100-530: James Henry Leigh Hunt (19 October 1784 – 28 August 1859), best known as Leigh Hunt , was an English critic , essayist and poet . Hunt co-founded The Examiner , a leading intellectual journal expounding radical principles. He was the centre of the Hampstead -based group that included William Hazlitt and Charles Lamb , known as the "Hunt circle". Hunt also introduced John Keats , Percy Bysshe Shelley , Robert Browning and Alfred Tennyson to
200-417: A Nightingale ", May 1819 " Ode on a Grecian Urn " and " Ode on Melancholy " were inspired by sonnet forms and probably written after "Ode to a Nightingale". Keats's new and progressive publishers Taylor and Hessey issued Endymion , which Keats dedicated to Thomas Chatterton , a work that he termed "a trial of my Powers of Imagination". It was damned by the critics, giving rise to Byron's quip that Keats
300-520: A Nightingale ", " Ode on a Grecian Urn ", " Sleep and Poetry " and the sonnet " On First Looking into Chapman's Homer ". Jorge Luis Borges named his first time reading Keats an experience he felt all his life. John Keats was born in Moorgate , London, on 31 October 1795, to Thomas and Frances Keats (née Jennings). There is little evidence of his exact birthplace. Although Keats and his family seem to have marked his birthday on 29 October, baptism records give
400-449: A bottle of opium when they were setting off on their voyage. What Severn didn't realise was that Keats saw it as a possible resource if he wanted to commit suicide. He tried to get the bottle from Severn on the voyage but Severn wouldn't let him have it. Then in Rome he tried again.... Severn was in such a quandary he didn't know what to do, so in the end he went to the doctor, who took it away. As
500-436: A critic's influence is enhanced by subsequent reworkings such as the operatic versions of Beaumarchais's play ( The Barber of Seville ) by Rossini and ( The Marriage of Figaro ) by Mozart . August Ahlqvist , a Finnish professor and poet, who highly admired J. L. Runeberg , the national poet of Finland, gave very negative feedback to the entire literary production of the author Aleksis Kivi , when Kivi presented content of
600-577: A critic's job to be right or wrong; it's his job to express an opinion in readable English." Schonberg was the first music critic to receive the Pulitzer Prize for criticism. Daniel Mendelsohn described the equation of criticism for critics as knowledge + taste = meaningful judgement . Restaurant critic Terry Durack explained that from a critic "you hope for a thorough, objective and legitimate discussion" that puts "opera, art or book into context, so that it adds to your own body of knowledge"; in
700-541: A difficult period for the poet, marked the beginning of his annus mirabilis in which he wrote his most mature work. He had been inspired by a series of recent lectures by Hazlitt on English poets and poetic identity and had also met Wordsworth . Keats may have seemed to his friends to be living on comfortable means, but in reality he was borrowing regularly from Abbey and his friends. He composed five of his six great odes at Wentworth Place in April and May and, although it
800-491: A drowsy numbness pains My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk, Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains One minute past, and Lethe-wards had sunk: 'Tis not through envy of thy happy lot, But being too happy in thine happiness, – That thou, light-winged Dryad of the trees, In some melodious plot Of beechen green, and shadows numberless, Singest of summer in full-throated ease. First stanza of " Ode to
900-571: A formal engagement as he still had too little to offer, with no prospects and financial stricture. Keats endured great conflict knowing his expectations as a struggling poet in increasingly hard straits would preclude marriage to Brawne. Their love remained unconsummated; jealousy for his 'star' began to gnaw at him. Darkness, disease and depression surrounded him, reflected in poems such as "The Eve of St. Agnes" and "La Belle Dame sans Merci" where love and death both stalk. "I have two luxuries to brood over in my walks;" he wrote to her, "your loveliness, and
1000-591: A great deal on his medical training, and despite his state of financial hardship and indebtedness, made large loans to friends such as the painter Benjamin Haydon . Keats would go on to lend £700 to his brother George. By lending so much, Keats could no longer cover the interest of his own debts. Having left his training at the hospital, suffering from a succession of colds, and unhappy with living in damp rooms in London, Keats moved with his brothers into rooms at 1 Well Walk in
1100-492: A lifelong career in medicine, assuring financial security, and it seems that, at this point, Keats had a genuine desire to become a doctor. He lodged near the hospital, at 28 St Thomas's Street in Southwark, with other medical students, including Henry Stephens who gained fame as an inventor and ink magnate. Keats's training took up increasing amounts of his writing time and he became increasingly ambivalent about it. He felt he
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#17328526559711200-512: A medical student at Guy's Hospital , now part of King's College London , and began studying there. Within a month, he was accepted as a dresser at the hospital assisting surgeons during operations, the equivalent of a junior house surgeon today. It was a significant promotion, that marked a distinct aptitude for medicine; and it brought greater responsibility and a heavier workload. Keats's long and expensive medical training with Hammond and at Guy's Hospital led his family to assume he would pursue
1300-479: A month for the news of his death to reach London, after which Brawne stayed in mourning for six years. In 1833, more than 12 years after his death, she married and went on to have three children; she outlived Keats by more than 40 years. During 1820 Keats displayed increasingly serious symptoms of tuberculosis , suffering two lung haemorrhages in the first few days of February. On first coughing up blood, on 3 February 1820, he said to Charles Armitage Brown, "I know
1400-449: A natural theatrical bent. During November 1818 she developed an intimacy with Keats, but it was shadowed by the illness of Tom Keats, whom John was nursing through this period. On 3 April 1819, Brawne and her widowed mother moved into the other half of Dilke's Wentworth Place, and Keats and Brawne were able to see each other every day. Keats began to lend Brawne books, such as Dante 's Inferno , and they would read together. He gave her
1500-399: A new book of poems. They were unimpressed with the collection, finding the presented versions of "Lamia" confusing, and describing "St Agnes" as having a "sense of pettish disgust" and "a 'Don Juan' style of mingling up sentiment and sneering" concluding it was "a poem unfit for ladies". The final volume Keats lived to see published, Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, and Other Poems ,
1600-551: A plum-tree, where he sat for two or three hours. When he came into the house, I perceived he had some scraps of paper in his hand, and these he was quietly thrusting behind the books. On inquiry, I found those scraps, four or five in number, contained his poetic feelings on the song of our nightingale." Dilke, co-owner of the house, strenuously denied the story, printed in Richard Monckton Milnes ' 1848 biography of Keats, dismissing it as 'pure delusion'. My heart aches, and
1700-578: A posthumous existence". On arrival in Italy, he moved into a villa on the Spanish Steps in Rome, today the Keats–Shelley Memorial House museum. Despite care from Severn and Dr. James Clark , his health rapidly deteriorated. The medical attention Keats received may have hastened his death. In November 1820, Clark declared that the source of his illness was "mental exertion" and that the source
1800-525: A quarterly magazine, The Reflector , for his brother John. He wrote The Feast of the Poets for publication. His work was a satire that offended many contemporary poets, particularly William Gifford . From 1819 to 1821, Hunt edited The Indicator , a weekly literary periodical that was published by Joseph Appleyard. Hunt probably wrote much of the content, which included reviews, essays, stories and poems. From January to July 1828, Hunt edited The Companion ,
1900-616: A range of theoretical positions . For instance, they may take a feminist or Freudian perspective. Unlike other individuals who may editorialize on subjects via websites or letters written to publications, professional critics are paid to produce their assessment and opinions for print , radio, magazine, television, or Internet companies . When their personal opinion outweighs considered judgment, people who give opinions, whether on current events, public affairs, sports, media or art are often referred to as "pundits" instead of critics. Critics are themselves subject to competing critics, since
2000-413: A result Keats went through dreadful agonies with nothing to ease the pain at all." Keats was angry with both Severn and Clark when they would not give him laudanum (opium). He repeatedly demanded, "How long is this posthumous existence of mine to go on?" The first months of 1821 marked a slow and steady decline into the final stage of tuberculosis. His autopsy showed his lung almost disintegrated. Keats
2100-617: A sexual initiation for Keats according to Bate and Robert Gittings . Jones inspired and was a steward of Keats's writing. The themes of "The Eve of St. Agnes" and "The Eve of St Mark" may well have been suggested by her, the lyric Hush, Hush! ["o sweet Isabel"] was about her, and that the first version of " Bright Star " may have originally been for her. In 1821, Jones was one of the first in England to be notified of Keats's death. Letters and drafts of poems suggest that Keats first met Frances (Fanny) Brawne between September and November 1818. It
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#17328526559712200-524: A single infectious origin until 1820. There was considerable stigma attached to it, as it was often tied with weakness, repressed sexual passion or masturbation. Keats "refuses to give it a name" in his letters. Tom Keats died on 1 December 1818. John Keats moved to the newly built Wentworth Place, owned by his friend Charles Armitage Brown. It was on the edge of Hampstead Heath , ten minutes' walk south of his old home in Well Walk. The winter of 1818–19, though
2300-564: A starved apothecary than a starved poet; so back to the shop Mr John, back to plasters, pills, and ointment boxes." It was Lockhart at Blackwoods who coined the defamatory term "the Cockney School " for Hunt and his circle, which included both Hazlitt and Keats. The dismissal was as much political as literary, aimed at upstart young writers deemed uncouth for their lack of education, non-formal rhyming and "low diction". They had not attended Eton , Harrow or Oxbridge and they were not from
2400-486: A successful engagement at Covent Garden , which helped him financially. Lover's Amazements , a comedy, was acted several years afterwards and was printed in Journal (1850–1851); other plays remained in manuscript. Also in 1840, Hunt wrote introductory notices to the work of Richard Brinsley Sheridan and to Edward Moxon 's edition of the works of William Wycherley , William Congreve , John Vanbrugh and George Farquhar ,
2500-499: A very generous appreciation of him in The Indicator . Keats seemingly, however, later felt that Hunt's example as a poet had been in some respects detrimental to him. After Shelley's departure for Italy in 1818, Hunt experienced more financial difficulties. In addition, both his health and that of his wife Marianne failed. As a result, Hunt was forced to discontinue The Indicator (1819–1821) and stated that he had "almost died over
2600-472: A weekly literary periodical that was published by Hunt and Clarke. The journal dealt with books, theatrical productions and miscellaneous topics. In 1816, Hunt published the poem Story of Rimini . The work was based on the tragic episode of Francesca da Rimini , as told in Dante's Inferno . Hunt's preference was decidedly for Geoffrey Chaucer 's verse style, as adapted to Modern English by John Dryden . That
2700-626: A work that furnished the occasion of Macaulay 's essay on the Dramatists of the Restoration. A narrative poem, The Palfrey , was published in 1842. During the 1830s, Hunt also wrote for the Edinburgh Review In 1844 Mary Shelley and her son, on succeeding to the family estates, settled an annuity of £120 upon Hunt (Rossetti 1890). In 1847 Lord John Russell set up a pension of £200 for Hunt. With his finances in better shape, Hunt published
2800-403: Is a person who communicates an assessment and an opinion of various forms of creative works such as art , literature , music , cinema , theater , fashion , architecture, and food. Critics may also take as their subject social or government policy . Critical judgments, whether derived from critical thinking or not, weigh up a range of factors, including an assessment of the extent to which
2900-550: Is a sketch of Kensington , where Hunt long resided. In 1850 Hunt published his Autobiography (3 vols.). It has been described as a naive and affected, but accurate, piece of self-portraiture. Hunt published A Book for a Corner (2 vols.) in 1849 and Table Talk appeared in 1851. In 1855, he published his narrative poems, both original and translated, under the title Stories in Verse . Hunt died in Putney in London on 28 August 1859. He
3000-408: Is debated in which order they were written, " Ode to Psyche " opened the published series. According to Brown, " Ode to a Nightingale " was composed under a plum tree in the garden. Brown wrote, "In the spring of 1819 a nightingale had built her nest near my house. Keats felt a tranquil and continual joy in her song; and one morning he took his chair from the breakfast-table to the grass-plot under
3100-518: Is described as beautiful, talented and widely read, not of the top flight of society yet financially secure, an enigmatic figure who would become a part of Keats's circle. Throughout their friendship Keats never hesitated to own his sexual attraction to her, although they seemed to enjoy circling each other rather than offering commitment. He writes that he "frequented her rooms" in the winter of 1818–19, and in his letters to George says that he "warmed with her" and "kissed her". The trysts may have been
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3200-489: Is likely that the 18-year-old Brawne visited the Dilke family at Wentworth Place before she lived there. She was born in the hamlet of West End, now in the district of West Hampstead , on 9 August 1800. Like Keats's grandfather, her grandfather kept a London inn, and both lost several family members to tuberculosis. She shared her first name with both Keats's sister and mother, and had a talent for dress-making and languages as well as
3300-648: The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood ; the Encyclopædia Britannica of 1888 called one ode "one of the final masterpieces". Keats had a style "heavily loaded with sensualities", notably in the series of odes . Typically of the Romantics , he accentuated extreme emotion through natural imagery. Today his poems and letters remain among the most popular and analysed in English literature – in particular " Ode to
3400-571: The Royal College of Surgeons . In October 1816 Clarke introduced Keats to the influential Leigh Hunt, a close friend of Byron and Shelley. Five months later came the publication of Poems , the first volume of Keats's verse, which included "I stood tiptoe" and "Sleep and Poetry", both strongly influenced by Hunt. The book was a critical failure, arousing little interest, although Reynolds reviewed it favourably in The Champion . Clarke commented that
3500-557: The Tatler (1830–1832), a daily devoted to literary and dramatic criticism, and London Journal (1834–1835) failed even though the latter contained some of his best writing. Hunt's editorship (1837–1838) of the Monthly Repository was also unsuccessful. In 1832, Hunt published by subscription a collected edition of his poems. The subscribers included many of his opponents. Also in 1832, Hunt printed for private circulation Christianism ,
3600-640: The "Temple Library". Elizabeth Kent also incorporated many of his suggestions into her anonymously published Flora Domestica, Or, The Portable Flower-garden: with Directions for the Treatment of Plants in Pots and Illustrations From the Works of the Poets . London: Taylor and Hessey. 1823. Hunt's Autobiography was revised shortly before his death, and edited (1859) by Thornton Hunt, who also arranged his Correspondence (2 vols., 1862). Additional letters were printed by
3700-605: The British government tried the three Hunt brothers and sentenced them to two years in prison. Leigh Hunt served his term at the Surrey County Gaol . Leigh Hunt's visitors at Surrey County Gaol included Lord Byron , Thomas Moore , Lord Henry Brougham , and Charles Lamb . The stoicism with which Leigh Hunt bore his imprisonment attracted general attention and sympathy. His imprisonment allowed him many luxuries and access to friends and family, and Lamb described his decorations of
3800-618: The Cowden Clarkes in their Recollections of Writers (1878). The Autobiography was edited (2 vols., 1903) with full bibliographical note by Roger Ingpen . A bibliography of Hunt's works was compiled by Alexander Ireland ( List of the Writings of William Hazlitt and Leigh Hunt , 1868). There are short lives of Hunt by Cosmo Monkhouse ("Great Writers," 1893) and by RB Johnson (1896). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Volume 28 (2004). [REDACTED] Category Critic A critic
3900-626: The United States. His father, Isaac, a lawyer from Philadelphia , and his mother, Mary Shewell, a merchant's daughter and a devout Quaker , had been forced to come to Britain because of their Loyalist sympathies during the American War of Independence . Once in England, Isaac Hunt became a popular preacher but was unsuccessful in obtaining a permanent living. He was then employed by James Brydges, 3rd Duke of Chandos , as tutor to his nephew, James Henry Leigh for whom Isaac named his son. Leigh Hunt
4000-469: The age of 69. Leigh Hunt made little mention of his family in his autobiography. Marianne's sister, Elizabeth Kent (Hunt's sister-in-law), became his amanuensis . In 1808, Hunt left the War Office , where he had been working as a clerk, to become editor of The Examiner , a newspaper founded by his brother, John Hunt . His brother Robert Hunt contributed to its columns. Robert Hunt's criticism earned
4100-588: The book "might have emerged in Timbuctoo." Keats's publishers, Charles and James Ollier , felt ashamed of it. Keats immediately changed publishers to Taylor and Hessey in Fleet Street . Unlike the Olliers, Keats's new publishers were enthusiastic about his work. Within a month of the publication of Poems they were planning a new Keats volume and had paid him an advance. Hessey became a steady friend to Keats and made
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4200-512: The book-stalls and write verses." Hunt's first poems were published in 1801 under the title of Juvenilia , introducing him into British literary and theatrical society. He began to write for the newspapers and published in 1807 a volume of theatre criticism , and a series of Classic Tales with critical essays on the authors. Hunt's early essays were published by Edward Quin , editor and owner of The Traveller . In 1809, Leigh Hunt married Marianne Kent, whose parents were Thomas and Ann. Over
4300-544: The cell as something not found outside a fairy tale . When Jeremy Bentham called on him, he found Hunt playing battledore . From 1814 to 1817, Leigh Hunt and Hazlitt wrote a series of essays in The Examiner that they titled "The Round Table". These essays were published in two volumes in 1817 in The Round Table . Twelve of the 52 essays were written by Hunt, the rest by Hazlitt. From 1810 to 1812, Leigh Hunt edited
4400-512: The character Ulysses in Homer 's Odyssey . One week after Hunt arrived in Italy, Shelley died. Hunt was now virtually dependent upon Byron, who was not interested in supporting him and his family. Byron's friends also scorned Hunt. The Liberal lived through four quarterly numbers, containing contributions no less memorable than Byron's " Vision of Judgment " and Shelley's translations from Faust . In 1823, Byron left Italy for Greece, abandoning
4500-446: The colour of that blood! It is arterial blood. I cannot be deceived in that colour. That drop of blood is my death warrant. I must die." He lost large amounts of blood and was bled further by the attending physician. Hunt nursed him in London for much of the following summer. At the suggestion of his doctors, he agreed to move to Italy with his friend Joseph Severn . On 13 September, they left for Gravesend and four days later boarded
4600-473: The companion books Imagination and Fancy (1844) and Wit and Humour (1846). These were two volumes of selections from English poets, which displayed his refined, discriminating critical tastes. Hunt also published a book on the pastoral poetry of Sicily , A Jar of Honey from Mount Hybla (1848). The Town (2 vols., 1848) and Men, Women and Books (2 vols., 1847) are partly made up from former material. The Old Court Suburb (2 vols., 1855; ed. A Dobson, 2002)
4700-432: The company's rooms available for young writers to meet. Their publishing lists came to include Coleridge , Hazlitt , Clare , Hogg , Carlyle and Charles Lamb . Through Taylor and Hessey, Keats met their Eton -educated lawyer, Richard Woodhouse, who advised them on literary as well as legal matters and was deeply impressed by Poems . Although he noted that Keats could be "wayward, trembling, easily daunted," Woodhouse
4800-428: The context of a restaurant criticism, this means it is "not about me liking it or not; it's about me helping you decide whether you are going to like it or not." Rothko's dilemma was that he wanted to employ the vocabulary of symbolism – the palpitating indeterminate space, the excruciatingly refined colour, the obsession with nuance, the presence of Mallarmé's "negated object" – to render
4900-548: The critic will read the book before writing a notice of it. We do not even expect the reviewer of the book will say that he has not read it. No we have no anticipations of anything unusual in this age of criticism. Satirical comment about potential criticism by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner in their Preface to the American Edition of their co-authored novel The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today . John Keats John Keats (31 October 1795 – 23 February 1821)
5000-499: The critic. In architecture and food criticism , the item's function, value and cost may be added components. Critics are publicly accepted and, to a significant degree, followed because of the quality of their assessments or their reputation. Influential critics of art, music, theater and architecture often present their arguments in complete books. One very famous example is John Ruskin 's Seven Lamps of Architecture and The Stones of Venice . Critics may base their assessment on
5100-578: The date as the 31st. He was the eldest of four surviving children; his younger siblings were George (1797–1841), Thomas (1799–1818), and Frances Mary "Fanny" (1803–1889), who later married the Spanish author Valentín de Llanos Gutiérrez [ es ] . Another son was lost in infancy. His father first worked as an ostler at the stables attached to the Swan and Hoop Inn owned by his father-in-law, John Jennings, an establishment he later managed, and where
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#17328526559715200-411: The end of the year he informed his guardian that he resolved to be a poet, not a surgeon. Although he continued his work and training at Guy's, Keats devoted more and more time to the study of literature, experimenting with verse forms, particularly the sonnet. In May 1816, Leigh Hunt agreed to publish the sonnet "O Solitude" in his magazine The Examiner , a leading liberal magazine of the day. This
5300-553: The enmity of William Blake , who described the office of The Examiner as containing a "nest of villains". Blake's response also included Leigh Hunt, who had published several vitriolic reviews in 1808 and 1809 and had added Blake's name to a list of so-called "quacks". The Examiner soon acquired a reputation for unusual political independence; it would attack any worthy target "from a principle of taste", as John Keats expressed it. In 1813 (or 1812), The Examiner attacked Prince Regent George , describing his physique as "corpulent";
5400-703: The family decided they could not afford the fees. In the summer of 1803, John was sent to board at John Clarke's school in Enfield , close to his grandparents' house. The small school had a liberal outlook and a progressive curriculum more modern than the larger, more prestigious schools. In the family atmosphere at Clarke's, Keats developed an interest in classics and history, which would stay with him throughout his short life. The headmaster's son, Charles Cowden Clarke, also became an important mentor and friend, introducing Keats to Renaissance literature, including Tasso , Spenser , and Chapman's translations . The young Keats
5500-435: The fanciful thought, 'Suppose a rascal behaved like Hunt!'" (Chesterton 1906). His Poetical Works (2 vols.), revised by himself and edited by Lee, were printed at Boston in 1857, and an edition (London and New York) by his son, Thornton Hunt , appeared in 1860. Among volumes of selections are Essays (1887), ed. A. Symons; Leigh Hunt as Poet and Essayist (1889), ed. C. Kent; Essays and Poems (1891), ed. R. B. Johnson for
5600-542: The final critical judgment always entails subjectivity . An established critic can play a powerful role as a public arbiter of taste or opinion. Also, critics or a coordinated group of critics, may award symbols of recognition. The word "critic" comes from Greek κριτικός (kritikós) 'able to discern', which is a Greek derivation of the word κριτής (krités) , meaning a person who offers reasoned judgment or analysis , value judgment , interpretation or observation . Early English meaning of criticism
5700-404: The four children went to live with a grandmother, Alice Jennings, in the village of Edmonton . In March 1810, when Keats was 14, his mother died of tuberculosis , leaving the children in their grandmother's custody. She appointed two guardians, Richard Abbey and John Sandell, for them. That autumn, Keats left Clarke's school to be an apprentice with Thomas Hammond, a surgeon and apothecary who
5800-409: The growing family lived for some years. Keats believed he was born at the inn, a birthplace of humble origins, but there is no evidence to support this. The Globe pub now occupies the site, a few yards from modern Moorgate station . Keats was baptised at St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate , and sent to a local dame school as a child. His parents wished to send their sons to Eton or Harrow , but
5900-547: The holiness of the Heart's affections and the truth of the imagination. What imagination seizes as Beauty must be truth." This passage would eventually be transmuted into the concluding lines of " Ode on a Grecian Urn ": " 'Beauty is truth, truth beauty' – that is all / Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know". In early December 1816, under the heady influence of his artistic friends, Keats told Abbey he had decided to give up medicine in favour of poetry, to Abbey's fury. Keats had spent
6000-655: The hope of soon seeing you ... I have been astonished that Men could die Martyrs for religion – I have shudder'd at it – I shudder no more – I could be martyr'd for my Religion – Love is my religion – I could die for that – I could die for you." Tuberculosis took hold and he was advised by his doctors to move to a warmer climate. In September 1820 Keats left for Rome knowing he would probably never see Brawne again. After leaving he felt unable to write to her or read her letters, although he did correspond with her mother. He died there five months later. None of Brawne's letters to Keats survive. It took
6100-431: The hour of my death". In one of his many hundreds of notes and letters, Keats wrote to Brawne on 13 October 1819: "My love has made me selfish. I cannot exist without you – I am forgetful of every thing but seeing you again – my Life seems to stop there – I see no further. You have absorb'd me. I have a sensation at the present moment as though I was dissolving – I should be exquisitely miserable without
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#17328526559716200-417: The item under review achieves its purpose and its creator's intention and a knowledge of its context. They may also include a positive or negative personal response. Characteristics of a good critic are articulateness, preferably having the ability to use language with a high level of appeal and skill. Sympathy , sensitivity and insight are also important. Form , style and medium are all considered by
6300-673: The last numbers". Shelley suggested that Hunt could join him and Byron in Italy to establish a quarterly magazine. The advantage was that they would be able to publish liberal opinions without repression from the British government. Byron's motive for this proposal was allegedly to acquire more influence over The Examiner with Hunt out of England. However, Byron soon discovered that Hunt was no longer interested in The Examiner . Hunt left England for Italy in November 1821, but storm, sickness, and misadventure delayed his arrival until 1 July 1822. Thomas Love Peacock compared their voyage to that of
6400-434: The love sonnet "Bright Star" (perhaps revised for her) as a declaration. It was a work in progress which he continued until the last months of his life, and the poem came to be associated with their relationship. "All his desires were concentrated on Fanny". From this point there is no further documented mention of Isabella Jones. Sometime before the end of June, he arrived at some sort of understanding with Brawne, far from
6500-435: The next 20 years, the couple had ten children: Thornton Leigh (1810–73), John Horatio Leigh (1812–46), Mary Florimel Leigh (1813–49), Swinburne Percy Leigh (1816–27), Percy Bysshe Shelley Leigh (1817–99), Henry Sylvan Leigh (1819–76), Vincent Leigh (1823–52), Julia Trelawney Leigh (1826–72), Jacyntha Leigh (1828–1914), and Arabella Leigh (1829–30). Marianne Hunt, in poor health for most of her life, died on 26 January 1857, at
6600-604: The patriarchal despair and elevation of the Old Testament. Criticism doesn't get sharper, or more sensitive, or more deeply sympathetic to the object, than that. Robert Hughes (critic) on (artist) Mark Rothko Social and political critics have used various forms of art to express their criticism, including literature and music. Pierre Beaumarchais , for example, prior to the French Revolution , used his play The Marriage of Figaro to denounce aristocratic privilege, and
6700-473: The peoples social life in the form of rude realism instead of romanticism . Among the most famous social/political criticism in literary form are Jonathan Swift's satire Gulliver's Travels and George Orwell 's satire Animal Farm . Some political critics, such as Ai Weiwei use visual art as their medium. Throughout history, political critics have faced higher risks, including the risk of imprisonment or death. Several websites have developed for
6800-583: The poet's expectations. Money was always a great concern and difficulty, as he struggled to stay out of debt and make his way in the world independently. On First Looking into Chapman's Homer Much have I travell'd in the realms of gold, And many goodly states and kingdoms seen; Round many western islands have I been Which bards in fealty to Apollo hold. Oft of one wide expanse had I been told That deep-browed Homer ruled as his demesne; Yet did I never breathe its pure serene Till I heard Chapman speak out loud and bold: Then felt I like some watcher of
6900-666: The public. He may be best remembered for being sentenced to prison for two years on charges of libel against the Prince Regent (1813-1815). Hunt's presence at Shelley's funeral on the beach near Viareggio was immortalised in the painting by Louis Édouard Fournier . Hunt inspired aspects of the Harold Skimpole character in Charles Dickens ' novel Bleak House . James Henry Leigh Hunt was born on 19 October 1784, at Southgate, London , where his parents had settled after leaving
7000-636: The purpose of compiling or publishing original critical reviews. Examples include Blogcritics , Rotten Tomatoes , and Yelp . According to A. O. Scott , chief film critic for The New York Times , everyone on the Internet is a critic. Some critics like Roger Ebert achieve iconic status in pop culture and become well regarded. The American film critics Roger Ebert and Gene Siskel collaborated and appeared on television sometimes agreeing on their review of cinematographic works; sometimes they would differ. Film critics may use star classification to qualify
7100-564: The quarterly. Hunt, remaining in Genoa , enjoyed the Italian climate and culture and stayed in Italy until 1825. Meanwhile, he created Ultra-Crepidarius: a Satire on William Gifford (1823), and his translation (1825) of Francesco Redi 's Bacco in Toscana . In 1825, a lawsuit with one of his brothers made Hunt return to England. In 1828, Hunt published Lord Byron and some of his Contemporaries . The work
7200-603: The reviewed works. Characters depicting critics have been part of some movies, and have been represented in comedies, such as a food critic in the animated fantasy-comedy Ratatouille , and as an art critic in one of the initial parts of the anthology comedy film The History of the World Part I . People whose work is the subject of criticism have a full range of responses to it. For example, they may be appreciative, offended, distressed, encouraged, amused or nonplussed. We do not object to criticism; and we do not expect that
7300-601: The sailing brig Maria Crowther . On 1 October the ship landed at Lulworth Bay or Holworth Bay, where the two went ashore; back on board ship he made the final revisions of "Bright Star". The journey was a minor catastrophe: storms broke out, followed by a dead calm that slowed the ship's progress. When they finally docked in Naples, the ship was held in quarantine for ten days due to a suspected outbreak of cholera in Britain. Keats reached Rome on 14 November, by which time any hope of
7400-487: The same year, he reprinted The Story of Rimini and The Descent of Liberty with the title of Poetical Works . Hunt also started the Indicator . Both Keats and Percy Bysshe Shelley belonged to a literary group that gathered around Hunt at Hampstead. The Hunt Circle also included Hazlitt, Lamb, Bryan Procter , Benjamin Haydon , Charles Cowden Clarke , C. W. Dilke , Walter Coulson and John Hamilton Reynolds . The group
7500-521: The skies When a new planet swims into his ken; Or like stout Cortez when with eagle eyes He star'd at the Pacific – and all his men Look'd at each other with a wild surmise – Silent, upon a peak in Darien. The sonnet " On First Looking into Chapman's Homer " October 1816 In October 1815, having finished his five-year apprenticeship with Hammond, Keats registered as
7600-497: The upper classes. In 1819 Keats wrote " The Eve of St. Agnes ", " La Belle Dame sans Merci ", " Hyperion ", " Lamia " and a play, Otho the Great , critically damned and not performed until 1950. The poems "Fancy" and "Bards of passion and of mirth" were inspired by the garden of Wentworth Place. In September, very short of money and in despair considering taking up journalism or a post as a ship's surgeon, he approached his publishers with
7700-642: The village of Hampstead in April 1817. There John and George nursed their tubercular brother Tom. The house was close to Hunt and others of his circle in Hampstead, and to Coleridge , respected elder of the first wave of Romantic poets, then living in Highgate . On 11 April 1818, Keats reported that he and Coleridge had taken a long walk on Hampstead Heath . In a letter to his brother George, he wrote that they had talked about "a thousand things, ... nightingales, poetry, poetical sensation, metaphysics." Around this time he
7800-537: The warmer climate he sought had disappeared. Keats wrote his last letter on 30 November 1820 to Charles Armitage Brown; "Tis the most difficult thing in the world to me to write a letter. My stomach continues so bad, that I feel it worse on opening any book – yet I am much better than I was in Quarantine. Then I am afraid to encounter the proing and conning of any thing interesting to me in England. I have an habitual feeling of my real life having past, and that I am leading
7900-626: The work afterward published (1853) as The Religion of the Heart . A copy sent to Thomas Carlyle secured his friendship, and Hunt went to live next door to him in Cheyne Row in 1833. Hunt's romance, Sir Ralph Esher , about Charles II was successful. Captain Sword and Captain Pen , published in 1835, a spirited contrast between the victories of peace and the victories of war, deserves to be ranked among his best poems. In 1840, Hunt's play Legend of Florence had
8000-425: The writer Charles Lamb; the conductor Vincent Novello ; and the poet John Hamilton Reynolds , who would become a close friend. Keats also met regularly with William Hazlitt , a powerful literary figure of the day. It was a turning point for Keats, establishing him in the public eye as a figure in what Hunt termed "a new school of poetry". At this time Keats wrote to his friend Bailey, "I am certain of nothing but
8100-574: Was a neighbour and the doctor of the Jennings family. Keats lodged in the attic above the surgery, at 7 Church Street, until 1813. Cowden Clarke, who remained close to Keats, called this period "the most placid time in Keats' life." From 1814 Keats had two bequests, held in trust for him until his 21st birthday. £800 was willed by his grandfather John Jennings. Also Keats's mother left a legacy of £8000 to be equally divided among her living children. It seems he
8200-435: Was an English poet of the second generation of Romantic poets , along with Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley . His poems had been in publication for less than four years when he died of tuberculosis at the age of 25. They were indifferently received in his lifetime, but his fame grew rapidly after his death. By the end of the century, he was placed in the canon of English literature , strongly influencing many writers of
8300-579: Was based mainly on the criticism of literature and it was in the 17th century that more general forms of criticism began. Cultural critic Clement Greenberg wrote that a good critic excels through "insights into the evidence ... and by ... loyalty to the relevant"; poet and critic T.S. Eliot wrote "a critic must have a very highly developed sense of fact ". In 1971, Harold C. Schonberg , chief music critic of The New York Times from 1960 to 1980, said that he wrote for himself, "not necessarily for readers, not for musicians. ... It's not
8400-457: Was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery . In September 1966, Christ's Hospital named one of its houses in the memory of Hunt. Today, a residential street in his birthplace of Southgate is named Leigh Hunt Drive in his honour. In a letter of 25 September 1853, Charles Dickens stated that Hunt had inspired the character of Harold Skimpole in Bleak House ; "I suppose he is the most exact portrait that
8500-511: Was convinced of Keats's genius, a poet to support as he became one of England's greatest writers. Soon after they met, the two became close friends, and Woodhouse started to collect Keatsiana, documenting as much as he could about the poetry. This archive survives as one of the main sources of information on Keats's work. Andrew Motion represents him as Boswell to Keats's Johnson , ceaselessly promoting his work, fighting his corner and spurring his poetry to greater heights. In later years, Woodhouse
8600-523: Was described by his friend Edward Holmes as a volatile character, "always in extremes", given to indolence and fighting. At 13 he began focusing his energy on reading and study, winning his first academic prize in midsummer 1809. In April 1804, when Keats was eight, his father died from a skull fracture after falling from his horse while returning from a visit to Keats and his brother George at school. Thomas Keats died intestate . Frances remarried two months later, but left her new husband soon afterwards, and
8700-424: Was designed to counter what Hunt perceived as an inaccurate public image of Byron. The public was shocked that Hunt, who had been obliged to Byron for so much, would "bite the hand that fed him". Hunt especially writhed under the withering satire of Moore. During his later years, Hunt continued to suffer from poverty and sickness. He worked unremittingly, but one effort failed after another. Two journalistic ventures,
8800-511: Was educated at Christ's Hospital in London from 1791 to 1799, a period that Hunt described in his autobiography . Thomas Barnes was a school friend. One of the boarding houses at Christ's Hospital is named after Hunt. As a boy, Hunt was an admirer of Thomas Gray and William Collins , writing many verses in imitation of them. A speech impediment , later cured, prevented Hunt from going to university. "For some time after I left school," he says, "I did nothing but visit my school-fellows, haunt
8900-402: Was ever painted in words! ... It is an absolute reproduction of a real man". A contemporary critic commented, "I recognized Skimpole instantaneously; ... and so did every person whom I talked with about it who had ever had Leigh Hunt's acquaintance." G. K. Chesterton suggested that Dickens "May never once have had the unfriendly thought, 'Suppose Hunt behaved like a rascal!'; he may have only had
9000-557: Was facing a stark choice. He had written his first extant poem, "An Imitation of Spenser", in 1814, when he was 19. Now, strongly drawn by ambition, inspired by fellow poets such as Leigh Hunt and Lord Byron , and beleaguered by family financial crises, he suffered periods of depression. His brother George wrote that John "feared that he should never be a poet, & if he was not he would destroy himself." In 1816, Keats received his apothecary's licence , which made him eligible to practise as an apothecary, physician and surgeon, but before
9100-438: Was in contrast to the epigrammatic couplet of Alexander Pope . The Story of Rimini is an optimistic narrative that runs contrary to the tragic nature of its subject. Hunt's flippancy and familiarity, often degenerating into the ludicrous, subsequently made him a target for ridicule and parody. In 1818, Hunt published a collection of poems entitled Foliage , followed in 1819 by Hero and Leander , and Bacchus and Ariadne . In
9200-618: Was introduced to Charles Wentworth Dilke and James Rice. In June 1818, Keats began a walking tour of Scotland, Ireland and the Lake District with Charles Armitage Brown . Keats's brother George and his wife Georgiana accompanied them to Lancaster and then continued to Liverpool , from where they migrated to America, living in Ohio and Louisville, Kentucky , until 1841, when George's investments failed. Like Keats's other brother, they both died penniless and racked by tuberculosis, for which there
9300-535: Was known pejoratively as the Cockney School. Some of Hunt's most popular poems are " Jenny kiss'd Me ", " Abou Ben Adhem " (1834) and "A Night-Rain in Summer". Hunt maintained close friendships with both Keats and Shelley. Financial help from Shelley saved Hunt from ruin. In return, Hunt provided Shelley with support during his family problems and defended him in The Examiner . Hunt introduced Keats to Shelley and wrote
9400-458: Was largely situated in his stomach. Clark eventually diagnosed consumption (tuberculosis) and placed Keats on a starvation diet of an anchovy and a piece of bread a day intended to reduce the blood flow to his stomach. He also bled the poet: a standard treatment of the day, but also likely a significant contributor to Keats's weakness. Severn's biographer Sue Brown writes: "They could have used opium in small doses, and Keats had asked Severn to buy
9500-505: Was no effective treatment until the next century. In July, while on the Isle of Mull , Keats caught a bad cold and "was too thin and fevered to proceed on the journey." After returning south in August, Keats continued to nurse Tom, so exposing himself to infection. Some have suggested this was when tuberculosis, his "family disease", took hold. " Consumption " was not identified as a disease with
9600-404: Was not told of the £800 and probably knew nothing of it as he never applied for it. Historically, blame has often been laid on Abbey as legal guardian, but he may also have been unaware of it. William Walton, solicitor for Keats's mother and grandmother, definitely knew and had a duty of care to relay the information to Keats. It seems he did not, though it would have made a critical difference to
9700-422: Was one of the few to accompany Keats to Gravesend , Kent , to embark on his final trip to Rome. Despite the bad reviews of Poems , Hunt published the essay "Three Young Poets" ( Shelley , Keats, and Reynolds ) and the sonnet " On First Looking into Chapman's Homer ", foreseeing great things to come. He introduced Keats to many prominent men in his circle, including the editor of The Times , Thomas Barnes ;
9800-563: Was published in July 1820. It received greater acclaim than had Endymion or Poems , finding favourable notices in both The Examiner and Edinburgh Review . It came to be recognised as one of the most important poetic works ever published. Wentworth Place now houses the Keats House museum. Keats befriended Isabella Jones in May 1817, while on holiday in the village of Bo Peep , near Hastings . She
9900-484: Was the first appearance of Keats's poetry in print; Charles Cowden Clarke called it his friend's red letter day, first proof that Keats' ambitions were valid. Among his poems of 1816 was To My Brothers . That summer, Keats went with Clarke to the seaside town of Margate to write. There he began "Calidore" and initiated an era of great letter writing. On returning to London, he took lodgings at 8 Dean Street, Southwark, and braced himself to study further for membership of
10000-512: Was ultimately "snuffed out by an article", suggesting that he never truly got over it. A particularly harsh review by John Wilson Croker appeared in the April 1818 edition of the Quarterly Review . John Gibson Lockhart writing in Blackwood's Magazine , described Endymion as "imperturbable drivelling idiocy". With biting sarcasm, Lockhart advised, "It is a better and a wiser thing to be
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