Jura separatism ( French : séparatisme jurassien ) is a regionalist autonomist movement in the Bernese Jura of Switzerland .
40-510: Les Avants is a village in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland . It is located in the municipality of Montreux , in the east of the canton, in the district of Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut . It lies 3.5 km (2.2 mi) north-east of the town of Montreux and 25 km (16 mi) east of Lausanne . Les Avants is a winter resort in the Vaud Alps . The village was developed as a ski resort in
80-547: A federal state in 1848. The cantons retained far-reaching sovereignty but were no longer allowed to maintain individual standing armies or international relations. As the revolutions of 1848 in Western Europe had failed elsewhere, Switzerland during the later 19th century (and with the exception of the French Third Republic , until the end of World War I ) found itself as an isolated democratic republic, surrounded by
120-407: A federation of states was restored, at the time including 19 cantons (the six accessions to the early modern Thirteen Cantons being composed of former associates and subject territories: St. Gallen , Grisons , Aargau , Thurgau , Ticino , Vaud ). Three additional western cantons, Valais , Neuchâtel and Geneva , acceded in 1815. The process of "Restoration", completed by 1830, returned most of
160-530: A new vote that took place on 12 November 1989. After a transitional period, the move was approved by Swiss voters on 26 September 1993 by a majority of 75.2% and was effected in 1994. With the creation of the canton of Jura, militant activism decreased, but there remained a politically active irredentist movement in the Bernese Jura . The Béliers continued though to engage in acts of vandalism to express their outrage at what they claimed were irregularities in
200-482: A particular municipality (the place of origin ) and the canton in which that municipality is part. Cantons, therefore, have a role in and set requirements for the granting of citizenship (naturalisation), though the process is typically undertaken at a municipal level and is subject to federal law. Switzerland has only one federal public holiday (1 August); public holidays otherwise vary from canton to canton . The cantons are listed in their order of precedence given in
240-529: A popular vote to amend the cantonal constitution or laws or to veto laws or spending bills passed by the parliament. Other than in the instances of general popular assemblies in Appenzell Innerrhoden and Glarus, democratic rights are exercised by secret ballot. The right of foreigners to vote varies by canton, as does whether Swiss citizens living abroad (and registered to vote in a canton) can take part in cantonal voting. Swiss citizens are citizens of
280-549: A separatist Comité de Moutier was formed. By 1949, the separatist movement was officially constituted as the Rassemblement jurassien . In 1952, the opposing anti-separatist side was constituted as the Union des patriotes jurassiens (UPJ). A group of militant young separatists known as the Béliers ("rams") was formed in 1963, which by 1973 received its anti-separatist counterpart in
320-753: Is the question of secession of the Jura region from Bern , implemented partially as three of seven districts formed the Canton of Jura in 1979, while the remaining four opted to remain with Bern. Historically, the conflict originates with the Congress of Vienna (1815), where the Jurassic territories of the Prince-Bishopric of Basel were given to Bern. The "Jurassic question" was a topic in Swiss politics between 1947 and 1974. In 1947,
360-559: The Unité jurassienne (UJ) groups. Another separatist group is Mouvement Indépendantiste Jurassien (MIJ), formed in 1990. The three Bernese districts of Courtelary, La Neuveville and Moutier were united as the single district Jura bernois in 2001. Due to the remaining separatist faction in Moutier , another poll was held in 1998, but the district again decided to remain Bernese. But in 2006,
400-621: The Holy Roman Empire , they had become de facto independent when the Swiss defeated Emperor Maximilian I in 1499 in Dornach. In the early modern period, the individual confederate allies came to be seen as republics ; while the six traditional allies had a tradition of direct democracy in the form of the Landsgemeinde , the urban states operated via representation in city councils, de facto oligarchic systems dominated by families of
440-635: The Old Swiss Confederacy , formerly also Ort ('lieu/locality', from before 1450), or Stand ('estate', from c. 1550 ), was a fully sovereign state with its own border controls, army, and currency from at least the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) until the establishment of the Swiss federal state in 1848, with a brief period of centralised government during the Helvetic Republic (1798–1803). The term Kanton has been widely used since
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#1732855838279480-570: The Swiss Confederation . The nucleus of the Swiss Confederacy in the form of the first three confederate allies used to be referred to as the Waldstätte . Two important periods in the development of the Old Swiss Confederacy are summarized by the terms Acht Orte ('Eight Cantons'; from 1353 to 1481) and Dreizehn Orte ('Thirteen Cantons', from 1513 to 1798). Each canton of
520-574: The patriciate . The old system was abandoned with the formation of the Helvetic Republic following the French invasion of Switzerland in 1798. The cantons of the Helvetic Republic had merely the status of an administrative subdivision with no sovereignty. The Helvetic Republic collapsed within five years, and cantonal sovereignty was restored with the Act of Mediation of 1803. The status of Switzerland as
560-587: The 16th century, the Old Swiss Confederacy was composed of 13 sovereign confederate allies (the Thirteen Cantons ; German : Die Dreizehn Alten Orte ), and there were two different kinds: five rural states ( German : Länder ) – Uri , Schwyz (which became eponymous of the confederacy), Unterwalden , Glarus , Appenzell – and eight urban states ( German : Städte ) – Zürich , Bern , Luzern , Zug , Basel , Fribourg , Solothurn , Schaffhausen . Though they were technically part of
600-497: The 19th century by the Dufour family. They constructed the ski slopes and built a hotel, Grand Hotel des Avants, to accommodate visitors. In 1872, an Anglican chapel was built in the grounds of the hotel for the benefit of English visitors. The village hosted the first Ice Hockey European Championship , in 1910 and gives its name to the Chemin de fer Les Avants – Sonloup . Opened in 1901 as
640-482: The 19th century. The number of cantons was increased to 19 with the Act of Mediation (1803), with the recognition of former subject territories as full cantons. The Federal Treaty of 1815 increased the number to 22 due to the accession of former associates of the Old Swiss Confederacy . The canton of Jura acceded as the 23rd canton with its secession from Bern in 1979. The official number of cantons
680-563: The Confederation, a directorial system of government is followed by the cantons. The cantonal legislatures are unicameral parliaments , with their size varying between 58 and 200 seats. A few legislatures also involve or did involve general popular assemblies known as Landsgemeinden ; the use of this form of legislature has declined: at present, it exists only in the cantons of Appenzell Innerrhoden and Glarus . The cantonal executives consist of either five or seven members, depending on
720-479: The Federal Constitution). The cantonal constitutions determine the internal organisation of the canton, including the degree of autonomy accorded to the municipalities , which varies but almost always includes the power to levy taxes and pass municipal laws; some municipalities have their own police forces. As at the federal level, all cantons provide for some form of direct democracy . Citizens may demand
760-576: The No was ahead in Courtelary , La Neuveville , Moutier (the South Districts ) and Laufen . In a second poll of 16 March 1975, the four districts of Courtelary , La Neuveville , Moutier and Laufen voted in favour of remaining with Bern. In Autumn 1975, a third vote was conducted in the 14 municipalities which the new border would traverse: each could choose to join the new Canton of Jura or remain with
800-583: The autonomist parties gained a majority in the regional elections. In the same year, a Conseil du Jura bernois was formed, the only example of a regional parliament in Switzerland. A new suggestion was published in 2007 by the Assemblée InterJurassienne (AIJ), to the effect that two " half-cantons " should be formed from the existing canton of Jura and the Bernese Jura. In 2013, a new vote
840-425: The canton of Bern. Six chose to remain with Bern, while seven opted to join the new Canton of Jura. In 1977, the population of what was going to be the new canton ratified the cantonal constitution. Finally, the population of Switzerland in a national referendum accepted the accession of the new canton to the Swiss Confederacy with an 82.3% majority, and the new canton was officially created on 1 January 1979. Laufen
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#1732855838279880-518: The canton of Jura to organise to vote on its cantonal belonging. Vellerat proclaimed itself a "free municipality" and campaigned to join the new canton, which it eventually did in 1996 after the Swiss voters approved by 91.6% the transfer of Vellerat to the Canton of Jura on 10 March 1996. In 1994, the Mouvement autonomiste jurassien (MAJ) was formed from a fusion of the Rassemblement jurassien (RJ) and
920-562: The canton. For the names of the institutions, see the list of cantonal executives and list of cantonal legislatures . The cantons retain all powers and competencies not delegated to the Confederation by the federal constitution or law: most significantly the cantons are responsible for healthcare , welfare , law enforcement, public education , and retain the power of taxation . Each canton defines its official language(s). Cantons may conclude treaties not only with other cantons but also with foreign states (respectively Articles 48 and 56 of
960-525: The early 17th century. In the Old Swiss Confederacy, the term Ort (plural: Orte ) was in use from the early 15th century as a generic term for the member cantons. The founding cantons specifically were also known as Waldstätte 'forest settlements' (singular: Waldstatt ). The formulaic Stette und Waldstette for the members of the early confederacy is recorded in the mid-14th century, used interchangeably with Stett und Lender ('cities and lands', 'city cantons and rural cantons') until
1000-1505: The federal constitution. This reflects the historical order of precedence of the Eight Cantons in the 15th century, followed by the remaining cantons in the order of their historical accession to the confederacy. Jura separatism The " Jura question " (French: question jurassienne ; German: Jurafrage )
1040-526: The first stage of the Montreux–Lenk im Simmental line , it connects Montreux to Les Avants and Sonloup, 0.5 km (0.31 mi) to the northwest. The hotel closed after the Second World War and has since served as a school, currently Le Châtelard international boarding school. Ernest Hemingway stayed at the resort in the 1920s, and recalls the village in his memoir, A Moveable Feast . The village
1080-475: The former feudal rights to the cantonal patriciates , leading to rebellions among the rural population. The Radicals embodied these democratic forces calling for a new federal constitution. This tension, paired with religious issues ("Jesuit question") escalated into armed conflict in the 1840s, with the brief Sonderbund War . The victory of the Liberal-Radicals resulted in the formation of Switzerland as
1120-418: The group Sangliers ("wild boars"). The cantonal government of Bern formed an official commission charged with the resolution of the conflict in 1967. On 23 June 1974, a cantonal poll was held resulting in the decision to form a new canton of Jura. The three districts of Delémont , Porrentruy and Franches-Montagnes opted to secede with an important majority. The Yes won in total over the 7 districts but
1160-502: The late 15th century (recorded in Fribourg in 1467), from a word for "edge, corner", at the time the literal translation of Early Modern High German ort . After 1490, canton was increasingly used in French and Italian documents to refer to the members of the Swiss Confederacy. English use of canton in reference to the Swiss Confederacy (as opposed to the heraldic sense ) dates to
1200-561: The late 15th century. Ort was increasingly replaced by Stand (plural: Stände ) ' estate ' about 1550, a term taken to imply liberty and sovereignty. Abolished in the Helvetic Republic, the term 'Stand' was revived in 1815 and remains in use today. The French term canton adopted into German after 1648 , and then only in occasional use until the early 19th century: prominent usage of Ort and Stand gradually disappeared in German-speaking Switzerland from
1240-456: The local rendition of his own name, Chalet Covar . After Coward’s death at Firefly , their other home in Jamaica , in 1973, his partner Graham Payn lived at the chalet until his own death in 2005. 46°27′13″N 6°56′39″E / 46.45361°N 6.94417°E / 46.45361; 6.94417 Cantons of Switzerland The 26 cantons of Switzerland are the member states of
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1280-497: The modern era, since Neuchâtel ceased to be a principality in 1848, all Swiss cantons can be considered to have a republican form of government . Some cantons formally describe themselves as republics in their constitutions. This applies to the Romance-speaking cantons in particular: Geneva (formally République et canton de Genève , 'Republic and canton of Geneva'), Jura , Neuchâtel , Valais , Vaud and Ticino . In
1320-785: The plebiscites of 1974 and 1975, among other things stealing the Unspunnen Stone in 1984, and destroying the historic " Fountain of Justice " statue in Bern in 1986. On 25 March 1994, the Inter-Jura Assembly was created by the Swiss Confederation to allow dialogue between the North and the South. The 25 March Agreement allowed eventually the municipality of Vellerat , that found itself in the canton of Bern, but it could only be reached via roads from
1360-631: The restored monarchies of France , Italy , Austria-Hungary and Germany . The Swiss Federal Constitution declares the cantons to be sovereign to the extent that their sovereignty is not limited by federal law. Areas specifically reserved to the Confederation are the armed forces, currency, the postal service, telecommunications, immigration into and emigration from the country, granting asylum, conducting foreign relations with sovereign states, civil and criminal law, weights and measures, and customs duties. Each canton has its own constitution , legislature , executive , police and courts . Similar to
1400-679: The time of the Helvetic Republic . Only with the Act of Mediation of 1803 did German Kanton become an official designation, retained in the Swiss Constitution of 1848. The term Stand ( French : état , Italian : stato ) remains in synonymous usage and is reflected in the name of the upper chamber of the Swiss Parliament, the Council of States ( German : Ständerat , French : Conseil des États , Italian : Consiglio degli Stati , Romansh : Cussegl dals Stadis ). In
1440-571: The transfer of the city of Moutier by 2,067 votes (51.72%) against 1,930 votes (48.28%). On 17 September 2017, Belprahon and Sorvilier finally rejected their transfers to the Canton of Jura. With the end of these three votes, the Assemblée InterJurasienne was dissolved on 17 November 2017. A year later, on 5 November 2018, the Yes Vote of Moutier was cancelled by the administrative Jura Bernese Prefecture pointing to unneutral propaganda by
1480-515: Was home to the opera singer Dame Joan Sutherland and her husband, the conductor Richard Bonynge , who lived at the Chalet Monet. Sutherland’s home was found for her by Noël Coward , a long-time friend and fellow resident of Les Avants. Coward had bought his own home, further down the mountain from Chalet Monet, in August 1959. Having toyed with the idea of calling the house Shilly Chalet, Coward adopted
1520-529: Was increased to 26 in the federal constitution of 1999 , which designated former half-cantons as cantons. The areas of the cantons vary from 37 km (15 sq. mi.) ( Basel-Stadt ) to 7,105 km (2743 sq. mi.) ( Grisons ); the populations (as of 2018) range from 16,000 ( Appenzell Innerrhoden ) to 1.5 million ( Zürich ). The term canton , now also used as the English term for administrative subdivisions of other countries, originates in French usage in
1560-624: Was now a Bernese exclave, wedged between the new canton, Solothurn and Basel-Landschaft . In 1984, the Black Boxes scandal was revealed: the canton of Bern had illegally distributed over 430,000 CHF between 1974 and 1982 to Loyalist groups to influence votes and referendums. In a 1983 vote, the population of Laufen declined to join Basel-Landschaft. After the scandal of the Black Boxes, the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland ordered
1600-510: Was organised to launch a process to create a new canton with the Canton of Jura and the Bernese Jura. The project is accepted in the Canton of Jura by 76.6% but is rejected in the South by 71.8% with the notable exception of Moutier (55% Yes), Belprahon and Sorvilier . This led to the organisation of a new municipal vote in Moutier. The canton of Bern allowed the municipality to hold a new referendum organised on 18 June 2017. The majority favoured
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