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56-426: The 2001 census divided the municipality into the following main places : The municipal council consists of thirty members elected by mixed-member proportional representation . Fifteen councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in fifteen wards , while the remaining fifteen are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received. In

112-467: A Geographic Information System to determine the Enumeration Areas. Traditionally, the areas were created using analogue and sketch maps. This geographic database was created out of several data sets acquired from government departments and private sector companies. It included topographic maps, cadastral data, administrative boundaries, aerial photography, satellite imagery and videography. Each area

168-595: A commercial vehicle chassis that is further upgraded and customized for firefighting requirements. They are generally considered emergency vehicles authorized to be equipped with emergency lights and sirens , as well as communication equipment such as two-way radios and mobile computer technology. The terms fire engine and fire truck are often used interchangeably to a broad range of vehicles involved in firefighting; however, in some fire departments they refer to separate and specific types of vehicle. The design and construction of fire engines focuses greatly on

224-410: A firefighting apparatus . The primary purposes of a fire engine include transporting firefighters and water to an incident as well as carrying equipment for firefighting operations in a fire drill . Some fire engines have specialized functions, such as wildfire suppression and aircraft rescue and firefighting , and may also carry equipment for technical rescue . Many fire engines are based on

280-408: A basket or bucket, on the end of a ladder or boom. These platforms can provide a secure place from which a firefighter can operate. Many platforms also allow for rescues to be performed and are outfitted with tie down clips and rappelling arms. Some booms are capable of articulating , allowing the arm to bend in one or more places. This allows the platform truck to go "up and over" an obstacle, and

336-617: A bucket of water on the front stoop in preparation for fires at night. These buckets were intended for use by the initial bucket brigade that would supply the water at fires. Philadelphia obtained a hand-pumped fire engine in 1719, years after Boston 's 1654 model appeared there, made by Joseph Jenckes Sr. , but before New York's two engines arrived from London. By 1730, Richard Newsham , in London, had made successful fire engines. He also invented those first used in New York City in 1731 where

392-450: A computer-based census administration system at the end of 2000. The main pilot for the census was conducted in February and March 2001, all aspects of enumeration were tested. It resulted in many revisions of both processes and management methods. The 1996 census questionnaire was used as a basis, with some key differences in labour related questions. Three questionnaires were printed: As

448-514: A dangerous position on the road. While the fire truck is headed towards the scene, the lights are always accompanied by loud audible warnings such as sirens and air horns . Some fire engines in the United States are lime yellow rather than red due to safety and ergonomics reasons. A 2009 study by the U.S. Fire Administration concluded that fluorescent colors, including yellow-green and orange, are easiest to spot in daylight. In some regions,

504-504: A dozen homes burned down and three children died in a fire in January 2020 while the town had no access to a fire engine . A month after the children's deaths Lekwa ordered two fire engines for R250,000 each, but the contractor which didn't specialize in fire equipment failed to deliver the first, while the second broke down on its way to Standerton. The municipality took receipt of one new fire engine late October 2020. Refuse started piling up on

560-460: A fire engine may be used to transport first responder firefighters, paramedics or EMTs to medical emergencies due to their proximity to the incident. The standard fire engine transports firefighters to the scene, carries equipment needed by the firefighters for most firefighting scenarios, and may provide a limited supply of water with which to fight the fire. The tools carried on the fire engine will vary greatly based on many factors including

616-415: A fire was known as a squirt or fire syringe . Hand squirts and hand pumps are noted before Ctesibius of Alexandria invented the first fire pump around the 2nd century B.C., and an example of a force-pump possibly used for a fire-engine is mentioned by Heron of Alexandria . In 1650, Hans Hautsch built a fire engine with a compressed air vessel. On each side 14 men worked a piston rod back and forth in

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672-476: A fire. As the engines grew larger they became horse-drawn and later self-propelled by steam engines. Until the mid-19th century, most fire engines were maneuvered by men, but the introduction of horse-drawn fire engines considerably improved the response time to incidents. The first self-propelled steam pumper fire engine was built in New York in 1841. Unfortunately for the manufacturers, some firefighters sabotaged

728-580: A heavy stream of water to wherever the operator points it. An additional feature of engines are their preconnected hose lines , commonly referred to as preconnects . The preconnects are attached to the engine's onboard water supply and allow firefighters to quickly mount an aggressive attack on the fire as soon as they arrive on scene. When the onboard water supply runs out, the engine is connected to more permanent sources such as fire hydrants or water tenders and can also use natural sources such as rivers or reservoirs by drafting water . An aerial apparatus

784-476: A horizontal direction. The air vessel, a type of pressure tank, issued an even stream despite the backward motion of the piston. This was made possible by a rotating pipe mounted on the hose which allowed the jet to reach heights up to 20 m (65.6 ft). Caspar Schott observed Hautsch's fire engine in 1655 and wrote an account of it in his Magia Universalis. Colonial laws in America required each house to have

840-426: A lower travel height for the truck. While the traditional characteristic of a TL was a lack of water pumping or storage, many modern TLs have a water pumping function built in (and some have their own on-board supply reservoir). Some may have piping along the ladder to supply water to firefighters at the top of the ladder, and some of these may also have a monitor installed at the top. Other appliances may simply have

896-467: A track-way to securely hold a manually-run hose reel. In the United States, turntable ladders with additional functions such as an onboard pump, a water tank, fire hose , aerial ladder and multiple ground ladders , are known as quad or quint engines, indicating the number of functions they perform. The highest TL in the world is the Magirus M68L, with a range of 68 meters (223.1 ft). In

952-476: Is a fire truck mounted with an extendable boom that enables firefighters to reach high locations. They can provide a high vantage point for spraying water and creating ventilation, an access route for firefighters and an escape route for firefighters and people they have rescued. In North America, aerial apparatuses are used for fire suppression, whereas in Europe, they are used more for rescue. A turntable ladder (TL)

1008-409: Is able to stop the fire faster. Some also have gaseous fire suppression tanks for electrical fires. These features give the airport crash tenders a capability to reach an airplane rapidly, and rapidly extinguish large fires with jet fuel involved. Other vehicles that are used by fire departments but may not be directly involved in firefighting may include An early device used to squirt water onto

1064-711: Is an advantage over the traditional platform ladder, which can only extend in a straight line. A wildland fire engine is a specialized fire engine that can negotiate difficult terrain for wildfire suppression . A wildland fire engine is smaller than standard fire engines and has a higher ground clearance . They may also respond to emergencies in rough terrain where other vehicles cannot respond. Many wildland engines feature four-wheel drive capability to improve hill climbing and rough terrain capability. Some wildland apparatus can pump water while driving (compared to some traditional engines which must be stationary to pump water), allowing "mobile attacks" on vegetation fires to minimize

1120-431: Is an aerial apparatus with a large ladder mounted on a pivot which resembles a turntable , giving it its name. The key functions of a turntable ladder are allowing access or egress of firefighters and fire victims at height, providing a high-level water point for firefighting (elevated master stream), and providing a platform from which tasks such as ventilation or overhaul can be executed. To increase its length and reach,

1176-409: Is carried on an engine is decided by the needs of the department. For example, fire departments located in metropolitan areas will carry equipment to mitigate hazardous materials and effect technical rescues, while departments that operate in the wildland-urban interface will need the gear to deal with brush fires. Some fire engines have a fixed deluge gun , also known as a master stream, which directs

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1232-634: The Department of Water and Sanitation . Notwithstanding it spent large amounts on private security (guards getting R70,000 to R90,000 a month), events (including meat and catering), cars, travelling, accommodation and restaurants during 2018 and 2019. In 2019 six licensing officials in Standerton were arrested for allegedly falsifying vehicle ownership registration on the national traffic information system (NaTIS) to enable truck owners to avoid payment of vehicle licensing fees, including penalties and arrears. Over

1288-589: The election of 1 November 2021 the African National Congress (ANC) lost its majority, winning thirteen seats on the council. The following table shows the results of the election. Following the election, in which the African National Congress lost its majority for the first time, resulting in one of three hung councils in Mpumalanga, candidates from the Lekwa Community Forum were elected to

1344-482: The 2001 Census was paper-based, an enormous amount of data needed to be converted to a digital format. The task of data processing consists of primarily four parts: data capture , post-data capture , coding and product generation . Over 1000 temporary staff members were employed by Statistics South Africa to assist in the process. These employees worked in shifts, 7 days a week for almost 18 months. In total, 10 249 185 questionnaires were received which resulted in

1400-573: The Municipal Finance Management Act (MFMA) were noted. As a result a forensic investigation was launched by the Department of Cooperative Governance (DCoG). In anticipation of the outcome of the Section 106 probe, opposition parties hinted at the precautionary suspension of municipal manager Ms Gugulethu Mhlongo-Ntshangase. Mhlongo-Ntshangase left eMadlangeni Local Municipality ( Utrecht ) in 2017 amid corruption allegations. During 2019

1456-705: The Rooikoppen sewage problem without any work being done. To assist users downstream, clean water had to be pumped into the Vaal River to dilute its high salt levels, thereby wasting a large quantity of this scarce resource. Anthony Turton of the Centre for Environmental Management at the University of the Free State , noted that a dysfunctional municipality is usually recognized by the fact that it cannot maintain its sewerage works. At

1512-404: The United States, a tiller truck, also known as a tractor-drawn aerial (TDA ), tiller ladder, or hook -and-ladder truck, is a specialized turntable ladder mounted on a semi-trailer truck . Unlike a commercial semi, the trailer and tractor are permanently combined and special tools are required to separate them. It has two drivers, with separate steering wheels for front and rear wheels. One of

1568-499: The amount of manpower and skill necessary for firefighting prompted Benjamin Franklin to found an organized fire company in 1737. Thomas Lote built the first fire engine made in America in 1743. These earliest engines are called hand tubs because they are manually (hand) powered and the water was supplied by a bucket brigade dumping it into a tub (cistern) where the pump had a permanent intake pipe. An important advancement around 1822

1624-550: The census night between 9–10 October 2001 at a cost of R  987,000,000. It was organised and planned by Statistics South Africa in terms of the Statistics Act from the beginning of 1999, under the commission of the Statistician-General Pali Lehohla . The enumeration primarily took place from 10 to 31 October 2001 and the results were published in 2003. This was the first South African census to use

1680-508: The device and its use of the first engine was discontinued. However, the need and the utility of power equipment ensured the success of the steam pumper well into the twentieth century. Many cities and towns around the world bought the steam fire engines. Motorised fire engines date back to January 1897, when the Prefect of Police in Paris applied for funds to purchase "a machine worked by petroleum for

1736-422: The features that make the airport crash tender unique are its ability to move on rough terrain outside the runway and airport area, large water capacity as well as a foam tank, a high-capacity pump, and water/foam monitors . Newer airport crash tenders also incorporate twin agent nozzles/injection systems that add dry chemical fire retardant (such as Purple-K ) to create a stream of firefighting foam which

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1792-424: The fire area to make it available for extinguishing operations. These are especially useful in rural areas where fire hydrants are not readily available and natural water resources are insufficient or difficult to exploit. Most tankers have an on-board pumping system. This pump is often not of sufficient power to fight fires (as it is designed to be attached to a fire engine), but is more often used to draw water into

1848-424: The generation of over 117 million images once scanned. The census population results revealed 44.8 million people live in a 1,219,090 square kilometres (470,690 sq mi) area, that is 36.8 inhabitants per square kilometre (95/sq mi). Fire engine A fire engine or fire truck (also spelled firetruck ) is a vehicle , usually a specially-designed or modified truck , that functions as

1904-413: The ladder is often telescoping . Modern telescopic ladders may be hydraulic or pneumatic . These mechanical features allow the use of ladders which are longer, sturdier, and more stable. They may also have pre-attached hoses or other equipment. The pivot can be mounted at the rear of the chassis or in the middle, just behind the cab. The latter is sometimes called a "mid-ship" arrangement, and it allows

1960-548: The main features of the tiller-truck is its enhanced maneuverability. The independent steering of the front and back wheels allow the tiller to make much sharper turns, which is particularly helpful on narrow streets and in apartment complexes with maze-like roads. An additional feature of the tiller-truck is that its overall length, over 50 feet (15 m) for most models, allows for additional storage of tools and equipment. The extreme length gives compartment capacities that range between 500 and 650 cubic feet (14 and 18 m ) in

2016-574: The mayorship and speaker positions, while the Economic Freedom Fighters won the chief whip position. In 2008 Lekwa's municipal manager, Calvin Ngobeni, was accused of maladministration and was suspended with all members of his short-listing panel. They were charged with misconduct for appointing candidates who did not meet minimum criteria. Two top-ranking officials who were not suitably qualified were also suspended. In 2017 it became clear that

2072-532: The municipal workers started a strike which exacerbated matters. 26°33′S 29°10′E  /  26.550°S 29.167°E  / -26.550; 29.167 South African National Census of 2001 The National Census of 2001 was the 2nd comprehensive national census of the Republic of South Africa , or Post-Apartheid South Africa . It undertook to enumerate every person present in South Africa on

2128-430: The municipality was one of several drowning in debt due to corruption and lack of skills. Allegations of maladministration and corruption in 2018 cited poor financial discipline, the large deficit, over-indebtedness with SARS and Eskom , besides unauthorised, irregular, fruitless and/or wasteful expenditure which were written off as irrecoverable. A VAT review was recommended, and various instances of non-compliance with

2184-453: The municipality's main water treatment plant in Standerton was in disrepair and was causing pollution of the upper Vaal River . The municipality was unable to explain why large amounts of money spent on the problem had not yet brought a solution. The stench of sewage was also affecting residents of Meyerville in Standerton, besides Sakhile township and Rooikoppen ext 8. R83 million was spent on

2240-451: The rate of spread. Fire departments that serve areas along the wildland–urban interface have to be able to tackle traditional urban fires as well as wildland fires. Departments in these areas often use a wildland-urban interface engine, which combine features of a standard fire engine with that of a wildland fire engine. A water tender is a specialist fire appliance with the primary purpose of transporting large amounts of water to

2296-495: The same time the town's basic infrastructure appeared visibly aged, with traffic lights being out of order, and potholes present on most streets. It was also unable to provide other basic services in a sustainable manner. It was taken to court by businesses around Standerton for failing to provide clean and sufficient water and electricity. These service interruptions were due to the municipality's soaring debt to Eskom (R1.1 billion by 2020), and its non-payment for services provided by

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2352-484: The size of the department and the usual situations the firefighters handle. For example, departments located near large bodies of water or rivers are likely to have some sort of water rescue equipment. Standard tools found on nearly all fire engines include ladders , hydraulic rescue tools (often referred to as the jaws of life ), floodlights , fire hose , fire extinguishers , self-contained breathing apparatus, and thermal imaging cameras . The exact layout of what

2408-630: The streets since June 2020, as trucks and equipment were allegedly in disrepair. Potholes in roads caused accidents and deaths, and traffic lights had not been repaired for years. Some areas had been without water for months or years, while others received dirty water. Residents and businesses had to forgo an electricity supply for six hours a day, despite 90% of residents using prepaid meters. Businesses had to spend thousands of rands daily to run electricity generators. Its service billing system had become unreliable in terms of pricing and invoicing, and in August 2020

2464-479: The tender from hydrants or other water sources. Many tankers are equipped with fast-drain valves on the sides and back of the truck. This allows firefighters to empty thousands of gallons of water into a portable water tank in just a few seconds. Most water tenders are designed to carry loads of 5,000–12,000 litres (1,100–2,600 imp gal). An airport crash tender is a specialized fire engine designed for use at aerodromes in aircraft accidents. Some of

2520-443: The traction of a fire-engine, ladders, and so forth and for the conveyance of the necessary staff of pompiers". With great prescience the report states "If the experiment prove successful, as is anticipated, horses will eventually be entirely replaced by automobiles". This was, indeed, the case and motorised fire engines became commonplace by the early 20th century. By 1905, the idea of combining gas engine motor trucks into fire engines

2576-446: The trailer with an additional 40 and 60 cubic feet (1.1 and 1.7 m ) in the cab. Some departments elect to use tiller- quints , which are tiller trucks that have the added feature of being fitted with an on-board water tank. These are particularly useful for smaller departments that do not have enough personnel to staff both an engine company and a truck company. A platform truck carries an aerial work platform , also known as

2632-429: The use of both active and passive warnings. Passive visual warnings involve the use of high contrast patterns to increase the noticeability of the vehicle. These types of warnings are often seen on older vehicles and those in developing countries . More modern designs make use of retroreflectors to reflect light from other vehicles. Vehicles will also often have these reflectors arranged in a chevron pattern along with

2688-449: The wheels suspended behind the rear of the vehicle, making them a distinctive sight. Before long, turntable ladders —which were even longer, mechanically extendable, and installed directly onto fire trucks—made their appearances. After World War II , turntable ladders were supplemented by the aerial work platform (sometimes called "cherry picker"), a platform or bucket attached onto a mechanically bending arm (or "snorkel") installed onto

2744-420: The words fire or rescue . European countries commonly use a pattern known as Battenburg markings . Along with the passive warnings, are active visual warnings which are usually in the form of flashing colored lights (also known as " beacons " or " lightbars "). These flash to attract the attention of other drivers as the fire truck approaches, or to provide warning to drivers approaching a parked fire truck in

2800-494: The work in obtaining water for pumping through the engine and into the attack hoses. Many rural fire engines still rely upon cisterns or other sources for drafting water into the pumps. Steam pumper came in to use in the 1850s. In the late 19th century, means of reaching tall structures were devised. At first, manually extendable ladders were used; as these grew in length (and weight), they were put onto two large wheels. When carried by fire engines these wheeled escape ladders had

2856-406: Was an early type of fire units known since late 1700s. It was a horse-drawn carriage which brought ladders and hooks to the fire place. Ladders were used for access to upper floors and the roof. "Hooks" were pike poles used for pulling down and apart the burning construction. Early pumpers used cisterns as a source of water. Water was later put into wooden pipes under the streets and a "fire plug"

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2912-559: Was attracting great attention; according to a Popular Mechanics article in that year, such trucks were rapidly gaining popularity in England. That same year, the Knox Automobile Company of Springfield, Massachusetts , began selling what some have described as the world's first modern fire engine. A year later, the city of Springfield, Illinois, had filled their fire department with Knox engines. Another early motorized fire engine

2968-421: Was classified according to its location as one of four types: The country was divided into approximately 80,000 manageable "pockets of land" with an average of 150 living spaces in each Enumeration Area. The intention was that each area could be handled by a single enumerator, to allow every household in the country to be visited within the timeframe provided. The census questionnaire was developed and tested on

3024-462: Was developed by Peter Pirsch and Sons of Kenosha, Wisconsin . For many years firefighters sat on the sides of the fire engines, or even stood on the rear of the vehicles, exposed to the elements. This arrangement was uncomfortable and dangerous (some firefighters were thrown to their deaths when their fire engines made sharp turns on the road), and today nearly all fire engines have fully enclosed seating areas for their crews. The "hook and ladder"

3080-419: Was pulled out of the top of the pipe when a suction hose was to be inserted. Later systems incorporated pressurized fire hydrants , where the pressure was increased when a fire alarm was sounded. This was found to be harmful to the system and unreliable. Today's valved hydrant systems are kept under pressure at all times, although additional pressure may be added when needed. Pressurized hydrants eliminate much of

3136-512: Was the invention of an engine which could draft water from a water source. This rendered the bucket brigade obsolete. In 1822, a Philadelphia-based manufacturing company called Sellers and Pennock made a model called "The Hydraulion". It is said to be the first suction engine. Some models had the hard, suction hose fixed to the intake and curled up over the apparatus known as a squirrel tail engine. The earliest engines were small and were either carried by four men, or mounted on skids and dragged to

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