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69-450: The 2018 lower Puna eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, which occurred within and around the subdivision, claimed many homes and displaced an unknown number of Leilani Estates residents. Accessing the entire resulting solid lava rock flow field has been prohibited, as per the Mayor's 12/6/18 Emergency Proclamation, with fines up to $ 5,000 for violations. As of January 2019, in further effort to prevent

138-478: A broken leg. Four people were evacuated by helicopter on May 19, after lava cut off their exit, and three people were airlifted on June 3 from the Kapoho area. On July 16, a further 23 were injured when a tour boat carrying passengers observing a lava ocean entry was pelted by lava rocks thrown by an intense hydrovolcanic explosion, including a large lava rock that pierced through the boat's roof. Thirteen were treated at

207-470: A few hours, should the last functioning road out of the area south of the lava flow be cut off by the eruption. As the area of destruction grew significantly as a result of ʻAhuʻailāʻau's resurgence in late-May 2018, access to surviving sections of Leilani Estate within immediate proximity to the margins of the lava field began to be heavily restricted starting May 31. A proposed ban on future home construction in areas subject to high-risk of volcanic activity

276-691: A measurable amount of magmatic gas in dissolved form. Present day global emissions of volcanic gases to the atmosphere can be classified as eruptive or non-eruptive. Although all volcanic gas species are emitted to the atmosphere, the emissions of CO 2 (a greenhouse gas ) and SO 2 have received the most study. It has long been recognized that eruptions contribute much lower total SO 2 emissions than passive degassing does. Fischer et al (2019) estimated that, from 2005 to 2015, SO 2 emissions during eruptions were 2.6 teragrams (Tg or 10 g or 0.907 gigatons Gt) per year and during non-eruptive periods of passive degassing were 23.2 ± 2Tg per year. During

345-508: A prominent volcanic cone 12 mi (19 km) east of the summit caldera of Kīlauea, since the 1983 eruption's beginning. In the 1980s and 1990s, Puʻu ʻŌʻō produced lava flows that destroyed the nearby Royal Gardens subdivision and the settlement of Kapaʻahu . In 1990, lava flows from the Kūpaʻianahā vent of Kīlauea, downrift from Puʻu ʻŌʻō, destroyed and partly buried most of the nearby towns of Kalapana and Kaimū . On April 30, 2018,

414-511: A shift toward more reducing conditions. At the surface expression of such hydrothermal systems, low-temperature volcanic gases (<400 °C) are either emanating as steam-gas mixtures or in dissolved form in hot springs . At the ocean floor, such hot supersaturated hydrothermal fluids form gigantic chimney structures called black smokers , at the point of emission into the cold seawater . Over geological time, this process of hydrothermal leaching, alteration, and/or redeposition of minerals in

483-453: A submarine tumulus pushed up the outermost crust of the earth above sea level. It was connected to the mainland by an isthmus on July 16. In mid-July, the main stream of lava from ʻAhuʻailāʻau changed course away from flowing around the northeast of Puʻu Kapoho crater following a breakout from a lava pond on July 9, redirecting to a new channel that traveled in a more direct southerly direction west of Puʻu Kapoho. The flow would cover more of

552-974: A total of 18 ± 4 Tg of SO 2 . Such large VEI 6 eruptions are rare and only occur once every 50 – 100 years. The 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull (VEI 4) in Iceland emitted a total of 5.1 Tg CO 2 . VEI 4 eruptions occur about once per year. For comparison, Le Quéré, C. et al estimates that human burning of fossil fuels and production of cement processed 9.3 Gt carbon per year from 2006 through 2015, creating up to 34.1 Gt CO2 annually. Some recent volcanic CO 2 emission estimates are higher than Fischer et al (2019). The estimates of Burton et al. (2013) of 540 Tg CO 2 /year and of Werner et al. (2019) of 220 - 300 Tg CO 2 /year take into account diffuse CO 2 emissions from volcanic regions. Volcanic gases were collected and analysed as long ago as 1790 by Scipione Breislak in Italy. The composition of volcanic gases

621-406: A vapour phase. Extended fluid-rock interaction of this hot mixture can leach constituents out of the cooling magmatic rock and also the country rock , causing volume changes and phase transitions, reactions and thus an increase in ionic strength of the upward percolating fluid. This process also decreases the fluid's pH . Cooling can cause phase separation and mineral deposition, accompanied by

690-434: Is super-saturated in volatiles). The gas will initially be distributed throughout the magma as small bubbles, that cannot rise quickly through the magma. As the magma ascends the bubbles grow through a combination of expansion through decompression and growth as the solubility of volatiles in the magma decreases further causing more gas to exsolve. Depending on the viscosity of the magma, the bubbles may start to rise through

759-689: Is bordered to the southeast by the Malama Kī Forest Reserve. According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 4.03 square miles (10.45 km), all of it land. Leilani Estates is located directly on a stretch of the lower East Rift Zone of Kīlauea volcano , in lava flow hazard zone 1 . Zone 1 includes the summit and rift zones of active volcanoes—new eruptive vents can spawn anywhere inside this zone. Approximately 10% or 50 square miles (100 km) out of

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828-666: Is consistently the most abundant volcanic gas, normally comprising more than 60% of total emissions. Carbon dioxide typically accounts for 10 to 40% of emissions. Volcanoes located at convergent plate boundaries emit more water vapor and chlorine than volcanoes at hot spots or divergent plate boundaries. This is caused by the addition of seawater into magmas formed at subduction zones . Convergent plate boundary volcanoes also have higher H 2 O/H 2 , H 2 O/CO 2 , CO 2 /He and N 2 /He ratios than hot spot or divergent plate boundary volcanoes. Magma contains dissolved volatile components , as described above. The solubilities of

897-451: Is dependent on the movement of magma within the volcano. Therefore, sudden changes in gas composition often presage a change in volcanic activity. Accordingly, a large part of hazard monitoring of volcanoes involves regular measurement of gaseous emissions. For example, an increase in the CO 2 content of gases at Stromboli has been ascribed to injection of fresh volatile-rich magma at depth within

966-429: Is usually determined by different mass spectrometric methods. Certain constituents of volcanic gases may show very early signs of changing conditions at depth, making them a powerful tool to predict imminent unrest. Used in conjunction with monitoring data on seismicity and deformation , correlative monitoring gains great efficiency. Volcanic gas monitoring is a standard tool of any volcano observatory . Unfortunately,

1035-645: The International Charter on Space and Major Disasters was activated, for humanitarian use of satellite data. (The USGS used Sentinel2 and Arirang-2 .) By May 9, another home had been destroyed, along with other structures. The fifteenth fissure opened near the entrance to Lanipuna Gardens and added more lava to the nearly 117 acres (47 ha) covered since May 3. On May 12, a 16th fissure opened in Lower Puna, which spattered lava in an area east of Puna Geothermal Venture. A 17th fissure opened east of

1104-728: The Leilani Estates subdivision had caused ground cracks to form on roads in and around the subdivision. In connection with the eruption and its possible effects on the Hilina Slump , the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory published information concluding that the chance of a catastrophic collapse would be incredibly remote. On May 3, 2018, after a 5.0 earthquake earlier in the day, steaming ground cracks opened in Leilani Estates and began to spew lava, causing evacuations of

1173-408: The 16th fissure later that day. As of May 14, 2018, lava flows from fissure 17 had traveled just under a mile from the vent, destroying an additional structure and leading officials to advise residents in an area known as Four Corners to evacuate due to the possibility that lava from a future fissure could cut Highway 132 and eventually Highway 137 as well. A spokeswoman for the mayor also reported that

1242-447: The 1955 lava flow, and destroy more coastal features including Ahalanui Beach Park, its warm ponds, as well as Kua O Ka Lā Public Charter School's Lower Puna compound on July 11. By July 24, 2018, the western boundaries of the lava spill was within 200 yards (180 m) of Isaac Hale Beach Park . As of July 21, 2018, the lava flow from ʻAhuʻailāʻau was estimated to be a steady 26,000 US gallons per second (98 m /s), according to

1311-445: The 500 square miles (1,000 km) of Puna have been covered by lava flows since 1790. Of the 24 total volcanic fissure vents that formed during the event, 14 erupted lava to varying degrees within Leilani Estates. ʻAhuʻailāʻau (initially designated Fissure 8) on Luana St. was the dominant vent that produced the most output of lava, with fountaining as high as 330 feet and flow front advancement as fast as 76 m/h as it reached

1380-406: The CDP was 63.4% White , 1.4% African American , 1.8% American Indian & Alaska Native , 6.1% Asian , 6.2% Native Hawaiian & Pacific Islander , 1.2% from other races , and 20.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.8% of the population. There were 696 households, out of which 18.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them. The average household size

1449-536: The Leilani Estates and Lanipuna Gardens subdivisions. The outbreak marked the beginning of the 62nd episode of the east rift zone eruption that began in January 1983. That evening, Hawaii Governor David Ige activated the state National Guard to help with the evacuation process. The next day, May 4, two homes were reported destroyed in Leilani Estates from three erupting vents. The Hawaii County Civil Defense Agency reported high levels of toxic sulfur dioxide gas in

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1518-1005: The SO 2 flux. Direct sampling of volcanic gas sampling is often done by a method involving an evacuated flask with caustic solution, first used by Robert W. Bunsen (1811-1899) and later refined by the German chemist Werner F. Giggenbach (1937-1997), dubbed Giggenbach-bottle . Other methods include collection in evacuated empty containers, in flow-through glass tubes, in gas wash bottles (cryogenic scrubbers), on impregnated filter packs and on solid adsorbent tubes. Analytical techniques for gas samples comprise gas chromatography with thermal conductivity detection (TCD), flame ionization detection (FID) and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for gases, and various wet chemical techniques for dissolved species (e.g., acidimetric titration for dissolved CO 2 , and ion chromatography for sulfate , chloride , fluoride ). The trace metal, trace organic and isotopic composition

1587-467: The U.S. Geological Survey, which also stated that the most likely scenario was that lava effusion would continue at a steady rate for several months to two years. By mid-July 2018, the volume of lava had exceeded the volume deposited in the eruptions of 1955 or 1960. Eruption activity at ʻAhuʻailāʻau began to see a downtrend beginning on August 5, 2018, as the intensity of both the lava channel and seismic activity at Halemaʻumaʻu decreased significantly over

1656-623: The access road to the PGV and forcing the closure of Route 132 between the Lava Tree State Park from the west and the Four Corners intersection to the east. The lava flow covered a section of the highway later that day, before travelling farther east in the direction of Kapoho. The northeastern lava flow also cut power to Kapoho and nearby developments including Vacationland Hawaiʻi , and surviving sections of Leilani Estates and Lanipuna Gardens. It

1725-567: The air. On May 19 some of the fissures had merged into a line of fountaining lava, with a lava flow that split into separate lobes. At least two of these flows crossed through parts of Malama Kī Forest Reserve, blocked Highway 137 , and flowed into the Pacific Ocean at Malama flats near MacKenzie State Recreation Area on May 19, producing clouds of irritating " laze " (lava haze), made up of steam, hydrochloric acid , and volcanic glass particles produced by littoral explosions . Warnings regarding

1794-552: The area, and Talmadge Magno, the Civil Defense Administrator for Hawaiʻi County , stated that power lines had melted off poles from the heat. The Puna Geothermal Venture (PGV), a power station, was shut down on 22 May 2018; the geothermal power plant provided approximately 25% of the Big Island's power, but its shutdown was later stated not to present a risk to power on the island. A Temporary Flight Restriction area

1863-421: The ash plume from the summit reached 12,000 feet. On May 17, an eruption from the summit sent an ash cloud 30,000 feet high. A 21st fissure opened and several magnitude 3 earthquakes damaged the road near the entrance to Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park and some of the park buildings. On May 17, at approximately 4:15 a.m., an explosive eruption occurred at Halemaʻumaʻu, creating a plume of ash 30,000 feet into

1932-413: The case where gas and its parent magma ascend together and in equilibrium with each other. The composition of the emitted gas is in equilibrium with the composition of the magma at the pressure, temperature where the gas leaves the system. In 'open system' degassing, the gas leaves its parent magma and rises up through the overlying magma without remaining in equilibrium with that magma. The gas released at

2001-583: The center of activity moved to fissure 7. A 24th fissure would also form farther up the fissure complex on May 27, between fissures 8 and 9. Due to continued encroachment by lava, the number of destroyed structures was revised upward to 82 on May 25. The area of land covered by the 2018 lava on May 25, 2018, reached 2,223 acres. The eastern fissures would experience limited resurgences in activity into June and July. The pool of lava in Leilani Estates eventually spilled eastwards into two paths, one short-lived route running southeast parallel to lava channels headed for

2070-457: The chemistry of the lava was changing in later fissures, containing a mixture of more viscous old lava and faster-moving new magma. Fissure 17 was unusual in that it erupted Kīlauea's first documented andesitic lava, a composition that is higher in silica and more viscous than the basalt that Kīlaeua normally produces. The higher viscosity resulted in more explosive activity than at other fissures. By May 16, there were 20 fissures. That day

2139-650: The country rock is an effective process of concentration that generates certain types of economically valuable ore deposits. The gas release can occur by advection through fractures, or via diffuse degassing through large areas of permeable ground as diffuse degassing structures (DDS). At sites of advective gas loss, precipitation of sulfur and rare minerals forms sulfur deposits and small sulfur chimneys, called fumaroles . Very low-temperature (below 100 °C) fumarolic structures are also known as solfataras . Sites of cold degassing of predominantly carbon dioxide are called mofettes . Hot springs on volcanoes often show

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2208-456: The course of the following days. Within the same time frame, the USGS reported that Puʻu ʻŌʻō was venting gases at its highest rate in more than 10 years, though no other noticeable changes had taken place at the vent. On August 15, 2018, the lower east rift zone eruption was reported to have subsided, with no new lava entering the channel from ʻAhuʻailāʻau in over a week. While scientists cautioned that

2277-604: The crater floor of the cone of Puʻu ʻŌʻō collapsed and the summit lava lake level in Halemaʻumaʻu dropped significantly. In the first two days of May, hundreds of small earthquakes were detected on Kīlauea's East rift zone , leading officials to issue evacuation warnings for some residents of the Puna District. On May 2, 2018, the US Geological Survey reported that ground deformation resulting from magma intruding beneath

2346-419: The different volatile constituents are dependent on pressure, temperature and the composition of the magma . As magma ascends towards the surface, the ambient pressure decreases, which decreases the solubility of the dissolved volatiles. Once the solubility decreases below the volatile concentration, the volatiles will tend to come out of solution within the magma (exsolve) and form a separate gas phase (the magma

2415-489: The disaster. Starting May 23, two CH-53E Super Stallion helicopters were on standby in Hilo in case of sudden evacuation needs. The U.S. Marine Corps helicopters were in support of Joint Task Force 5–0, a military/government partnership to assist in managing the disaster. The large heavy-lift helicopters have a carrying capacity of about 50 people at once, ensuring that residents south of the lava flow can be completely evacuated in

2484-400: The eruption could resume at any time, in that week there was no further underground volcanic inflation registering on instruments, and no further summit collapse events, with only a small amount of lava active inside ʻAhuʻailāʻau. Afterward, a small lava lake was maintained within the crater of the ʻAhuʻailāʻau cone for another 3 weeks. On September 4, the lava lake in ʻAhuʻailāʻau receded below

2553-450: The extent of their damage. Chain of Craters Road , which has previously been partially covered by past lava flows, had also been prepared as an alternate escape route should Highway 130 be blocked by the current eruption, a measure previously taken during the 2014 Pāhoa lava flow . In early June, a Winter Weather Advisory alert was issued for the higher areas of the island due to freezing rain and ice falling. The quantity of lava reaching

2622-412: The flux of SO 2 emitted. The Multi-Component Gas Analyzer System (Multi-GAS) is also used to remotely measure CO 2 , SO 2 and H 2 S. The fluxes of other gases are usually estimated by measuring the ratios of different gases within the volcanic plume, e.g. by FTIR, electrochemical sensors at the volcano crater rim, or direct sampling, and multiplying the ratio of the gas of interest to SO 2 by

2691-438: The hazard were issued for communities downwind of the lava's ocean entry points. By May 22, splashes from fissure 22's lava cone had engulfed the former Hawaiʻi Geothermal Project site adjacent to the PGV and was reported to be threatening the grounds of the PGV proper from the south until activity at fissure 22 slowed. From May 23, eruptions at the eastern fissures began to weaken considerably, as lava activity moved back up

2760-1642: The hospital, including three who were admitted with unspecified injuries and one in serious condition with a broken thigh bone. Hawaii County's Voluntary Housing Program provides buyouts based on land values before the disaster to home and property owners. Hundreds of people in the impacted areas applied for the program. Volcanic gas Volcanic gases are gases given off by active (or, at times, by dormant) volcanoes . These include gases trapped in cavities ( vesicles ) in volcanic rocks , dissolved or dissociated gases in magma and lava , or gases emanating from lava, from volcanic craters or vents. Volcanic gases can also be emitted through groundwater heated by volcanic action . The sources of volcanic gases on Earth include: Substances that may become gaseous or give off gases when heated are termed volatile substances. The principal components of volcanic gases are water vapor (H 2 O), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), sulfur either as sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) (high-temperature volcanic gases) or hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) (low-temperature volcanic gases), nitrogen , argon , helium , neon , methane , carbon monoxide and hydrogen . Other compounds detected in volcanic gases are oxygen (meteoric) , hydrogen chloride , hydrogen fluoride , hydrogen bromide , sulfur hexafluoride , carbonyl sulfide , and organic compounds . Exotic trace compounds include mercury , halocarbons (including CFCs ), and halogen oxide radicals . The abundance of gases varies considerably from volcano to volcano, with volcanic activity and with tectonic setting. Water vapour

2829-420: The latter case, the gas can flow rapidly through the continuous permeable network towards the surface. This mechanism has been used to explain activity at Santiaguito, Santa Maria volcano , Guatemala and Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat . If the gas cannot escape fast enough from the magma, it will fragment the magma into small particles of ash. The fluidised ash has a much lower resistance to motion than

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2898-471: The lava flow from Leilani Estates intensified by the end of May, activity shifted to ʻAhuʻailāʻau (initially designated Fissure 8) as nearly all surrounding fissures ceased to release lava. ʻAhuʻailāʻau's lava fountains rapidly formed a new spatter cone , increasing the volume of pooling lava over the course of the week and feeding the northeastern flow further. By May 29, the northeastern flow approached Hawaii Route 132, which linked Pāhoa and Kapoho , blocking

2967-468: The magma and coalesce, or they remain relatively fixed in place until they begin to connect and form a continuously connected network. In the former case, the bubbles may rise through the magma and accumulate at a vertical surface, e.g. the 'roof' of a magma chamber. In volcanoes with an open path to the surface, e.g. Stromboli in Italy , the bubbles may reach the surface and as they pop small explosions occur. In

3036-475: The magma encounters water, seawater, lake water or groundwater, it can be rapidly fragmented. The rapid expansion of gases is the driving mechanism of most explosive volcanic eruptions. However, a significant portion of volcanic gas release occurs during quasi-continuous quiescent phases of active volcanism. As magmatic gas travelling upward encounters meteoric water in an aquifer , steam is produced. Latent magmatic heat can also cause meteoric waters to ascend as

3105-416: The median income for a family in 2000 was $ 32,692. Males had a median income of $ 30,500 versus $ 22,875 for females in 2000. The per capita income for the CDP in 2000 was $ 15,522. About 13.7% of families and 21.9% of the population were below the poverty line in 2000, including 16.4% of those under age 18 and 25.5% of those age 65 or over. 2018 lower Puna eruption The 2018 lower Puna eruption

3174-443: The number of houses covered by lava was revised upwards by Hawaii County Civil Defense to 614. By July 1, that total had grown to 671 residences destroyed. The official toll of houses reached 700 on July 9, leaving 3 houses left standing in Kapoho. On July 13, geologists reported a tiny new island had appeared immediately offshore from the lava flow. The island was only 20 to 30 ft (6.1 to 9.1 m) across and may have formed as

3243-409: The ocean at Kapoho Bay at about 10:30 PM HST that evening, creating plumes of laze, and began to fill the bay, building a lava delta that reached about 700 yards into the water by late afternoon on June 4. By June 5, the lava had completely filled the bay, and preliminary reports from Hawaiʻi County officials indicated that hundreds of homes had been destroyed. In addition to the draining of Puʻu ʻŌʻō,

3312-438: The ocean created large plumes of steam which rose high enough in the atmosphere to eventually condense and freeze before falling on the summit of Mauna Kea , 45 miles (72 km) from the eruption. Sporadic incidents of injuries and emergency rescues have been reported over the course of the eruption. The first known injury was reported on May 20, 2018: A homeowner was struck with a piece of "lava spatter" and suffered burns and

3381-428: The ocean miles below Leilani Estates. By the time the eruption ceased on August 9 of 2018, around 200 homes had been destroyed within the subdivision. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,560 people in 696 households residing in the CDP. The population density was 371.4 inhabitants per square mile (143.4/km). There were 807 housing units at an average density of 192.1 per square mile (74.2/km). The racial makeup of

3450-483: The ocean, and another travelling northeast, crossing Pohoiki Road over the western boundaries of the Puna Geothermal Venture. On May 27, one of the 11 geothermal wells at the PGV was covered by the advancing lava flow from the Leilani Estates fissures, the first time lava had covered a geothermal well, followed by a second well hours later, along with ten more structures in the adjacent Leilani Estates. As

3519-533: The ocean. On May 29, lava from a new northeastern flow overran Hawaii Route 132 , cutting the access between Kapoho and Pāhoa . The massive lava flow reached the Pacific Ocean at Kapoho Bay on June 4. Lava entered the Kapoho Crater and evaporated Green Lake , which had been the largest natural freshwater lake in Hawaiʻi. On the night of June 4–5, the northeastern flow of lava speedily moved forward and destroyed

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3588-510: The ocean. The official number of houses destroyed by the eruption reached 700 on July 9. It was estimated that recovery efforts would cost more than $ 800 million (2018 USD). By early August the eruption had almost completely subsided, and on December 5, it was declared to have ended after three months of inactivity. The volcanic event in Puna was the 62nd episode of Kīlauea 's east rift zone eruption that began in January 1983. Puʻu ʻŌʻō had become

3657-483: The private subdivision from becoming a public attraction, the Leilani Community Association began enforcing regulations regarding no parking on private roads, no trespassing on private property, and no tours being conducted in the subdivision. Leilani Estates is located near the eastern tip of the island of Hawaiʻi . It is 3 miles (5 km) south of Pāhoa and 23 miles (37 km) south of Hilo . It

3726-484: The protracted release of lava along the Lower East Rift Zone has also led to significant drainage of lava away from Halemaʻumaʻu at Kīlauea , resulting in large scale inward slumping and collapse around the crater and regular earthquakes since May 17, similar in pattern to the crater's slumping during the 1924 event. Explosions or mild earthquakes of similar magnitude became an almost daily cyclical occurrence at

3795-505: The rift zone; older fissures reopened to release fluid pāhoehoe , which rapidly replaced the output of ʻaʻā , and led to massive pooling of lava over lower Leilani Estates. On the same day, fissures 5, 13, and 15 began to form lava fountains around the Leilani Avenue-Kahukai Street intersection. Fissures 3, 7, 8, 9, 21 and 23 farther up the rift zone would experience intermittent but lively activity between May 24 to May 27 as

3864-503: The roads. On May 4, a 6.9 magnitude earthquake hit Puna . By May 27, 2018, 24 fissures had erupted lava in and near the Leilani Estates and Lanipuna Gardens subdivisions. The eruption forced the evacuation of approximately two thousand residents. The Puna Geothermal Venture , which provided one-quarter of the island's electricity, was forced to shut down and was later damaged by lava. The fissures had sent lava rivers that buried part of Hawaii Route 137 on May 19, and began flowing into

3933-464: The same time interval, CO 2 emissions from volcanoes during eruptions were estimated to be 1.8 ± 0.9 Tg per year and during non-eruptive activity were 51.3 ± 5.7 Tg per year. Therefore, CO 2 emissions during volcanic eruptions are less than 10% of CO 2 emissions released during non-eruptive volcanic activity. The 15 June 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo ( VEI 6) in the Philippines released

4002-463: The subdivision of Vacationland Hawaii . By June 5, Kapoho Bay had been filled in with lava now forming a point where the bay had been. The volcanic activity was the most destructive in the United States since the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens . By August 7, 13.7 square miles (35 km ) of land had been covered by lava flows. About 875 acres (3.54 km ) of new land has been created in

4071-419: The subdivision. The lava vents formed a northeast–southwest line; officials were concerned about potential damage to a water main in the area. On May 7, 1,700 people had been ordered to evacuate their homes. Two hundred residents and their pets were in two Red Cross shelters and hundreds more were staying with family and friends. Several first responders were sickened by sulfur dioxide gas. Also on May 7,

4140-547: The summit, and have also been reported to influence the intensity of lava surges at ʻAhuʻailāʻau. By the middle of June 2018, lava eruption from the source in Leilani Estates reached a consistently vigorous rate, flowing in the direction of Kapoho Bay and forming a widening coastal lava field. By July 3, fissure 8's constant lava splatter created a cone that peaked at 180 feet (50 m) high. A total of 5,914 acres were reported by Hawaii Civil Defense to have been covered by lava, with 533 homes confirmed destroyed. On June 22,

4209-405: The surface has a composition that is a mass-flow average of the magma exsolved at various depths and is not representative of the magma conditions at any one depth. Molten rock (either magma or lava) near the atmosphere releases high-temperature volcanic gas (>400 °C). In explosive volcanic eruptions , the sudden release of gases from magma may cause rapid movements of the molten rock. When

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4278-411: The surface, bringing the eruption to an end. The Hawaii National Guard stated on May 11, 2018, that they were ready to evacuate up to 2,000 people at a moment's notice, through the use of land convoys and Blackhawk and Chinook helicopters . Hawaii Governor David Ige had made a request for a Presidential Disaster Declaration, which was approved that day and opened the door to federal assistance for

4347-555: The system. Volcanic gases can be sensed (measured in-situ) or sampled for further analysis. Volcanic gas sensing can be: Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) absorbs strongly in the ultraviolet wavelengths and has low background concentrations in the atmosphere. These characteristics make sulphur dioxide a good target for volcanic gas monitoring. It can be detected by satellite-based instruments, which allow for global monitoring, and by ground-based instruments such as DOAS. DOAS arrays are placed near some well-monitored volcanoes and used to estimate

4416-424: The viscous magma, so accelerates, causing further expansion of the gases and acceleration of the mixture. This sequence of events drives explosive volcanism. Whether gas can escape gently (passive eruptions) or not (explosive eruptions) is determined by the total volatile contents of the initial magma and the viscosity of the magma, which is controlled by its composition. The term 'closed system' degassing refers to

4485-468: Was 2.24. In the Leilani Estates CDP the population was spread out, with 17.4% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 11.7% from 25 to 34, 17.6% from 35 to 49, 32.9% from 50 to 64, and 13.4% who were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females, there were 113.1 males. For every 100 males there were 88.4 females. The median income for a household in the CDP at the 2000 census was $ 31,540, and

4554-509: Was a volcanic event on the island of Hawaiʻi , on Kīlauea volcano's East Rift Zone that began on May 3, 2018. It is related to the larger eruption of Kīlauea that began on January 3, 1983, though some volcanologists and USGS scientists have discussed whether to classify it as a new eruption. Outbreaks of lava fountains up to 300 feet (90 m) high, lava flows, and volcanic gas in the Leilani Estates subdivision were preceded by earthquakes and ground deformation that created cracks in

4623-403: Was also reported on July 1, 2018, to be in discussion by Hawaii politicians. Temporary repair works were conducted for sections of Highway 11 (near Volcano Village and the entrance to Volcanoes National Park) and Highway 130 (connecting much of lower Puna to the rest of the island), which suffered cracks from seismic activities over the months, and have been subject to restricted use due to

4692-579: Was declared by the FAA to restrict flights below 3,000 feet AGL in the eruption area. A 6.9 magnitude earthquake occurred on May 4 that the United States Geological Survey said was related to the eruptions. The earthquake was the strongest to hit the state since 1975. On May 6, Hawaiʻi County Civil Defense reported that 26 houses had been destroyed by lava or fires in Leilani Estates. Lava fountains up to 300 feet (90 m) were observed in

4761-491: Was not known how and when power to those communities could be restored. By the morning of June 3, the lava flow from ʻAhuʻailāʻau had reached Kapoho and Vacationland Hawaiʻi, where it then destroyed hundreds of houses as it buried most of the town within a day. Lava also entered the Puʻu Kapoho crater and evaporated the 400-year old Green Lake inside the crater, the largest natural freshwater lake in Hawaiʻi. The flow entered

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