African-American farmers in Alaska, saying that the territory would offer full political rights, but racial prejudice and the belief that only those from northern states would make suitable colonists caused the proposal to fail. The exploration and settlement of Alaska would not have been possible without

1450-504: The cherry trees to the Liberal Arts Quad was likely made by a group of people including President Charles Odegaard, Frederick Mann, Ernest Conrad, Eric Hoyte, and other staff from the architect office. However, "the outset of the unique arrangement of the cherry trees in the Quad can be easily traced down to one man. Eric Hoyte, the landscape architect, designed the arrangement." In 2014, an additional 32 trees were donated with funds from

1508-528: The complete enclosing of the Quad. Gould and Suzzallo's plan was finished upon the construction of the Art and Music Buildings. The Art building was built in 1949 and the Music building was finished the following year in 1950. These two buildings, each with a single tenant that towers above the space between them, act as a grand gateway for those descending the three-tiered staircase into the Quad's northeastern end. The quad

1566-426: The development of aircraft, which allowed for the influx of settlers into the state's interior, and rapid transportation of people and supplies throughout. However, owing to unfavorable weather conditions and the high ratio of pilots to population, over 1,700 aircraft wreck sites are scattered throughout Alaska. Numerous wrecks also trace their origins to the military build-up of the state during both World War II and

1624-572: The divisions, whose capital was Juneau, wondered if it could become a separate state from the other three. Government control was a primary concern, with the territory having 52 federal agencies governing it. In 1920, the Jones Act required U.S.-flagged vessels to be built in the United States, owned by U.S. citizens and documented under the laws of the United States. All goods entering or leaving Alaska had to be transported by American carriers and shipped to Seattle prior to further shipment, making Alaska

1682-445: The duration of the fair, some were more permanent. The Fine Arts Palace was designed by Howard and Galloway as a chemistry building. It was used during the A-Y-P for the exhibit of art. After the Exposition was over, chemistry lab tables and other furnishings were moved in and it became the University's primary facility for teaching chemistry. The building was named Bagley Hall (after Daniel Bagley ) and retained that name until 1937, when

1740-475: The exposition be held on the then largely forested campus of the University of Washington , which in 1905 had exactly three buildings and little deliberate landscaping. At the time, this was considered rather far from the center of town, but Meany eventually sold the others involved on the idea that the forested campus could, itself, be an attraction for out-of-town visitors and that the trolley ride from downtown would not be an obstacle to attendance. Of course, he

1798-507: The fair were Japan and Canada, but their presence was enough to validate the "Pacific" theme along with the US territory of Hawaii and the Philippines , recently ceded to the US by Spain. Other foreign countries were represented on a smaller scale. The very popular King County exhibit included a scale model of the coal mine at nearby Newcastle, Washington and dioramas of several Seattle scenes,

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1856-463: The fair which continues to shape the University of Washington campus. The Rainier Vista and Geyser Basin, presently known as Drumheller Fountain , were central features of the exposition and now serve as the focal point of the Science Quadrangle within the university's comprehensive plan. Although most of the Exposition's buildings were designed as temporary structures, intended to last only for

1914-571: The fair, now stands in Volunteer Park . William Boeing , founder of Boeing , stated that it was during the Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition when he saw a manned flying machine for the first time and became fascinated with aircraft. Because the Exposition buildings were built with non-union labor, various unions protested against the exposition in actions ranging from pamphleteering to boycotts. The Central Labor Council organized

1972-541: The first instance of tuition for higher education in the state of Washington. Philosophy Hall, whose construction was interrupted by World War I , was finished in 1920. It was later combined with Commerce Hall to form what is presently known as Savery Hall. Between World War I and World War II , the University built three more structures in the Liberal Arts Quadrangle. Miller Hall, finished in 1922; Gowen Hall, finished in 1932; and Smith Hall, finished in 1939 marked

2030-616: The formation of a dedicated territorial law enforcement agency, law enforcement in Alaska was handled by a various federal agencies for decades including the U.S. Army , Navy , and the Revenue Cutter Service . With the establishment of a civilian government in 1884, the United States Marshals Service also deployed deputy U.S. marshals across the territory. Federal marshals, police departments chartered by cities, and other federal law enforcement officers would serve as

2088-512: The largest and most ambitious transfer program of World War II, Project Hula , in which the United States transferred 149 ships and craft to the Soviet Union and trained 12,000 Soviet personnel in their operation in anticipation of the Soviet Union entering the war against Japan . At any given time, about 1,500 American personnel were at Cold Bay and Fort Randall during Project Hula. During

2146-507: The national Republican Party that Alaska would elect Democratic Party members to Congress, in contrast to Hawaii , which was also a contender for statehood at the same time and thought to have Republican Party support. In recent years these predictions have turned out to be just the opposite for both states. The Governor of the Territory of Alaska was appointed by the President of the United States and not an elected position. Alaska's governor

2204-549: The natural logs of the structure proved difficult to maintain and few alternative uses for the structure were found. It stood on the site of the current Husky Union Building (HUB). The original Meany Hall, the AYP Auditorium Hall, was damaged by an earthquake in 1965 and subsequently demolished. Another example is the Hoo-Hoo-House, designed by architect Ellsworth Storey , a clubhouse with reception spaces constructed for

2262-400: The newspaper during their stay at the exposition and their medical state followed throughout. A specific point of interest was the range in ethnicity of the infants. No deaths were experienced amongst the babies at the exhibit. The year 2009 was the centennial of the Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition. The City and University held various activities to celebrate this anniversary. A documentary

2320-565: The original Klondike gold strikes had been in Canada , the concept soon evolved to an "Alaska-Yukon Exposition"; later, at the behest of the Seattle Chamber of Commerce , the "Pacific" theme was also added to emphasize the Oriental trade. The Exposition became known as the "A-Y-P" for short Although the fair almost certainly could have been ready for 1907, it was postponed so as not to conflict with

2378-723: The originals of which were only a trolley ride away. The Woman's Building emphasized the role of women in pioneering the American West and in current charity work. The Pay Streak was Seattle's answer to Chicago's Midway and featured games of chance and amusements. There was also a reenactment of the American Civil War naval Battle of Hampton Roads (the Battle of Monitor and Merrimack ). The gates opened at 8:30 a.m. on June 1, and crowds entered immediately. At 9:30 a.m., attendees watched performances by military bands from

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2436-545: The press releases. For example, the Tampa Tribune in Tampa , Florida , printed a story about how the fair would have motor boat races: the article noted that the pavilion for the event was being built on "one of the prettiest spots on the exposition's shoreline." The article praised Puget Sound for being an area perfect for motor boating enthusiasts, and concluded by saying, "The climate is such that motor boating can be enjoyed all

2494-507: The primary means of territorial law enforcement until 1941, when the territorial legislature created the Alaska Highway Patrol. Highway patrolmen only patrolled the main highways of Alaska, and did not visit remote areas or regions. They were commissioned to only enforce traffic laws. They were eventually deputized as special deputy U.S. marshals to fill this void in jurisdiction. The legislature refused to make them police officers until

2552-633: The railroads, which encouraged people to travel by rail to Seattle. One such ad, for the Great Northern Railway, promoted the train as the best way to enjoy a scenic trip: "an attractive route over the Rockies and through the Cascades" before finally arriving at what was sure to be "the World's Most Beautiful Fair." The primary physical legacy of the Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition is the planning framework from

2610-474: The territorial legislature's first session in 1913 a variety of reforms were undertaken including: allowing women to vote, creating an 8 hour work day and other labor regulations, gave autonomy to some Native Alaskan villages, created a board in the territory for education and regulated mining conditions. The territory did give some Native Alaskans the right to vote in 1915 under the condition that they "gave up tribal customs and traditions." Alaska did not ratify

2668-604: The time the fair closed on October 16, more than 3,700,000 people had visited. The fair had its own publicity department, and it used newspapers and magazines to promote the upcoming exhibition well in advance. In early 1908, Seattle newspapers reported that the publicity department was already showing positive results and the fair was earning many favorable mentions in publications all over the United States. The publicists stressed that this exhibition would be far better organized than 1907's Jamestown Exposition , and would feature entertainment. But what many newspapers found interesting

2726-473: The time, to decline. Wages were dropped and the workforce decreased by more than half. In the mid 1930s, President Franklin D. Roosevelt thought Americans from agricultural areas could be transferred to Alaska's Matanuska-Susitna Valley for a fresh chance at agricultural self-sustainment. Colonists were largely from northern states in the Upper Midwest , such as Michigan , Wisconsin , and Minnesota under

2784-482: The year round." By early 1909, the focus turned to who was going to attend, as many local newspapers in distant locations wrote articles about residents of their state who planned to make the trip out to Seattle. Also helpful was the fact that several major newspaper conventions were scheduled for the west coast, and the editors were said to be very interested in visiting the fair. The fair's organizers were also able to benefit from advertisements placed in newspapers by

2842-519: Was a Baby Incubator Cafe which is seen in some photos, although historians are unsure if this was an actual cafe or rather a place to view babies feeding. At the time there was little in the way of protest from either fair-goers or physicians. In fact there was already a seasonal incubator exhibit at Luna Park in West Seattle, the Infant Electrobator concession. The babies were mentioned by name in

2900-473: Was about 58,000. James Wickersham , a Delegate to Congress, introduced Alaska's first statehood bill, but it failed for lack of interest from Alaskans. Even President Warren G. Harding 's unprecedented visit in 1923 (just days before his death) could not create widespread interest in statehood. Under the conditions of the Second Organic Act, Alaska had been split into four divisions. The most populous of

2958-472: Was also highly aware of what the landscaping and structures could do for the campus. The state legislature endorsed the fair, with the proviso that it would produce at least four permanent buildings, and that any state monetary contribution would be focused mainly on those buildings. King County (the county in which Seattle is located) stepped up with US$ 300,000 for a forestry exhibit—the largest log cabin ever built—and $ 78,000 for other exhibits. Because

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3016-542: Was appointed for a term lasting four years having the power to veto any bill but could be overridden by a 2/3rd vote in the legislature. The Alaska Territory did not have a territorial judiciary system and all matters were taken care of by federal courts. Alaska's territorial capitol had been in Sitka until 1906, when it was moved north to Juneau . Construction of the Alaska Governor's Mansion began that same year. Prior to

3074-476: Was known to be good at getting things done, but without consideration by the city's elite that they had just made an outsider into something tantamount to royalty for the duration of a social season. Suddenly, any party at their First Hill home became a major event in the social calendar. He and his wife found themselves dining with a close relative of the emperor of Japan and hosting a French ambassador. The statue of William H. Seward , originally erected for

3132-479: Was not unique to the Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition; babies had been displayed in incubators since the 1896 Berlin Exposition (and Seattle itself had seen at least two such exhibits before the A-Y-P Exposition ). Given the robustness of the infants seen in photographs, there is some question as to whether these infants actually required extra care or if they were simply used for profit. Particular to this exhibit

3190-426: Was produced by John Forsen called "AYP-Seattle's Forgotten World's Fair" for PBS . On July 4, 2009, a group of 12 cyclists set off from Santa Rosa, California , on a 1,000 mile bike ride to Seattle, Washington, to support the disease Histiocytosis . The ride, titled Wheels North , was a centennial of the 1909 adventure of Vic McDaniel and Ray Francisco who traveled on bicycles to the Exposition. The ride ended at

3248-496: Was received by telegraphers at the fairgrounds; as soon as it arrived, a gong was struck five times, a large American flag was unfurled, and there was a 21-gun salute, while other demonstrations of pageantry announced the official opening of the fair. Opening Day, June 1, was declared a city holiday, and 80,000 people attended. Attendance was even higher—117,013—on "Seattle Day". Other big draws were days dedicated to various ethnic groups, fraternal organizations, and U.S. states. By

3306-443: Was the assertion that this next World's Fair would not require any financial assistance or subsidies from the U.S. government; the only request made by the fair's directors was that the United States erect buildings and exhibits like any other country. Throughout 1908, as each new exhibit was built and the fair gradually began to take shape, publicity about the fair's progress was sent out, and frequently printed, nearly verbatim, from

3364-699: Was then Grand Secretary of the Arctic Brotherhood , was involved in the Alaska Territory exhibit at the 1905 Lewis and Clark Exposition in Portland , Oregon . Originally, he pitched William Sheffield of the Alaska Club and James A. Wood, city editor of the Seattle Times on the idea of a permanent exhibit in Seattle about Alaska. This merged with Wood's desire for an exposition to rival Portland. They soon gained

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