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65-696: It is 162 miles (261 km) long and originates in Matupi Township of Mindat District in Chin State . It flows through Mrauk-U , Minbya and Pauktaw townships of Sittwe District of Rakhine State. It empties into the Kaladan River downstream of Pauktaw. The section from Sittwe to Pauktaw is 16 miles (26 km) long and from Sittwe to Minbya is 40 miles (64 km) long. Two hydropower projects, "Laymro" 600-megawatt and "Laymro 2" 90-megawatt, are being implemented by Hydropower Planning Department under

130-521: A characteristic second fruit at the apex , which protrudes slightly like a human navel . They are mainly an eating fruit, as their thicker skin makes them easy to peel, they are less juicy and their bitterness makes them less suitable for juice. The parent variety was probably the Portuguese navel orange or Umbigo . The cultivar rapidly spread to other countries, but being seedless it had to be propagated by cutting and grafting . The Cara cara orange

195-468: A decade the pest was controlled. This was one of the first successful applications of biological pest control on any crop. The orange dog caterpillar of the giant swallowtail butterfly, Papilio cresphontes , is a pest of citrus plantations in North America, where it eats new foliage and can defoliate young trees. Citrus greening disease , caused by the bacterium Liberobacter asiaticum , has been

260-610: A group of sweet orange x trifoliate orange ( Citrus trifoliata ) hybrids. In Europe, the Moors introduced citrus fruits including the bitter orange, lemon, and lime to Al-Andalus in the Iberian Peninsula during the Arab Agricultural Revolution . Large-scale cultivation started in the 10th century, as evidenced by complex irrigation techniques specifically adapted to support orange orchards. Citrus fruits—among them

325-476: A luxury food grown by wealthy people in private conservatories, called orangeries . By 1646, the sweet orange was well known throughout Europe; it went on to become the most often cultivated of all fruit trees. Louis XIV of France had a great love of orange trees and built the grandest of all royal Orangeries at the Palace of Versailles . At Versailles, potted orange trees in solid silver tubs were placed throughout

390-517: A much larger scale, industrially. Orange juice is a traded commodity on the Intercontinental Exchange . Frozen orange juice concentrate is made from freshly squeezed and filtered juice. Oranges are made into jam in many countries; in Britain, bitter Seville oranges are used to make marmalade . Almost the whole Spanish production is exported to Britain for this purpose. The entire fruit

455-419: A range of different sizes, and shapes varying from spherical to oblong. Inside and attached to the rind is a porous white tissue, the white, bitter mesocarp or albedo ( pith ). The orange contains a number of distinct carpels (segments or pigs, botanically the fruits) inside, typically about ten, each delimited by a membrane and containing many juice-filled vesicles and usually a few pips . When unripe,

520-479: A region encompassing Southern China , Northeast India , and Myanmar ; the earliest mention of the sweet orange was in Chinese literature in 314 BC. Orange trees are widely grown in tropical and subtropical areas for their sweet fruit. The fruit of the orange tree can be eaten fresh or processed for its juice or fragrant peel . In 2022, 76 million tonnes of oranges were grown worldwide, with Brazil producing 22% of

585-484: A rootstock is grown from seed. Then, when it is approximately one year old, the leafy top is cut off and a bud taken from a specific scion variety, is grafted into its bark. The scion is what determines the variety of orange, while the rootstock makes the tree resistant to pests and diseases and adaptable to specific soil and climatic conditions. Thus, rootstocks influence the rate of growth and have an effect on fruit yield and quality. Rootstocks must be compatible with

650-527: A series of six-to-seven-foot-long tines to shake the tree canopy at a relatively constant stroke and frequency. Oranges are picked once they are pale orange. Oranges must be mature when harvested. In the United States, laws forbid harvesting immature fruit for human consumption in Texas, Arizona, California and Florida. Ripe oranges, however, often have some green or yellow-green color in the skin. Ethylene gas

715-669: A shelf life of about one month, and are best stored loose. The first major pest that attacked orange trees in the United States was the cottony cushion scale ( Icerya purchasi ), imported from Australia to California in 1868. Within 20 years, it wiped out the citrus orchards around Los Angeles, and limited orange growth throughout California. In 1888, the USDA sent Alfred Koebele to Australia to study this scale insect in its native habitat. He brought back with him specimens of an Australian ladybird , Novius cardinalis (the Vedalia beetle), and within

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780-451: A short time, but also suppress beneficial predatory ladybird beetles. Soil application of aldicarb provided limited control of Asian citrus psyllid, while drenches of imidacloprid to young trees were effective for two months or more. Management of citrus greening disease requires an integrated approach that includes use of clean stock, elimination of inoculum via voluntary and regulatory means, use of pesticides to control psyllid vectors in

845-743: A small detail one of the first representations of oranges in Western art, the costly fruit perhaps traded by the merchant Arnolfini himself. By the 17th century, orangeries were added to great houses in Europe, both to enable the fruit to be grown locally and for prestige, as seen in the Versailles Orangerie completed in 1686. The Dutch Post-Impressionist artist Vincent van Gogh portrayed oranges in paintings such as his 1889 Still Life of Oranges and Lemons with Blue Gloves and his 1890 A Child with Orange , both works late in his life. The American artist of

910-700: Is 87% water, 12% carbohydrates , 1% protein , and contains negligible fat (see table). As a 100-gram reference amount, orange flesh provides 47 calories , and is a rich source of vitamin C , providing 64% of the Daily Value . No other micronutrients are present in significant amounts (see table). Oranges contain diverse phytochemicals , including carotenoids ( beta-carotene , lutein and beta-cryptoxanthin ), flavonoids (e.g. naringenin ) and numerous volatile organic compounds producing orange aroma , including aldehydes , esters , terpenes , alcohols , and ketones . Orange juice contains only about one-fifth

975-519: Is a hesperidium , a modified berry ; it is covered by a rind formed by a rugged thickening of the ovary wall . Citrus trees are angiosperms , and most species are almost entirely interfertile . This includes grapefruits , lemons , limes , oranges, and many citrus hybrids . As the interfertility of oranges and other citrus has produced numerous hybrids and cultivars , and bud mutations have also been selected, citrus taxonomy has proven difficult. The sweet orange, Citrus x sinensis ,

1040-453: Is a higher sugar/acid ratio with less bitterness. As a citrus fruit, the orange is acidic, with pH levels ranging from 2.9 to 4.0. Taste and aroma vary according to genetic background, environmental conditions during development, ripeness at harvest, postharvest conditions, and storage duration. Common oranges (also called "white", "round", or "blond" oranges) constitute about two-thirds of all orange production. The majority of this crop

1105-672: Is a type of navel orange grown mainly in Venezuela , South Africa and California's San Joaquin Valley . It is sweet and low in acid, with distinctively pinkish red flesh. It was discovered at the Hacienda Cara Cara in Valencia , Venezuela, in 1976. Blood oranges, with an intense red coloration inside, are widely grown around the Mediterranean; there are several cultivars. The development of

1170-570: Is an efficient cleaning agent with a pleasant smell, promoted for being environmentally friendly and therefore preferable to petrochemicals. It is, however, irritating to the skin and toxic to aquatic life. Oranges have featured in human culture since ancient times. The earliest mention of the sweet orange in Chinese literature dates from 314 BC. Larissa Pham, in The Paris Review , notes that sweet oranges were available in China much earlier than in

1235-410: Is cut up and boiled with sugar; the pith contributes pectin , which helps the marmalade to set. The first recipe was by an Englishwoman, Mary Kettilby , in 1714. Pieces of peel were first added by Janet Keiller of Dundee in the 1790s, contributing a distinctively bitter taste. Orange peel contains the bitter substances limonene and naringin . Zest is scraped from the coloured outer part of

1300-561: Is distinctive but also has similarities to other Chin dialects. The most common Matu dialect spoken in Matupi is the " Batu " dialect, spoken by the majority Batu people. Chin dialects are mutually understandable ( Haka dialect can be understood by Htantlang , Tiddim dialect can be used to communicate with Ton Zang dialect , etc.). The Mindat and Matupi area have been open to foreigners since May 2016. Travel to Matupi Township mainly occurs by car, through poorly maintained roads that cut along

1365-408: Is located in Matupi township. Awisi Lake is located near Rhueng village. December and January are the coldest months of the year with a mean temperature of around 10−20 °C, the winter months are generally colder and windy. April is the hottest month at a mean of 37 °C. Total rainfall is about 89.22 inches (2,266 mm) every year. Occasionally the temperature can drop to 2 °C. Matupi

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1430-464: Is not a wild fruit, but arose in domestication in East Asia. It originated in a region encompassing Southern China , Northeast India , and Myanmar . The fruit was created as a cross between a non-pure mandarin orange and a hybrid pomelo that had a substantial mandarin component. Since its chloroplast DNA is that of pomelo, it was likely the hybrid pomelo, perhaps a pomelo BC1 backcross , that

1495-567: Is not available in most villages, people depend on firewood for cooking. Forestry is also a main source of income. There are four wards in Matupi: Ngala Ward, Longvan ward, Khoboi ward, and Cangbong ward. Among these wards Ngala, Longvan and Khoboi ward are the major places where the following clans reside: Hmanrhing, Laithang, Longla, Oitoe, Rhalawk, Rhinguet, Sampok, Takluem, Taknan, Thanghul, Thangkhoeng, Thintuep, Tlungma, Tuimuk and Zungpoeih These fourteen clans are called Batu. They speak

1560-439: Is often sold fresh and blended with juice from other regions, because Indian River trees yield sweet oranges but in relatively small quantities. Oranges, whose flavor may vary from sweet to sour , are commonly peeled and eaten fresh raw as a dessert. Orange juice is obtained by squeezing the fruit on a special tool (a juicer or squeezer ) and collecting the juice in a tray or tank underneath. This can be made at home or, on

1625-465: Is one of the most notable birds found in the forests of Matupi township. Agriculture is the most essential and profitable industry in the Matupi Township, employing more than 90% of the population. Common crops include rice , wheat , corn , millet , pulses , oilseeds , coffee , oranges , damson , potatoes , and natural fibres. However, Matupi still depends on the import of rice supplies from

1690-427: Is rich in plant life and vegetation. About one-eighth of Matupi is covered by tropical and sub-tropical forests, containing palm and bamboo among others. Areas of the forest have been cleared for cultivation but many scrub forests, high grass areas and reeds remain. Dogs , pangolin , porcupines , tigers , leopards , bears , many species of monkeys , and other species thrive across the region forests. The hornbill

1755-462: Is used for juice. The Valencia orange is a late-season fruit; it is popular when navel oranges are out of season. Thomas Rivers , an English nurseryman, imported this variety from the Azores and catalogued it in 1865 under the name Excelsior. Around 1870, he provided trees to S. B. Parsons, a Long Island nurseryman, who in turn sold them to E. H. Hart of Federal Point, Florida . Navel oranges have

1820-506: Is used to turn green skin to orange. This process is known as "degreening", "gassing", "sweating", or "curing". Oranges are non- climacteric fruits and cannot ripen internally in response to ethylene gas after harvesting, though they will de-green externally. Commercially, oranges can be stored by refrigeration in controlled-atmosphere chambers for up to twelve weeks after harvest. Storage life ultimately depends on cultivar, maturity, pre-harvest conditions, and handling. At home, oranges have

1885-458: The Chin State of Burma (Myanmar) . Matupi is the administrative center for the township. The Matupi township is located within the western part of Myanmar. The town is situated between latitudes 21.36'57.93 north and longitude 93.26'21.09 east. Matupi township is bordered on all sides: to the east by the Magwe division; to the south by Mindat Township ; to the south-west by Paletwa township; to

1950-527: The United States , Australia , India , south-east Asia , and in the Pacific island nations . They also carry out missionary activity inside Myanmar. Among Christians , Baptists are the predominant group constituting more than 60% of the township's population. Christian Reformed , Catholics , Revivalists , Presbyterian , Seventh-day Adventist , The Church of The Living God (thlangbol) and Pentecostals are

2015-501: The Versailles Orangerie . More recently, artists such as Vincent van Gogh , John Sloan , and Henri Matisse included oranges in their paintings. The orange tree is a relatively small evergreen , flowering tree, with an average height of 9 to 10 m (30 to 33 ft), although some very old specimens can reach 15 m (49 ft). Its oval leaves , which are alternately arranged , are 4 to 10 cm (1.6 to 3.9 in) long and have crenulate margins. Sweet oranges grow in

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2080-474: The bitter orange ( Citrus × aurantium ), is the fruit of a tree in the family Rutaceae . Botanically, this is the hybrid Citrus × sinensis , between the pomelo ( Citrus maxima ) and the mandarin orange ( Citrus reticulata ). The chloroplast genome , and therefore the maternal line, is that of pomelo. There are many related hybrids including of mandarins and sweet orange. The sweet orange has had its full genome sequenced . The orange originated in

2145-520: The citric acid of lime or lemon juice (which contain about 47 g/L). The taste of oranges is determined mainly by the ratio of sugars to acids, whereas orange aroma derives from volatile organic compounds , including alcohols , aldehydes , ketones , terpenes , and esters . Bitter limonoid compounds, such as limonin , decrease gradually during development, whereas volatile aroma compounds tend to peak in mid- to late-season development. Taste quality tends to improve later in harvests when there

2210-421: The Matupi language (" Batu ") dialect, which is used as a lingua franca . According to the 2009 local census, the total population of Matupi township was 50,580 and 6,630 houses in Matupi township. Christianity is adhered to by an overwhelming majority of the population (approximately 98%) and the rest are mainly Buddhists or Animist. Many Matupi people have also served as missionaries and pastors in places like

2275-501: The Ministry of Electric Power No. 1, China Datang Overseas Investment Co Ltd (CDOI) and Shwe Taung Hydropower Co Ltd starting from on 18 January 2011. This article related to a river in Myanmar is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Matupi Township Matupi Township ( Burmese : မတူပီမြို့နယ် ; also batupui Township ) is a township of Matupi District in

2340-561: The Near East (where they are especially popular), succari in Egypt, and lima in Brazil. The lack of acid, which protects orange juice against spoilage in other groups, renders them generally unfit for processing as juice, so they are primarily eaten. They remain profitable in areas of local consumption, but rapid spoilage renders them unsuitable for export to major population centres of Europe, Asia, or

2405-402: The United States. Like most citrus plants, oranges do well under moderate temperatures—between 15.5 and 29 °C (59.9 and 84.2 °F)—and require considerable amounts of sunshine and water. They are principally grown in tropical and subtropical regions. As oranges are sensitive to frost , farmers have developed methods to protect the trees from frost damage. A common process is to spray

2470-454: The West. She writes that Zhao Lingrang's fan painting Yellow Oranges and Green Tangerines pays attention not to the fruit's colour but the shape of the fruit-laden trees, and that Su Shi's poem on the same subject runs "You must remember, / the best scenery of the year, / Is exactly now, / when oranges turn yellow and tangerines green." The scholar Cristina Mazzoni has examined the multiple uses of

2535-487: The air temperature very slightly. Smudge pots were developed after a disastrous freeze in southern California in January 1913 destroyed a whole crop. Commercially grown orange trees are propagated asexually by grafting a mature cultivar onto a suitable seedling rootstock to ensure the same yield , identical fruit characteristics, and resistance to diseases throughout the years. Propagation involves two stages: first,

2600-448: The bitter orange—were introduced to Sicily in the 9th century during the period of the Emirate of Sicily , but the sweet orange was unknown there until the late 15th century or the beginnings of the 16th century, when Italian and Portuguese merchants brought orange trees into the Mediterranean area. Shortly afterward, the sweet orange quickly was adopted as an edible fruit. It was considered

2665-436: The citrus crop, and biological control of the vectors in non-crop reservoirs. Greasy spot, a fungal disease caused by the ascomycete Mycosphaerella citri , produces leaf spots and premature defoliation, thus reducing the tree's vigour and yield. Ascospores of M. citri are generated in pseudothecia in decomposing fallen leaves. In 2022, world production of oranges was 76 million tonnes , led by Brazil with 22% of

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2730-546: The fruit in Italian art and literature, from Catherine of Siena 's sending of candied oranges to Pope Urban , to Sandro Botticelli 's setting of his painting Primavera in an orange grove. She notes that oranges symbolised desire and wealth on the one hand, and deformity on the other, while in the fairy-stories of Sicily, they have magical properties. Pham comments that the Arnolfini Portrait by Jan van Eyck contains in

2795-487: The fruit is green. The grainy irregular rind of the ripe fruit can range from bright orange to yellow-orange, but frequently retains green patches or, under warm climate conditions, remains entirely green. Like all other citrus fruits, the sweet orange is non- climacteric , not ripening off the tree. The Citrus sinensis group is subdivided into four classes with distinct characteristics: common oranges, blood or pigmented oranges, navel oranges, and acidless oranges. The fruit

2860-683: The fruit on Hispaniola . Subsequent expeditions in the mid-1500s brought sweet oranges to South America and Mexico, and to Florida in 1565, when Pedro Menéndez de Avilés founded St Augustine . Spanish missionaries brought orange trees to Arizona between 1707 and 1710, while the Franciscans did the same in San Diego, California, in 1769. Archibald Menzies , the botanist on the Vancouver Expedition , collected orange seeds in South Africa, raised

2925-469: The initial n present in earlier forms of the word dropped off because it may have been mistaken as part of an indefinite article ending in an n sound. In French, for example, une norenge may have been heard as une orenge . This linguistic change is called juncture loss . The color was named after the fruit, with the first recorded use of orange as a color name in English in 1512. Orange flesh

2990-589: The lowlands. Although the primary occupation is agriculture, the industry is not well developed due to the scarcity of large valleys and plains. Shifting cultivation is still prevalent. Terraced cultivation is slowly being introduced along the hillsides. Due to difficult terrain, human labor is the main driving force of the work done. Teak and other hardwoods are found at elevation below 900 metres (3,000 ft). Oaks and pines grow at altitudes above 900 metres (3,000 ft). Teak , pines , canes , resin and turpentine are important forest products. Since electricity

3055-459: The most serious threat to orange production since 2010. It is characterized by streaks of different shades on the leaves, and deformed, poorly colored, unsavory fruit. In areas where the disease is endemic, citrus trees live for only five to eight years and never bear fruit suitable for consumption. In the western hemisphere, the disease was discovered in Florida in 1998, where it has attacked nearly all

3120-490: The mountainsides and valleys. Due to the rough terrain and rugged nature of the landscape, travel can be difficult. Landslides are common especially during the rainy season. In certain areas cars have to carry shovels to clear landslides and/or fallen rocks. Matu villagers usually travel daily on foot from village to village and/or to and from the farms. In November 2022, the military council in Mutupi designated seven villages in

3185-436: The north-west by Mizoram State , India; and to the north by Thantlang and Hakha townships. The whole region is made up of high hills and deep valleys. Matupi township measures about 68 miles (109 km) from north to south, 47 miles (76 km) from east to west. It has an area of about 2,316.8 square miles (6,000 km ). The township sits at 3,560 feet (1,090 m) above sea level. The highest mountain located in

3250-586: The other Christian denominations. Catholics are found in significant numbers in parts of the township. Matupi is the fastest growing Christian area in Chin State. There is one Theological College in Matupi. The people in Matu speak several Matupi dialects, called "Matupi ol”. Almost all the tribes of Matupi have their own dialect or language. The traditional languages do not have any script of their own, so missionaries used Roman script to transcribe them. The Matupi dialect

3315-493: The peel , and used as a flavoring and garnish in desserts and cocktails . Sweet orange oil is a by-product of the juice industry produced by pressing the peel. It is used for flavoring food and drinks; it is employed in the perfume industry and in aromatherapy for its fragrance . The oil consists of approximately 90% D -limonene, a solvent used in household chemicals such as wood conditioners for furniture and—along with other citrus oils—detergents and hand cleansers. It

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3380-607: The red color requires cool nights. The redness is mainly due to the anthocyanin pigment chrysanthemin (cyanidin 3- O -glucoside). Acidless oranges are an early-season fruit with very low levels of acid. They also are called "sweet" oranges in the United States, with similar names in other countries: douce in France, sucrena in Spain, dolce or maltese in Italy, meski in North Africa and

3445-544: The rooms of the palace, while the Orangerie allowed year-round cultivation of the fruit to supply the court. When Louis condemned his finance minister, Nicolas Fouquet , in 1664, part of the treasures that he confiscated were over 1,000 orange trees from Fouquet's estate at Vaux-le-Vicomte . Spanish travelers introduced the sweet orange to the American continent. On his second voyage in 1493, Christopher Columbus may have planted

3510-442: The same language, Batu or Batupuei. The demographics of Matupi township are very diverse, with many different Chin tribes residing in the area. In the Matupi township, there are 6 major tribes namely Matu, Dai , Zotung , Lautuv , Khumi and Mara (Hlaipao,Tlosai, Hawthai etc.). All these major tribes in the Matu township have their own unique culture and language, which is common in Chin State. However, all these tribes also speak

3575-625: The seedlings on board, and gave them to several Hawaiian chiefs in 1792. The sweet orange came to be grown across the Hawaiian Islands , but its cultivation stopped after the arrival of the Mediterranean fruit fly in the early 1900s. Florida farmers obtained seeds from New Orleans around 1872, after which orange groves were established by grafting the sweet orange on to sour orange rootstocks. The word "orange" derives ultimately from Proto-Dravidian or Tamil நாரம் ( nāram ). From there

3640-552: The total, followed by India and China . Oranges, variously understood, have featured in human culture since ancient times. They first appear in Western art in the Arnolfini Portrait by Jan van Eyck , but they had been depicted in Chinese art centuries earlier, as in Zhao Lingrang's Song dynasty fan painting Yellow Oranges and Green Tangerines . By the 17th century, an orangery had become an item of prestige in Europe, as seen at

3705-510: The total, followed by India, China, and Mexico. The United States Department of Agriculture has established grades for Florida oranges, primarily for oranges sold as fresh fruit. In the United States, groves are located mainly in Florida , California , and Texas . The majority of California's crop is sold as fresh fruit, whereas Florida's oranges are destined to juice products. The Indian River area of Florida produces high quality juice, which

3770-478: The township as "red": အမ်ဆွေး (Awmsawi), မားဒူ (Mardu), ဝလံပီ (Walumpi), ဝလံတဲ (Walumte), လာလွီး  [ my ] (Lalui), လွီဗန် (Luivan), and ရဲန်ရောင်း (Leung Raung). These villages would have travel restrictions and were under increased threat of military action. 21°35′00″N 93°26′00″E  /  21.5833°N 93.4333°E  / 21.5833; 93.4333 Orange (fruit) The orange , also called sweet orange to distinguish it from

3835-672: The township is Awtaraw Mountain, which is 9,009 feet tall, and the second highest is Lukil Mountain, standing at 8,408 feet, followed by Mount Kaisitlang , which is also in the region. Most rivers and streams in the township are fed by water from the hills and mountain ranges. The major rivers within the township are the Bunglong ( Lemro ) and Bawinu Rivers. The rivers contain rapids and whitewater , thus are not suitable for navigation. Only small boats and canoes can travel in certain sections, mainly downstream. The main streams are Pengsawng, Kadi, Leatsa, Tilak, Tisi and Vawmpu Streams. Bungtla Waterfall

3900-502: The trees ever since. It was reported in Brazil by Fundecitrus Brasil in 2004. As from 2009, 0.87% of the trees in Brazil's main orange growing areas (São Paulo and Minas Gerais) showed symptoms of greening, an increase of 49% over 2008. The disease is spread primarily by psyllid plant lice such as the Asian citrus psyllid ( Diaphorina citri Kuwayama), an efficient vector of the bacterium. Foliar insecticides reduce psyllid populations for

3965-430: The trees with water so as to cover them with a thin layer of ice, insulating them even if air temperatures drop far lower. This practice, however, offers protection only for a very short time. Another procedure involves burning fuel oil in smudge pots put between the trees. These burn with a great deal of particulate emission, so condensation of water vapor on the particulate soot prevents condensation on plants and raises

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4030-496: The variety inserted into them because otherwise, the tree may decline, be less productive, or die. Among the advantages to grafting are that trees mature uniformly and begin to bear fruit earlier than those reproduced by seeds (3 to 4 years in contrast with 6 to 7 years), and that farmers can combine the best attributes of a scion with those of a rootstock. Canopy-shaking mechanical harvesters are being used increasingly in Florida to harvest oranges. Current canopy shaker machines use

4095-460: The wild, from a cross between pure mandarin and pomelo parents. Sweet oranges have in turn given rise to many further hybrids including the grapefruit , which arose from a sweet orange x pomelo backcross. Spontaneous and engineered backcrosses between the sweet orange and mandarin oranges or tangerines have produced the clementine and murcott . The ambersweet is a complex sweet orange x (Orlando tangelo x clementine) hybrid. The citranges are

4160-431: The word entered Sanskrit नारङ्ग ( nāraṅga ), meaning 'orange tree'. The Sanskrit word reached European languages through Persian نارنگ ( nārang ) and its Arabic derivative نارنج ( nāranj ). The word entered Late Middle English in the 14th century via Old French pomme d'orenge . Other forms include Old Provençal auranja , Italian arancia , formerly narancia . In several languages,

4225-434: Was the maternal parent of the first orange. Based on genomic analysis, the relative proportions of the ancestral species in the sweet orange are approximately 42% pomelo and 58% mandarin. All varieties of the sweet orange descend from this prototype cross, differing only by mutations selected for during agricultural propagation. Sweet oranges have a distinct origin from the bitter orange, which arose independently, perhaps in

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