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66-464: Zhuye Chixin's ancestors had been hereditary chiefs of the Shatuo tribe, and, after they had come under the rule of Tubo and settled at the formerly- Tang dynasty -controlled Gan Prefecture (甘州, in modern Zhangye , Gansu ), had often served as forward troops for Tufan. In or shortly before 808, after Tufan lost nearby Liang Prefecture (涼州, in modern Wuwei, Gansu ) to Tang's ally Huigu , Tufan feared that

132-481: A circuit, and therefore, when he received the edict, he, in anger, tore the edict and killed the eunuch monitor of the army. He then joined forces with Li Keyong in raiding the other circuits of the region. Emperor Xizong thereafter commissioned Cui Jikang (崔季康) as the military governor of Hedong to oversee the operations against Li Guochang and Li Keyong, while ordering Li Keju the military governor of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing ), Li Jun (李均)

198-721: A light complexion. Centuries later, the Mongols referred to the descendants of the Shatuo as "White Tartars." The early Shatuo seem to have practiced some aspects of Manichaeism alongside their reverence for spirits and divination. They also believed in a "Heavenly God" or "Sky God" like other nomadic peoples. The Shatuo were also influenced by Buddhism in their sculptural artworks. Tuyuhun Kingdom Tuyuhun ( Chinese : 吐谷渾 ; LHC : * tʰɑʔ-jok-guən ; Wade-Giles : T'u-yühun ), also known as Henan (Chinese: 河南 ) and Azha ( Tibetan : ཨ་ཞ་ , Wylie : ‘A-zha ; Chinese: 阿豺 ),

264-449: A population of just 30,000 people, including women and children. By the end of the 9th century, the Shatuo had 50,000-60,000 male warriors. In 821, Zhuye Zhiyi, the great-grandfather of Li Keyong , led a failed attack on the rebellious jiedushi circuit of Chengde . The Shatuo Turks under Zhuye Chixin ( Li Guochang ) served the Tang dynasty in fighting against their fellow Turkic people in

330-443: A potential Dali attack were incensed when they were informed that they were to stay another year at the border, mutinied. They headed toward Xusi's capital Xu Prefecture, under the leadership of the officer Pang Xun . After defeating troops sent by the governor (觀察使, Guanchashi ) Cui Yanzeng (崔彥曾), Pang captured Xu Prefecture and put Cui under arrest. He demanded official imperial sanction in taking over Xusi, threatening to attack

396-427: A vast territory that stretched from the northwest into central and eastern parts of China, with the greatest concentrations by Mt. Yin near Ordos Loop . In 946, a Shatuo , Liu Zhiyuan , conspired to murder the highest Xianbei leader, Bai Chengfu, who was reportedly so wealthy that “his horses had silver mangers”. With the looted wealth that included an abundance of property and thousands of fine horses, Liu established

462-459: A wall spanning 20 km with sufficient provisions to last a year. It was seen as "the northern door to the empire" at the time. The Tang dynasty fell in 907 and was replaced by the Later Liang . The Shatuo had their own principality Jin (Later Tang precursor) under the Tang dynasty, in the area now known as Shanxi , which was granted to them as a fief in 883 by the Tang emperors, and survived

528-618: The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (907-960), their number in China fell down to between 50 and 100 thousand. A detailed analysis of the term Shatuo (Sanskrit Sart ) is given by Chjan Si-man. Their social and economic life was studied by W. Eberhard. In "Tanghuyao" the Shato tamga is depicted as [REDACTED] Shatuo nobles established the Later Tang dynasty of China (923-956). During

594-669: The Later Han (947-950). The incident took away the central leadership and stripped the opportunity for the Xianbei to restore the Tuyuhun Kingdom, although later they were able to establish the Western Xia (1038-1227), which was destroyed by the Mongols. Alexander Vovin (2015) identifies the extinct Tuyuhun language as a Para-Mongolic language, meaning that Tuyuhun is related to Mongolic as

660-519: The Later Han in 947. The capital was at Bian (Kaifeng) and the state held the same territories as its predecessor. Liu died after a single year of reign and was succeeded by his teenage son, in turn unable to reign for more than two years, when this very short-lived dynasty was ended by the Later Zhou . The remnants of the Later Han returned to the traditional Shatuo Turk stronghold of Shanxi and established

726-470: The Later Tang in 923 as its Emperor Zhuangzong, Li Guochang was posthumously honored Emperor Wenjing, with the temple name of Xianzu. Shatuo ( Tokhara Yabghus , Turk Shahis ) The Shatuo , or the Shatuo Turks ( Chinese : 沙陀突厥 ; pinyin : Shātuó Tūjué ; also transcribed as Sha-t'o , Sanskrit Sart ) were a Turkic tribe that heavily influenced northern Chinese politics from

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792-780: The Mongol period the Shatuo fell under the Chagatai Khanate , and after its demise remained in its remnant in Zhetysu and northern Tian Shan . The Shatuo received tribute from the Tatar people from north of the Ordos in 966, while they were vassals of the Khitan Emperor. The early Shatuo were originally called the Turks of Shatuo circuit (lit. Shatuo Turks/Shatuo Tujue ). Occasional references were made to

858-663: The Northern Han Kingdom. The Last Northern Han Emperor, Liu Jiyuan was originally surnamed He but was adopted by his maternal grandfather, the Northern Han Emperor Liu Chong and granted the imperial surname Liu. Liu Jiyuan granted the imperial surname to the Han Chinese general Yang Ye and adopted him as a brother. Under the protection of the Khitan Liao dynasty , the tiny kingdom survived until 979 when it

924-641: The Uyghur Khaganate . In 839, when the Uyghur khaganate (Huigu) general Jueluowu (掘羅勿) rose against the rule of then-reigning Zhangxin Khan , he elicited the help from Zhuye Chixin by giving Zhuye 300 horses, and together, they defeated Zhangxin Khan, who then committed suicide, precipitating the subsequent collapse of the Uyghur Khaganate. In the next few years, when Uyghur Khaganate remnants tried to raid Tang borders,

990-596: The 9th-century Deeds of An Lushan , two separate tribes Shatuo 沙陀 and Zhuye (朱耶) ~ Zhuxie 朱邪, among the non-Chinese tribes in the He and Long regions under Turko - Khotanese loyalist superintendent Geshu Han (哥舒翰, d. 757). In 808, 30,000 Shatuo under Zhuye Jinzhong defected from the Tibetans to Tang China and the Tibetans punished them by killing Zhuye Jinzhong as they were chasing them. The Uyghurs also fought against an alliance of Shatuo and Tibetans at Beshbalik. In 809,

1056-561: The Dada and wished to eventually assist the Tang imperial government in attacking the agrarian rebel Huang Chao . After Li Keyong made that proclamation, the Dada became convinced that he would not stay and pose a threat to them, and therefore did not slaughter the Shatuo. Thereafter, Li Guochang and Li Keyong remained with the Dada for some time. In 881, by which time Huang Chao had captured Chang'an, forced Emperor Xizong to flee, and established his own state of Qi as its emperor, Li Youjin persuaded

1122-579: The Emperor Taizong agreed to provide a Tang princess to Songtsen Gampo. The Tibetan emperor, who claimed that the Tuyuhun objected to his marriage with the Tang, sent 200,000 troops to attack. The Tuyuhun troops retreated to Qinghai , whereas the Tibetans went eastward to attack the Tangut people and reached into southern Gansu. The Tang government sent troops to fight. Although the Tibetans withdrew in response,

1188-453: The Huigu general Jueluowu (掘羅勿) rose against the rule of then-reigning Zhangxin Khan , he elicited the help from Zhuye Chixin by giving Zhuye 300 horses, and together, they defeated Zhangxin Khan, who then committed suicide, precipitating the subsequent collapse of the Huigu. In the next few years, when Huigu remnants often raided Tang borders, the Shatuo participated extensively in counterattacking

1254-421: The Huigu with other tribes loyal to Tang. In 843, Zhuye Chixin, under the command of the officer Shi Xiong , participated in a raid against the Huigu that rescued Tang's Princess Taihe , an aunt of then-reigning Emperor Wuzong , who had been married to a former khan as part of the heqin system of marriage alliances. In 847, shortly after Emperor Wuzong's death and succession by his uncle Emperor Xuānzong ,

1320-630: The Later Liang, including the Beijing area, the surrounding Sixteen Prefectures , Shanxi and Shaanxi Province . This was the first of three short-lived Shatuo dynasties. The last Later Tang Emperor was a Han Chinese, Li Congke , originally surnamed Wang, who was adopted by the Shatuo Later Tang Emperor Li Siyuan , granted the imperial surname Li and made the Prince of Lu. The Later Tang

1386-475: The Shatuo after his father's retirement, celebrated in Chang'an the following year. According to Sima Guang , "Keyong’s contribution to the suppression of Huang Chao was arguably second to none." Despite arguably saving the Tang dynasty, the Shatuo sacked Chang'an in 885. Keyong was appointed prefect of Daizhou and governor of Yanmen . From there, he expanded his territory to Jinyang , Zezhou , and Liaozhou. In 890,

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1452-461: The Shatuo participated extensively in counterattacking the Uyghur Khaganate with other tribes loyal to Tang. In 843, Zhuye Chixin, under the command of the Han Chinese officer Shi Xiong with Tuyuhun, Tangut and Han Chinese troops, participated in a raid against the Uyghur khaganate that led to the slaughter of Uyghur forces at Shahu mountain. The Shatuo ruling family started using Zhuye as their surname. Zhuye Chixin (d. 888) abandoned it after he

1518-455: The Shatuo took Zhaoyi . Jinyang became the Shatuo capital. It was strategically located between two hills more akin to mountains, rising as high as a thousand meters. Combined with craters and dry riverbeds, the location made attacks from the southeast and northwest hazardous. In the west, the Yellow River made any maneuver costly in time and materiel. Jinyang itself was a fortress city with

1584-447: The Shatuo would join forces with the Huigu, and therefore consider relocating the Shatuo to the Yellow River region. When Zhuye Chixin's grandfather Zhuye Jinzhong (朱邪盡忠) heard this, he and his son, Zhuye Chixin's father Zhuye Zhiyi (朱邪執宜) decided to take their tribe and flee to Tang. The Tufan gave chase, and in the ensuing engagements, Zhuye Jinzhong was killed in battle, and over half of the Shatuo were killed or captured. Zhuye Zhiyi

1650-471: The Tang dynasty for support. In 702, Shatuo Jinshan, ancestor of the future late Tang warlord Li Keyong , started sending tribute to the Tang court. In 714, Jinshan was invited to Chang'an where Emperor Xuanzong of Tang hosted a banquet for him. During the An Lushan rebellion in the 750s, the Shatuo provided significant military aid to the Tang alongside the Uyghur Khaganate . Yao Runeng (姚如能) mentioned in

1716-407: The Tang imperial government feared that the Shatuo would betray Tang, and therefore had them relocate, with Fan, to Hedong Circuit, and the area of Huanghuadui (黃花堆, in modern Shuozhou , Shanxi ) became Zhuye Zhiyi's possession. It is not known when Zhuye Chixin was born, or when Zhuye Zhiyi died. It is known that when Zhuye Zhiyi died, Zhuye Chixin took over leadership of the Shatuo. In 839, when

1782-517: The Tang resettled several Shatuo tribes in Hedong (modern northern Shanxi ), also called Jin based on the region's ancient name. The Shatuo there were semi-pastoralists who traded in horse, sheep, and cattle. However their way of life gradually changed over the 9th century as they became more settled and intermarried with border people and the Han Chinese. Their population also increased. In the early 9th century, reports of 6,000-7,000 Shatuo tents point toward

1848-678: The Tibetans and expanded northward, directly threatening the Tuyuhun Empire. Soon after he took the throne of the Yarlung Kingdom in Central Tibet in 634, he defeated the Tuyuhun near Qinghai Lake and received an envoy from the Tang. The Tibetan emperor requested marriage to a Tang princess, but was refused. In 635-636 the Emperor Taizong of Tang defeated the Tibetan army; after this campaign,

1914-733: The Tufan general Lun Kongre (論恐熱), who was then contending for control of Tufan, itself then in internal turmoil, attacked the Ordos region with Dangxiang and Huigu remnants. Emperor Xuānzong ordered then-military governor of Hedong, Wang Zai , to react, and Wang had Zhuye serve as his forward commander. The Hedong forces subsequently defeated Lun, who then withdrew. In 868, during the reign of Emperor Xuānzong's son Emperor Yizong , soldiers from Xusi Circuit (徐泗, headquartered in modern Xuzhou , Jiangsu ) who had been sent to Lingnan West Circuit (嶺南西道, headquartered in modern Nanning , Guangxi ) to defend against

1980-461: The Tuyuhun Empire lost much of its territory in southern Gansu to Tibetans. The Tuyuhun government was split between the pro-Tang and pro-Tibet factions, with the latter increasingly becoming stronger and collaborated with Tibet to bring about an invasion. The Tang sent general Xue Rengui to lead 100,000 troops to fight Tibet in Dafeichuan (present Gonghe County , Qinghai). They were annihilated by

2046-704: The Utmost") had moved into Beiting Protectorate , in Tang Dezong 's time (r. 780 - 804). The Chuyue tribe members who remained in the Western Turkic Kaganate , under Onoq leadership, occupied territory east of the lake Barkul , and were called, in Chinese, Shatuo (literally "sandy slope" or "gravel sands", i.e. desert). Shatuoji is also the name of a desert in northern Xinjiang . The Shatuo consisted of three sub-tribes: Chuyue (處月), Suoge (娑葛), and Anqing (安慶),

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2112-547: The ambush of 200,000 troops led by Dayan and the Tibetans. The Tibetan Empire took over the entire territory of the Tuyuhun. After the fall of the kingdom, the Tuyuhun people split. Led by Murong Nuohebo on the eastern side of the Qilian Mountains they migrated eastwards into central China. The rest remained and were under the rule of the Tibetan Empire. Through this period, the Xianbei underwent massive diasporata over

2178-509: The beginning of the Tang dynasty , the Tuyuhun Empire came to a gradual decline and was increasingly caught in the conflict between the Tang and the Tibetan Empire . Because the Tuyuhun controlled the crucial trade routes between east and the west, the empire became the immediate target of invasion by the Tang. The Tibetan Empire developed rapidly under the leadership of Songtsen Gampo , who united

2244-471: The capital Chang'an for some time to serve as an imperial guard general. In 870, Emperor Yizong commissioned Li Guochang as the military governor of Zhenwu Circuit (振武, headquartered in modern Hohhot , Inner Mongolia ). However, he soon incurred the wrath of the imperial government when he, acting in defiance of the imperial government, killed members of his staff without imperial approval. In 872, Emperor Yizong tried to transfer him to Datong Circuit, with

2310-555: The core of the Tuyuhun Empire and numbered about 3.3 million at their peak. They carried out extensive military expeditions westward, reaching as far as Hotan in Xinjiang and the borders of Kashmir and Afghanistan , and established a vast empire that encompassed Qinghai , Gansu , Ningxia , northern Sichuan , eastern Shaanxi , southern Xinjiang, and most of Tibet , stretching 1,500 kilometers from east to west and 1,000 kilometers from north to south. They unified parts of Inner Asia for

2376-476: The defender of Datong Circuit, Duan Wenchu (段文楚), was harsh to the soldiers, and was cutting back on their supplies. Li Jinzhong persuaded Li Keyong to agree to the rebellion, and then attacked and arrested Duan. Li Keyong subsequently arrived at Yun Prefecture and took control of the Datong headquarters, putting Duan and several of Duan's staff members to death cruelly. Li Guochang initially pledged continued faith to

2442-478: The deputy commander of Shatuo soldiers at Datong Circuit, stationed at Wei Prefecture (蔚州, in modern Zhangjiakou , Hebei ). At that time, most of the empire was overrun with agrarian rebellions; the Shatuo officer Li Jinzhong (李盡忠), technically Li Keyong's superior as the commander of the Shatuo soldiers at Datong, as well as his subordinates Kang Junli , Xue Zhiqin (薛志勤), Cheng Huaixin (程懷信), and Li Cunzhang , also considered rising in rebellion, particularly because

2508-424: The emperor of the “Restored Tang”, officially known as the Later Tang , using the fact that his family was granted the imperial Li surname of the Tang dynasty and a princely title to declare themselves legitimate Tang dynasty emperors. In line with claims of restoring the Tang, Li moved the capital from Kaifeng back to Luoyang , where it had been during the Tang dynasty. The Later Tang controlled more territory than

2574-582: The eunuch monitor of his army, Chen Jingsi (陳景思), to suggest to Emperor Xizong to pardon Li Guochang and Li Keyong and to summon them to aid the imperial cause. Chen agreed, and subsequently, Li Keyong tried to take his troops south. Then-military governor of Hedong, Zheng Congdang , however, refused to supply his troops. In reaction, Li Keyong pillaged the prefectures of Hedong, and Zheng expelled his forces, which were forced to withdraw back north. He captured Xin (忻州, in modern Xinzhou, Shanxi ) and Dai (代州, in modern Xinzhou) Prefectures. In 882, Li Guochang, who

2640-619: The expanding Liao Empire established by the Khitans. Later historians would denigrate the Later Jin as a puppet regime of the powerful Liao to the north. When Shi's successor did defy the Liao, a Khitan invasion resulted in the end of the dynasty in 946. The death of the Khitan emperor on his return from the raid on the Later Jin left a power vacuum that was filled by Liu Zhiyuan , another Shatuo who founded

2706-536: The fall of the Tang dynasty in 907. The Tang dynasty emperor's had granted the Shatuo Zhuye chieftain Li Keyong the imperial surname of Li and title Prince of Jin, adopting him into the imperial family. They had tense relations with the Later Liang, and cultivated good relations with the emerging Khitan power to the north. The son of Li Keyong, Li Cunxu , succeeded in destroying the Later Liang in 923, declaring himself

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2772-515: The first time in history, developed the southern route of the Silk Road , and promoted cultural exchange between the eastern and western territories, dominating the northwest for more than three and half centuries until it was destroyed by the Tibetan Empire . The Tuyuhun Empire existed as an independent kingdom and was not traditionally considered to be an orthodox dynasty in Chinese historiography . In

2838-572: The general population around them. The Shatuo tribe were descended mainly from the Western Turkic Chuyue tribe, who in turn belonged to a group of four Chuy tribes, collectively known as Yueban . The Yueban state survived to the end of the 480s when its independence was destroyed by the Tiele people . After the fall of the state, the people of Yueban formed four tribes - Chuyue, Chumi, Chumuhun and Chuban. These tribes became major players in

2904-452: The imperial capital Chang'an if Emperor Yizong refused. Emperor Yizong reacted by commissioning the imperial guard general Kang Chengxun as the military governor of Yicheng Circuit (義成, headquartered in modern Anyang , Henan ) and the overall commander of the operation against Pang. Kang requested his troops to be supplemented with Zhuye Chixin's troops, as well as the chieftains of Tuyuhun , Tatar , and Qibi (契苾) tribes, and his request

2970-614: The imperial government, asking it to appoint a new defender of Datong and offering to attack Li Keyong himself if Li Keyong refused to comply. Emperor Xizong thus commissioned Lu Jianfang (盧簡方) as the new defender of Datong and asked Li Guochang to write a letter to persuade Li Keyong to accept Lu—but then decided to make Lu the military governor of Zhenwu and transfer Li Guochang to Datong instead (as military governor), believing that Li Keyong would not dare to resist his father. However, Li Guochang actually hoped for an arrangement where both he and Li Keyong would be each allowed to keep control of

3036-644: The last of whom were of Sogdian origins. The Shatuo participated in wars on behalf of the Tang dynasty, including against other Turkic people like the Uyghur khaganate, which granted their leaders various titles and rewards. After a defeat of the Chuy by Tibetans in 808, the Chuy Shatuo branch asked China for protection, and moved into Inner China. After aiding in the suppression of the Huang Chao uprising in 875–883, and establishing three out of five short-lived dynasties during

3102-506: The late ninth century through the tenth century. They are noted for founding three, Later Tang , Later Jin , and Later Han , of the five dynasties and one, Northern Han , of the ten kingdoms during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period . The Northern Han would later be conquered by the Song dynasty . Sometime before the 12th century, the Shatuo disappeared as a distinct ethnic group, many of them having become acculturated and assimilating into

3168-530: The later First Turkic Khaganate and thereafter. The Chuyue and Chumi did not belong to the dominant Onoq (Ten Arrows) Union, while Chumukun and Chuban did. Other sources claim the Shatuo originated from the Tiele. The epitaph of Shatuo Li Keyong , a late-Tang military commissioner ( jiedushi ), states that his clan's progenitor was "Yidu, Lord of the Xueyantuo state, an unrivaled general" (益度、薛延陀國君、無敵將軍), Xueyantuo

3234-411: The lesser title of Fangyushi (防禦使). Li Guochang claimed to be ill and refused to report to Datong. He was apparently thereafter allowed to remain at Zhenwu, and subsequently sent soldiers to participate in the imperial campaign against the agrarian rebel Wang Xianzhi . As of 878, by which time Emperor Yizong's young son Emperor Xizong was emperor, Li Guochang's oldest son Li Keyong was serving as

3300-577: The military governor of Hedong and Li Guochang the military governor of a newly created Daibei Circuit (代北), with its headquarters at Dai Prefecture. According to the Zizhi Tongjian , Li Guochang died in 887, while still serving as the military governor of Daibei. According to the annotations to the History of the Five Dynasties , he was given posthumous honors. After his grandson Li Cunxu established

3366-515: The military governor of Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern Changzhi , Shanxi ), as well as the Tuyuhun chiefs Helian Duo and Bai Yicheng (白義誠), and the Sage (薩葛) chief Mi Haiwan (米海萬) to join in the attack as well. Li Keyong and Li Guochang initially gained successes in their raids on the neighboring circuits, and the Hedong soldiers were repeatedly intimidated into disturbances themselves, causing

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3432-659: The native peoples referred to as the Qiang , including more than 100 different and loosely coordinated tribes that did not submit to each other or any authority. After Tuyuhun died in Linxia , Gansu in 317, his sixty sons further expanded the empire by defeating the Western Qin (385-430) and Xia (407-431) kingdoms. The Qinghai Xianbei, Tufa Xianbei, Qifu Xianbei and Haolian Xianbei joined them. They moved their capital 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) west of Qinghai Lake. These Xianbei groups formed

3498-909: The successive expulsions or deaths of several Hedong military governors. However, after Li Zhuo (李涿) eventually took over the command of the entire operations, the tide began to turn against the Shatuo. In summer 880, Li Keyong's officer Gao Wenji (高文集), who was then defending Shuo Prefecture (朔州, in modern Shuozhou) for Li Keyong, surrendered to Li Zhuo along with Li Guochang's cousin Li Youjin (李友金) and several other chieftains. Li Keyong reacted by attacking Gao, to try to recapture Shuo Prefecture. Li Keju, however, attacked and defeated Li Keyong at Yao'er Heights (藥兒嶺, in modern Chengde , Hebei ) before Li Keyong could do so, killing Li Jinzhong and Cheng. Li Keju then again defeated Li Keyong at Xiongwu Base (雄武軍, in modern Chengde). Meanwhile, Li Zhuo and Helian attacked Wei Prefecture, where Li Guochang had stationed himself at

3564-536: The three tribes of the Shatuo: Shatuo, Anqing, and Yinge. The Shatuo population was never large but their warriors had a reputation for being brave and aggressive as well as proficient in siege warfare and archery. They participated in Emperor Taizong of Tang 's campaigns against Goryeo in the 640s and performed with distinction despite their ultimate failure. At the same time the Shatuo also came into conflict with neighboring tribes, leading them to further depend on

3630-526: The time, defeating Li Guochang. Li Guochang, Li Keyong, and their family were forced to flee to the Dada (達靼) tribe, then in the Yin Mountains region. Several months later, Helian, who was consequently made the defender of Datong, secretly tried to persuade the Dada to slaughter the Shatuo who fled to them. Li Keyong, hearing rumors of this, demonstrated his shooting skills at a feast with Dada nobles, and further proclaimed that he did not intend to stay with

3696-531: Was a Tiele tribe. Other Chinese chroniclers traced the Shatuo's origins to a Tiele chief named * Bayar (拔也 Baye ) ~ * Bayïrku (拔也古 Bayegu ) The Song historian Ouyang Xiu rejected the Bayïrku origin of Shatuo; he pointed out that the Bayïrku were contemporaries, not primordial ancestors, of the Shatuo's reigning clan Zhuxie, and that this Western Turkic kin-group adopted Shatuo as their tribal name and Zhuxie as surname after their chief Jinzhong (盡忠; lit. "Loyal to

3762-455: Was a dynastic monarchy established by the nomadic peoples related to the Xianbei in the Qilian Mountains and upper Yellow River valley, in modern Qinghai , China. After the disintegration of the Xianbei state, nomadic groups were led by their khagan, Murong Tuyuhun (慕容吐谷渾; 246 - 317 ), to the rich pasture lands around Qinghai Lake about the middle of the 3rd century AD. Murong Tuyuhun

3828-444: Was a very capable warrior. He was said to be capable of "hitting twin flying ducks from a reclining position" and was called the "Dragon with a Single Eye" because he had an eye that was noticeably larger than the other. He led Shatuo forces to defeat Huang Chao , who had rebelled against the Tang and taken Chang'an in 881. The Shatuo victory in 883 forced Huang Chao to retreat from Chang'an. The then 28-year old Keyong, in charge of

3894-453: Was able to make it through to Tang's Ling Prefecture (靈州, in modern Yinchuan , Ningxia ), where the Tang military governor ( Jiedushi ) of Shuofang Circuit (朔方, headquartered at Ling Prefecture), Fan Xichao (范希朝), welcomed the Shatuo under Zhuye Zhiyi. They were soon joined by Zhuye Jinzhong's younger brother Zhuye Abo (朱邪阿波). In 809, when Fan was transferred from Shuofang to Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan , Shanxi ),

3960-430: Was approved. As Kang's imperial army took shape in 869 and prepared to engage Pang, he had Zhuye serve as his forward commander, and it was said that the soldiers under Kang, who were from 10 different circuits, were all impressed by the Shatuo soldiers' fortitude. He subsequently contributed greatly to Kang's battles against Pang, including the final battle at Bo Prefecture (亳州, in modern Bozhou , Anhui ), in which Pang

4026-477: Was bestowed the name Li Guochang by the Tang emperor for his role in the suppression of Pang Xun 's rebel general, Wang Hongli, in 869. Guochang later upset the Tang court by slaying the governor of Datong , Duan Wenchu, in 872. In 880, tensions came to a head when Guochang's forces suffered a defeat to Tang mercenaries, costing him a loss of 17,000 men. This led the Shatuo to turn north to their "Tartar" friends for support. The son of Li Guochang , Li Keyong ,

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4092-604: Was brought to an end in 936 when Shi Jingtang (posthumously known as Gaozu of Later Jin ), also a Shatuo, successfully rebelled against the Han Chinese Later Tang emperor Li Congke and established the Later Jin dynasty. Shi moved the capital back to Kaifeng , then called Bian. The Later Jin controlled essentially the same territory as the Later Tang except the strategic Sixteen Prefectures area, which had been ceded to

4158-542: Was finally incorporated into the Song dynasty . Shatuo Turks that remained on the steppes were eventually absorbed into various Mongolic or Turkic tribes. From the 10th to 13th centuries, Shatuo remnants possibly joined Tatar confederation in the territory of the modern Mongolia , and became known as Ongud or White Tatars branch of the Tatars . Contemporary records of the Shatuo describes some Shatuo men as having deep set eyes and whiskers as well as lithe bodies and

4224-436: Was killed. To reward Zhuye, Emperor Yizong gave him the imperial surname of Li and a new personal name of Guochang (國昌, meaning "prosperity to the empire"), having him adopted into the branch house of the Prince of Zheng. He carved out a new Datong Circuit (大同) from Hedong, with its headquarters at Yun Prefecture (雲州, in modern Datong , Shanxi ), to have Li Guochang serve as its military governor, but then kept Li Guochang at

4290-648: Was the older brother of the Former Yan 's ancestor Murong Hui and elder son of the Chanyu Murong Shegui (慕容涉歸) of the Murong Xianbei who took his people from their original settlements on the Liaodong Peninsula to the region of the Yin Mountains , crossing the Yellow River between 307 and 313, and into the eastern region of modern Qinghai . The Tuyuhun Empire was established in 284 by subjugating

4356-421: Was then still with the Dada, took his family and settled at Dai Prefecture. Later in the year, Emperor Xizong again summoned Li Keyong to aid in the imperial cause in attacking Huang Chao's Qi state, and this time, pursuant to imperial orders, Zheng did not again intercept Li Keyong. Li Keyong subsequently became the leading general in the Tang campaign to recapture Chang'an. In 883, Emperor Xizong made Li Keyong

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