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70-615: It is not known when Li Xilie was born, but it is known that his family was from Yan Prefecture (燕州, in modern Siping , Jilin ), and that his father's name was Dading ( 大定 ). His surname might have been originally Dong. It was said that he joined the army of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, then headquartered in modern Chaoyang, Liaoning ). During the Anshi Rebellion , when part of the Pinglu army was led by Li Zhongchen — then still named Dong Qin and who might have been Li Xilie's father's cousin — across

140-451: A general pardon, Lu Qi was promoted to be the secretary general of Ji Prefecture (吉州, in modern Ji'an , Jiangxi ). He made the comment, "Surely, I will soon return to the capital." Soon thereafter, Emperor Dezong ordered the imperial attendant Yuan Gao (袁高) to draft an edict further promoting Lu to be the prefect of Rao Prefecture (饒州, in modern Shangrao , Jiangxi ). Yuan, seeing this as a sign that, despite all Lu had done, Emperor Dezong

210-459: A meeting between Emperor Dezong and Li Huaiguang at all costs, and therefore suggested to Emperor Dezong order Li Huaiguang to attack Chang'an at once. Emperor Dezong agreed, and ordered Li Huaiguang to rendezvous with Li Sheng , Li Jianhui, and Yang Huiyuan (楊惠元) to attack Chang'an. Li Huaiguang, angry that he was not even able to meet the emperor, began to resent Emperor Dezong. He stopped his army's movement and submitted petitions accusing Lu and

280-608: A mid-level official at the ministry of civil service affairs (吏部, Libu ). He later served as the prefect of Guo Prefecture (虢州, in modern Sanmenxia , Henan ). Early in the Jianzhong era (780-783) of Emperor Xuanzong's great-grandson Emperor Dezong , he was recalled to Chang'an to serve as deputy chief imperial censor (御史中丞, Yushi Zhongcheng ). On one occasion, when he was meeting the senior general Guo Ziyi at Guo's mansion, Guo personally greeted him and sent his concubines and servants away — contrary to Guo's typical custom of having

350-463: A new state of Qin. Meanwhile, the official Cui Ning arrived at Fengtian several days after Emperor Dezong did. Emperor Dezong was pleased, but Lu heard that, on the way to Fengtian, Cui had made comments that Lu was responsible for misleading the emperor into this disaster. Lu feared that Cui would accuse him of causing the calamity, and therefore secretly plotted with an official who had arrived at Fengitan with Cui, Wang Hong (王翃). He had Wang make

420-691: A pavilion for guests, and then tried to intimidate him with threats. Li Cheng refused to leave, and Li Xilie, unwilling to break with the imperial government at that time, allowed his soldiers to pillage Xiang Prefecture and then withdrew back to Huaixi. In 782, with imperial forces engaging the forces of Tian Yue, Wang Wujun , Zhu Tao (both Wang and Zhu having participated in Li Weiyue's destruction earlier but then rebelled in light of Emperor Dezong's failure to grant them territory that they wanted), and Li Na (Li Zhengji's son, who had taken over after Li Zhengji died later in 781 as well), Emperor Dezong made Li Xilie

490-455: A result, Emperor Dezong removed Yang from his chancellor post. Meanwhile, Liang launched a preemptive attack against Jiangling , hoping to capture it and gain access to the south. However, he was defeated at Siwang (四望, in modern Xiangfan) and retreated back to Shannan East's capital Xiang Prefecture. He gathered his troops and concentrated them in Xiang and Deng Prefectures, while Li Xilie gathered

560-503: A secret report to Emperor Dezong that on the way to Fengtian, Cui had frequently stopped to defecate or urinate and appeared to be waiting for Zhu's soldiers. Lu and Wang also forced Cui's secretary Kang Dan (康湛) into forging a letter from Cui to Zhu, offering to betray Fengtian to him. Lu, presenting the forgery to Emperor Dezong, thus falsely accused Cui of treason. Emperor Dezong believed Lu's accusations and executed Cui. Zhu soon put Fengtian under siege. A Tang aid force, commanded by

630-550: A snub, refused. Subsequently, although the Li Wei still submitted, and the imperial government was able to take Xu Prefecture, they were not able to take the other two prefectures. Meanwhile, wanting to eliminate Zhang as a competitor for power, he pretended to be willing to become the military governor of the important Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji , Shaanxi ), a key defensive position against Tufan , and then making comments that induced Emperor Dezong to make Zhang

700-467: Is a prefecture-level city in the west of Jilin province, People's Republic of China . It has a total population of 1,814,733 inhabitants, as of the 2020 census. Siping covers an area of 14,323 km (5,530 sq mi) and is located in the middle of the Songliao Plain , near the border with Liaoning and Inner Mongolia provinces. Siping's history can be stretched to 3,000 years ago during

770-463: Is also the hometown of two empresses of the Qing dynasty , Empress Dowager Cixi and Empress Dowager Longyu . However, Siping was a place of little importance until the completion of the railway between Changchun and the port of Dalian in 1902. With a rapidly growing population, Siping became a regional commercial center. After 1907, Siping's economy experienced steady growth under the administration of

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840-671: Is heavily concentrated from June to August. The annual mean temperature is 7.12 °C (44.8 °F). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 46% in July to 71% in January and February, there are 2,684 hours of bright sunshine annually, with autumn and winter being especially sunny. Siping prefecture includes two districts, two counties and two county-level cities. Four commodity grain bases in Jinlin Province, namely Lishu County, Yitong Manchu Autonomous County, and Shuangliao City, are under

910-526: Is one hour away from Changchun Longjia Airport and Shenyang Taoxian International Airport. The Siping local dual-use airport is about to open domestic flights. Lu Qi (Tang dynasty) Lu Qi (盧杞), courtesy name Ziliang (子良), was a Chinese politician during the Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Dezong . He was characterized as treacherous and selfish in traditional histories, and traditional historians blamed him for provoking

980-517: The Zizhi Tongjian ): Ever since the wars north and south of the Yellow River erupted, and through Emperor Dezong's flight, every single suggestion that Lu Qi made was harmful to the state and harmful to the people. Yet, Emperor Dezong continued to trust in him. How much did this demonstrate Emperor Dezong's incompetence? Soon, Fengtian was in a desperate state, but was saved when Li Huaiguang

1050-503: The Bohai Sea , to join the campaign against the rebel Yan state north of the Yellow River . Later, after Li Zhongchen was made the military governor ( Jiedushi ) of Huaixi Circuit (淮西, headquartered in modern Zhumadian , Henan ), Li Xilie followed him there and served under him. As of 779, Li Zhongchen was said to be greedy, violent, and sexually immoral. If his officers and soldiers had beautiful wives or daughters, he would often force

1120-997: The Shang dynasty . The Kingdom of Yan Ruins indicate that the Han Chinese People started moving into Northeast region of China during the Spring and Autumn period . Ancient ethnic tribes such as the Fuyu , the Goguryeo , the Khitans , the Jurchen , the Mongols , the Manchus , and Koreans have left behind cultural artifacts, including Hanzhou, Xinzhou, and the Yehe Tribe Cultural Artifacts. Yehe Town in Siping

1190-506: The Siberian anticyclone , with a January mean temperature of −13.2 °C (8.2 °F). Spring and fall are somewhat short transitional periods, with some precipitation, but are usually dry and windy. Summers are hot and humid, with a prevailing southeasterly wind due to the East Asian monsoon; July averages 23.7 °C (74.7 °F). Snow is usually light during the winter, and annual rainfall

1260-618: The South Manchuria Railway Company. The construction of a railway linked to Baicheng in northwestern Jilin Province was completed in 1923, while a railway running south to Tonghua and to Korean Peninsula was built in 1939. A new town was built after 1921, going by the name Ssupingkai. After 1932, under the Japanese invasion of Manchuria , some agriculture-based industry including brewing, oil pressing and flour milling grew up. In

1330-579: The chancellor Yang Yan that, based on how Li Xilie had turned against Li Zhongchen, he could not be trusted. Instead, Emperor Dezong publicly praised Li Xilie for his loyalty — although this drew a private remark from his official Li Cheng ( 李承 ) that he believed that Li Xilie would turn arrogant and defiant if he were to defeat Liang. Subsequently, when Li Xilie's advances were slowed by torrential rains, Yang Yan's fellow chancellor and political enemy Lu Qi secretly suggested to Emperor Dezong that Li Xilie had slowed down due to his displeasure with Yang; as

1400-478: The Chang'an region). By that point, Yang Yan , who had been the sole chancellor, had drawn secret anger from Emperor Dezong for informing regional governors that Emperor Dezong's own enmity for the senior official Liu Yan was responsible for Liu's death in 780. Later in 781, Emperor Dezong promoted Lu to be Menxia Shilang (門下侍郎), the deputy head of the examination bureau of government (門下省, Menxia Sheng ) and gave him

1470-517: The Highway, the city run through Beijing-Harbin highway, JiTong highway, Daqiang-Guangzhou Highway, Changchun-Shenzhen Expressway, ChangYing highway, TieChao highway (Beijing-Siping highway), Yi Liao Expressway and Changchun-Liaoyuan highway. The city of Siping also has a ring first grade highway, which is connected to the 102 National Road and 303 National Road in the four directions. Siping is 550 kilometers away from Dalian international shipping center. It

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1540-467: The administration of Siping. Gongzhuling City is under the administration of Jilin Province. Siping recorded a population of 1,814,733 in the 2020 census. Siping has GDP of RMB 1266.3 billion Yuan in 2015, representing a rise of 6.4% year on year. The city's GDP ranked fourth in Jilin Province(2010). Agricultural products processing, electricity and thermal power, pharmaceutical, and chemicals are

1610-475: The chancellor Li Mian also pointing out that promoting Lu Qi would disappoint the people, Emperor Dezong relented. Instead, Lu Qi was only made the secretary general of Li Prefecture (澧州, in modern Changde , Hunan ). He eventually died there without ever returning to Chang'an, although the year of his death was not recorded in history. Emperor Dezong still missed Lu Qi, however, and eventually, he made Lu Qi's son Lu Yuanfu (盧元輔) an imperial official. Lu Yuanfu

1680-780: The communication lines between Chang'an and the Yangtze River - Huai River region, forcing Tang official communications to go through the middle Yangtze region. His subsequent attempts to expand, however, were repelled by Tang generals Geshu Yao ( 哥舒曜 ) and Li Gao ( 李皋 ) the Prince of Cao, and his campaign stalled. An attempt by his subordinate Zhou Zeng ( 周曾 ) to overthrow him and replace him with Yan, however, failed. In light of Zhou's failure, however, Li Xilie made one attempt to reconcile with Emperor Dezong, sending an apology that blamed his own rebellion on Zhou, and then moving his headquarters back to Cai Prefecture, where he felt more secure. For

1750-415: The concubines and servants greet the guests. When later asked why, Guo responded, "Lu Qi is ugly and treacherous. If I let the women see him, they would surely laugh at him. If he later become powerful, my household would be wiped out." In 781, Lu Qi, who had gained Emperor Dezong's favor because of his ability to speak well, was promoted to be the governor (觀察使, Guanchashi ) of Jingji Circuit (京畿, i.e.,

1820-557: The designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事), making him a chancellor de facto , to divert power from Yang. As Lu lacked literary talent, Yang looked down on him, and while it was customary for chancellors to have lunch together, Yang often found excuses to avoid meeting with Lu, drawing Lu's resentment. As chancellor, Lu was said to be petty and using treacherous tactics against those who dared not associate with him. Meanwhile, Emperor Dezong, who had ambitions to wipe out warlordism and reassert imperial authority throughout

1890-514: The east, mutinied after not receiving awards that they believed they deserved. Emperor Dezong fled to Fengtian (奉天, in modern Xianyang , Shaanxi ), initially taking only his family members and a small group of eunuchs and imperial guards with him. Lu and fellow chancellor Guan Bo , in the confusion, had to jump over the walls of the office of chancellors, located at the legislative bureau (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng ), to catch up with Emperor Dezong. Emperor Dezong issued emergency edicts seeking aid from

1960-498: The emperor of a new state of Chu and making Daliang (i.e., Bian Prefecture) his capital. After Li Xilie declared himself the Emperor of Chu, he sent emissaries to Chen Shaoyou and Zhang Jianfeng the prefect of Shou Prefecture (壽州, in modern Lu'an , Anhui ), trying to get them to formally submit. Chen was receptive, but Zhang was not and killed Li Xilie's emissaries. Li Xilie sent his general Du Shaocheng ( 杜少誠 ) to attack Zhang, but

2030-409: The emperor of a new state of Qin. In the subsequent confusion, Xiangcheng (襄城, in modern Xuchang), which Geshu was defending, fell to Li Xilie, and Geshu fled back to Luoyang. Later in 783, Li Xilie attacked Li Mian's headquarters at Bian Prefecture, but could not capture it quickly enough. He forcibly conscripted civilians to participate in the siege and, when they could not complete the filling-up of

2100-503: The end of Emperor Xuanzong's reign. An quickly advanced to Luoyang, and Lu Yi, while sending his wife and sons away, remained in Luoyang himself, seeing it as his responsibility to do so. When Luoyang fell, Lu Yi remained faithful to the Tang cause and continued to curse the rebels even as he was under threat of execution, and he was executed. Because how his father had died in imperial service, Lu Qi became an official early in his life. He

2170-462: The executive bureau, but no longer chancellor. Subsequently, Lu falsely accused Yang of treason, and Yang was exiled and then executed. Later in 781, Li Wei (李洧), the cousin to Li Na's father and predecessor Li Zhengji , whom Li Zhengji had made the prefect of Xu Prefecture (徐州, in modern Xuzhou , Jiangsu ), contacted and offered to submit to the imperial government. He sent his assistant Cui Cheng (崔程) to Chang'an and suggested that if he were made

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2240-668: The forces and headed northwest on the Han River toward Xiang Prefecture. Liang attacked some of Li Xilie's troops stationed at Linhan (臨漢, near Xiang Prefecture), slaughtering them, but subsequently, when Li Xilie's main troops arrived, Liang's generals Zhai Hui ( 翟暉 ) and Du Shaocheng ( 杜少誠 ) was defeated by Li Xilie at Man River (蠻水, flowing through modern Xiangfan) and then Shukou (疎口, also in modern Xiangfan). Zhai and Du surrendered to Li Xilie, and Li Xilie ordered them to take their troops to enter Xiangyang (the capital of Xiang Prefecture) first. Liang ordered resistance, but his troops opened

2310-935: The gates and fled outside. Liang, seeing no escape, committed suicide with his wife and children by jumping into a well. Li Xilie took his body out from the well, cut off the head, and sent it to Chang'an. Li Xilie also slaughtered Liang's relatives and friends, as well as 3,000 soldiers who had participated in the Battle of Linhan. Emperor Dezong granted Li Xilie the honorary chancellor designation of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi ( 同中書門下平章事 ). After Li Xilie's victory over Liang, instead of turning Shannan East over to imperial authority, he began to act as if it were his private domain. Emperor Dezong, remembering Li Cheng's remarks, sent Li Cheng to Shannan East to serve as military governor — with no escorts, at Li Cheng's own request. Once Li Cheng got to Xiang Prefecture, Li Xilie initially refused to let him take over its governance and housed him at

2380-434: The generals Du Xiquan (杜希全), Dai Xiuyan (戴休顏), Shi Changchun (時常春), and Li Jianhui (李建徽), was approaching Fengtian and requesting imperial instructions on which way to advance into the city. Guan and the general Hun Jian suggested having the aid force march over Qianling — the hill containing the tomb of Emperor Dezong's ancestor Emperor Gaozong — so that they would have better tactical position. Lu, arguing that doing so

2450-445: The governor of a new circuit containing Xu Prefecture and two other prefectures belonging to Pinglu — Hai (海州, in modern Lianyungang , Jiangsu ) and Yi (沂州, in modern Linyi , Shandong ) Prefectures — those prefectures would turn against Li Na and submit to the imperial government as well. When Cui arrived at Chang'an, however, he made the mistake of first meeting Lu's chancellor colleague Zhang Yi rather than Lu. Lu, viewing this as

2520-685: The honorary title of acting Sikong (司空, one of the Three Excellencies ) and allowed him to exercise his previously honorary authorities as a chancellor. He made Li Xilie prefect of Huaixi's capital Cai Prefecture ( 蔡州 ) and acting military governor (nominally serving under Emperor Daizong's own son Li Zao ( 李造 ) the Prince of Xin), but stripped the circuit of Bian (汴州, in modern Kaifeng , Henan ) and Ying (潁州, in modern Fuyang , Anhui ) Prefectures, transferring them to Yongping Circuit ( 永平 ) under Li Mian 's command, moving Yongping's headquarters to Bian Prefecture. After Emperor Daizong died later in

2590-534: The imperial fold; Li Weiyue's subordinate Wang Wujun killed Li Weiyue and submitted to the imperial government; and both Tian and Li Na were under siege by imperial forces. However, Emperor Dezong then angered both Wang and Zhu Tao the acting military governor of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing ), whose victories against Chengde forces had been instrumental in causing Wang's mutiny against Li Weiyue, by not rewarding them in accordance of what they believed they deserved. They therefore turned against

2660-439: The imperial government and allied with Tian, defeating imperial forces sieging Tian at Weibo's capital Wei Prefecture. As the campaigns continued, the imperial treasury was being drained, and Emperor Dezong, under suggestion from the imperial scholars Wei Dubin (韋都賓) and Chen Jing (陳京), issued an edict forcing merchants to make mandatory loans to the government. On one occasion, merchants, burdened by these "loans", surrounded Lu on

2730-505: The imperial government. In 781, after Li Baochen died, Emperor Dezong refused to let his son Li Weiyue inherit his position, and the military governors of the de facto independent circuits, who were aligned with each other, then prepared for war against imperial causes. However, Liang was in the worst strategic position among these circuits, as his was the weakest circuit among them and was surrounded by circuits obeying imperial orders, and therefore he did not take as provocative gestures as

2800-628: The latter part of World War II , the Japanese completed a project in the construction of a refinery for the production of synthetic petroleum from coal. Siping was the site of several major battles during the Chinese Civil War between the Chinese Communist and Nationalist forces from 1945 to 1949. After the war, Siping was virtually destroyed. Siping grew rapidly after the Communist government

2870-616: The military governor of Fengxiang instead. It was said that early in Emperor Dezong's reign, when Cui Youfu was the main chancellor, Cui had led him to be lenient, and therefore Emperor Dezong was compared by the people to his well-regarded ancestor Emperor Taizong , but after Lu became chancellor, he led Emperor Dezong to be strict, harsh, and suspicious, causing disappointment throughout the realm. The imperial campaigns, meanwhile, appeared to be bearing fruit, as Li Xilie defeated Liang and Liang committed suicide, bringing Shannan East into

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2940-465: The military governor of Jingnan Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern Jingzhou , Hubei ), he displeased Wei, and subsequently, he resigned under excuse of illness and returned to the capital Chang'an . He later successively served as Xingbu Yuanwailang (刑部員外郎), a low-level official at the ministry of justice (刑部, Xingbu ); Jinbu Langzhong (金部郎中), a mid-level official at the ministry of census (戶部, Hubu ); and Libu Langzhong (吏部郎中, Libu Langzhong ),

3010-607: The military governor of Pinglu, intending to have him attack Li Na. Li Xilie, however, was in secret communication with the four rebels, who had declared themselves princes independent of Tang, and he, under the guise of attacking Li Na, moved his headquarters to Xu Prefecture (許州, in modern Xuchang , Henan ) and requested permission from Li Mian the military governor of Yongping Circuit (永平, headquartered in modern Kaifeng , Henan ) to pass through his territory. Li Mian, suspecting Li Xilie's intentions, granted permission but put his forces on high alert. Li Xilie, realizing that Li Mian

3080-442: The military governor of Shuofang Circuit (朔方, headquartered in modern Yinchuan , Ningxia ), who had been fighting Tian Yue in the east, arrived in haste and forced Zhu to withdraw back to Chang'an. Meanwhile, though, it had become common knowledge that Li Huaiguang despised Lu, Bai, and Zhao Zan (趙贊) — and that he would recommend to Emperor Dezong that those officials be removed. When Lu heard this, he believed that he had to prevent

3150-903: The military governor of Zhejiang West Circuit (浙江西道, headquartered in modern Zhenjiang , Jiangsu ), Li Xilie was forced to lift the siege on Ningling and withdraw. In late 784, the Tang general Li Sheng recaptured Chang'an and welcomed Emperor Dezong back to Chang'an. Li Xilie's brother Li Xiqian ( 李希倩 ), who had been serving under Zhu Ci, was executed. Hearing of Li Xiqian's death, in anger, Li Xilie executed Yan Zhenqing. Meanwhile, when he subsequently had difficulty in capturing Chen Prefecture (陳州, in modern Zhoukou , Henan ), Li Cheng openly turned against him and resubmitted to Tang. Tang forces under Li Cheng, Liu Qia ( 劉洽 ), and Qu Huan ( 曲環 ) then converged on Bian Prefecture, and Li Xilie, in fear, left Bian Prefecture and moved his capital back to Cai Prefecture. Li Xilie's general Tian Huaizhen ( 田懷珍 ) then surrendered Bian Prefecture to Tang forces. Li Xilie

3220-510: The moat around Bian Prefecture on time, buried them alive, referring to them as "wet wood." Around the new year 784, Li Mian abandoned Bian Prefecture, which then fell to Li Xilie, who then moved his headquarters to Bian Prefecture. Li Mian's subordinate Li Cheng (李澄, note different character than the Li Cheng who had previously resisted Li Xilie) surrendered Hua Prefecture (滑州, in modern Anyang , Henan ) to Li Xilie as well. The Yangtze-Huai region

3290-617: The nearby circuits. Meanwhile, the Jingyuan soldiers supported Zhu Tao's brother Zhu Ci , who had been removed from his command in 782 due to Zhu Tao's rebellion, as their leader. Zhu Ci initially claimed that he was merely calming the situation at Chang'an and was ready to welcome Emperor Dezong back to Chang'an, but soon there were rumors that Zhu was planning to claim imperial title himself and attack Emperor Dezong at Fengtian. In light of this, some officials who had fled to Fengtian suggested that Fengtian's defenses be shored up, but Lu, misjudging

3360-414: The nearby prefectures. At the suggestion of Lu Qi — who had been resentful of the senior official Yan Zhenqing — Emperor Dezong sent Yan to Huaixi to make one final attempt to persuade Li Xilie to return to the imperial fold. Once Yan arrived at Huaixi, Li Xilie put him under house arrest, albeit at a comfortable pavilion, and refused his demands that Li Xilie return to the imperial fold. Li Xilie cut off

3430-533: The next several months, he continued to engage imperial troops and raid the surrounding prefectures, but did not undertake any substantial maneuvers to expand. In fall 783, soldiers of Jingyuan Circuit (涇原, headquartered in modern Pingliang , Gansu ), at Chang'an at the time in preparation for deployment to battle Zhu, Tian, Wang, and Li Na, mutinied, forcing Emperor Dezong to flee to Fengtian (奉天, in modern Xianyang , Shaanxi ). They supported Zhu Tao's brother Zhu Ci as their leader, and Zhu Ci soon declared himself

3500-552: The others of crimes and further accusing them of being responsible for the Jingyuan mutiny. Li Huaiguang's accusations were joined by those from many other officials. Around the new year 784, Emperor Dezong was forced to demote and exile Lu, Bai, and Zhao — in Lu's case, to be the military advisor to the prefect of Xin Prefecture (新洲, in modern Yunfu , Guangdong ). (Due to this incident, however, Li Huaiguang's relationship with Emperor Dezong

3570-425: The others. Nevertheless, Emperor Dezong, not wanting to take any chances, effectively gave Liang the choice of submission or fight by issuing an order promoting him but summoning him to the capital Chang'an . Liang, after much deliberation, refused and planned for war. In summer 781, Emperor Dezong created Li Xilie the Prince of Nanping and put him in command of overall operations against Liang — against warnings by

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3640-647: The pillar industries. Private economy is also a major contributor of the industrial sector. Siping is a transportation hub in Jilin Province. The Qiqihar -Siping, Siping-Meihekou and Beijing–Harbin railways The city is served by both the Siping Railway Station and Siping East Railway Station ( IATA : OSQ ). The Harbin-Beijing Highspeed Railway also run through the Siping East Railway Station. The new airport will be completed in 2030. With

3710-714: The realm, had put Li Xilie the military governor of Huaixi Circuit (淮西, headquartered in modern Zhumadian , Henan ), in charge of a campaign against Liang Chongyi , the military governor of Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern Xiangfan , Hubei ), who had ruled Shannan East semi-independently from the imperial regime and had an alliance with several other regional warlords, Tian Yue (who ruled Weibo Circuit (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan , Hebei )), Li Weiyue (who ruled Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang , Hebei )), and Li Na (who ruled Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Tai'an , Shandong )). Emperor Dezong's commissioning of Li Xilie

3780-419: The rebellions of Zhu Ci and Li Huaiguang , which greatly weakened the Tang state. It is not known when Lu Qi was born. His grandfather Lu Huaishen was a chancellor early in the reign of Emperor Xuanzong . His father Lu Yi (盧奕) served as an imperial official as well, and was one of the officials in charge of the eastern capital Luoyang when the general An Lushan rebelled at Fanyang in 755, toward

3850-587: The situation, argued to Emperor Dezong that Zhu would surely remain faithful to Tang and advocated taking no precautions at all and stopping the incoming aid troops, although at Jiang Gongfu 's advice Emperor Dezong continued to receive the aid troops into Fengtian. At suggestion of Lu and Bai Zhizhen (白志貞) the commander of the imperial guards, Emperor Dezong sent his granduncle Wu Xu (吳漵) (Emperor Daizong's mother's brother) to Chang'an to communicate with Zhu. Zhu initially welcomed Wu as an honored imperial emissary, but soon put Wu to death. He declared himself emperor of

3920-458: The streets of Chang'an and begged him to intercede on their behalf, he was scared by the display and comforted them, but once he was able to get away from the crowd did not make any actual proposals to help them. Around this time, in addition to Zhang Yi, several officials were also said to be victims of Lu's treachery: In fall 783, soldiers from Jingyuan Circuit (涇原, headquartered in modern Pingliang , Gansu ), at Chang'an to await deployment to

3990-640: The women to have sexual relations with him. He entrusted the important matters of the circuit to his brother-in-law Zhang Huiguang ( 張惠光 ), whom he made his deputy. Zhang was said to be corrupt and causing much grief to the soldiers. Zhang's son, an officer, was even more corrupt than his father. Li Xilie was supported by the soldiers, and he took this opportunity to plot a mutiny with his colleague Ding Gao ( 丁暠 ). On March 28, 779, Li Xilie and Ding killed Zhang and his son and expelled Li Zhongchen. Li Zhongchen fled to Chang'an. Emperor Daizong, crediting him for his past achievements, kept him at Chang'an and gave him

4060-785: The year and was succeeded by his son Emperor Dezong , Emperor Dezong formally made Li Xilie the military governor of Huaixi. Li Xilie subsequently drew favors from Emperor Dezong by repeatedly suggesting to Emperor Dezong, who had wanted to wipe out the de facto independence of several circuits — Pinglu (the original territory of which had been abandoned and whose headquartered had moved to modern Tai'an , Shandong ), ruled by Li Zhengji ; Weibo (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan , Hebei ), ruled by Tian Yue ; Chengde (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang , Hebei ), ruled by Li Baochen ; and Shannan East (山南東道, headquartered in modern Xiangfan , Hubei ), ruled by Liang Chongyi — that he be allowed to attack Liang and take Shannan East Circuit back for

4130-533: Was able to capture Deng Prefecture (鄧州, in modern Nanyang , Henan ) in spring 785, but made no major gains thereafter. In fall 785, Emperor Dezong, at the advice of the chancellor Lu Zhi , issued an edict that ordered the surrounding circuits not to take further aggressive actions against Chu, but merely to defend themselves against Chu attacks. He also promised that if Li Xilie surrendered, his life would be spared. Li Xilie did not respond. His further attacks continued to be repelled by Tang generals, however, and it

4200-655: Was all shocked by the development, and Chen Shaoyou ( 陳少游 ) the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou , Jiangsu ) sent his subordinate Wen Shu ( 溫述 ) to Li Xilie to pledge allegiance to Li Xilie. When Emperor Dezong, still at Fengtian, declared a general pardon in spring 784 — the scope of which included even Zhu Tao, Wang, Tian, Li Na, and Li Xilie and implicitly promising them that if they submitted to nominal imperial authority again, he would not dare to interfere with them again — Wang, Tian, and Li Na all renounced their self-claimed princely titles. Li Xilie refused, however, and declared himself

4270-398: Was defeated by Zhang. Other efforts by him to expand were also repelled by Li Gao and Li Jian ( 李兼 ) the prefect of E Prefecture (鄂州, in modern Wuhan , Hubei ). Meanwhile, when Li Xilie himself attacked Ningling (寧陵, in modern Shangqiu , Henan ) and called on Li Cheng to aid him, Li Cheng refused. When Ningling's defender Liu Chang ( 劉昌 ) received archery reinforcements from Han Huang

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4340-511: Was disrespectful, suggested having the aid force march through a valley, despite Hun's protestations that doing so would expose the aid force to catapult attacks by Qin forces. Emperor Dezong agreed with Lu, and subsequently, the aid force was ambushed and, after suffering heavy losses, was forced to withdraw without ever reaching Fengtian. This incident drew a comment from the Song Dynasty / Yuan Dynasty historian Hu Sanxing (the commentator of

4410-410: Was established in 1949, being the third largest city in Jilin Province. Siping is located in the transition between plains and hilly terrain, with hills to the southeast and the Songliao Plain to the northwest. The city has a four-season, monsoon-influenced, humid continental climate ( Köppen Dwa ). Winters are long (lasting from November to March), cold, and windy, but dry, due to the influence of

4480-423: Was later removed on account of illness. Later, he successively served as the deputy minister of vassal affairs (鴻臚丞, Honglu Cheng ), imperial censor (殿中侍御史, Dianzhong Shiyushi ), and Shangbu Yuanwailang (膳部員外郎), a low-level official at the ministry of rites (禮部, Libu ). He later was set to serve as the prefect of Zhong Prefecture (忠州, in modern Chongqing ), but when he went to visit his superior Wei Boyu (衛伯玉),

4550-494: Was on guard, did not attack him. However, Li Xilie then claimed several titles that had not been granted him by Emperor Dezong — the supreme commander of the armed forces, Taiwei (太尉, one of the Three Excellencies ), and the Prince of Jianxing. In spring 783, Li Xilie finally took more apparent provocative action against the imperial government, by capturing Ru Prefecture (汝州, in modern Luoyang , Henan ) and its acting prefect Li Yuanping ( 李元平 ). He then sent his forces to raid

4620-408: Was over Yang's strenuous objection, as Yang felt that Li Xilie could not be trusted. When Li Xilie's army was not launched for sometime due to rain, Lu secretly suggested to Emperor Dezong that it was actually because Li Xilie was resentful of Yang and that Emperor Dezong should remove Yang to placate Li Xilie. Emperor Dezong agreed, and in fall 781, he made Yang Zuo Pushe (左僕射), one of the heads of

4690-436: Was permanently damaged, and Li Huaiguang would rebel himself later in 784; his rebellion would not be suppressed until 785. ) Despite his being forced to exile Lu Qi, however, Emperor Dezong continued to miss him, and thereafter, the imperial scholar Lu Zhi , whose opinions Emperor Dezong otherwise greatly respected, was said to be not promoted partly because Lu Zhi was continuing to attack Lu Qi in his advice. In 785, after

4760-487: Was planning to eventually recall him, and he, alarmed, approached the chancellors Lu Han and Liu Congyi and requested that they advise Emperor Dezong against the promotion. Lu Han and Liu did not dare to, and they had another imperial attendant draft the edict instead. When the edict was set to be issued, Yuan held it and refused to issue it; he was joined in this by his colleagues Chen Jing (陳京) and Zhao Xu (趙需), drawing great anger from Emperor Dezong — but eventually, with

4830-748: Was said that his territory was constantly shrinking. In spring 786, Li Xilie grew ill after eating beef. At the encouragement of his concubine Lady Dou, who was a friend of the wife of Li Xilie's general Chen Xianqi , Chen induced Li Xilie's physician to poison him to death. Li Xilie's son subsequently tried to take over control of the circuit and again pledge allegiance to Tang, but Chen killed him, along with Li Xilie's wife, sons, and brothers, and then resubmitted to Tang imperial authority. Siping, Jilin Siping ( Chinese : 四平 ; pinyin : Sìpíng ), formerly Sipingjie ( Chinese : 四平街 ; pinyin : Sìpíngjiē ; Wade–Giles : Ssupingchieh ),

4900-407: Was said to be ugly in appearance, such that he was compared to a ghost; however, he was also said to be frugal, and he gained a good reputation and was compared to his grandfather Lu Huaishen. While the major general Pugu Huai'en served as the military governor ( Jiedushi ) of Shuofang Circuit (朔方, headquartered in modern Yinchuan , Ningxia ), he invited Lu to serve as a secretary for him. He

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