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33-672: The Leiden American Pilgrim Museum is housed in a building dating to about 1365–1370, located at Beschuitsteeg 9, next to the bell tower of the Hooglandse Kerk church. The museum is operated by the Leiden American Pilgrim Museum Foundation and is open to the public. The museum presents extensive information about Pilgrim life in Leiden, together with the history of the medieval house itself. A collection of furniture, books, and other material from Pilgrim times illuminates

66-743: A cathedral chapter. However, at the episcopal reorganization of 1559, the intended bishop's seat eventually fell to the Grote or Sint-Bavokerk in Haarlem . Two related but different developments influenced the physical appearance and the governance of the St. Pancras church in the 16th and 17th centuries. The rise of especially the Calvinist reformation in the Netherlands and the Dutch revolt against Spain (1568–1648). The tension around

99-671: A court of first instance in Cologne, Philip of Burgundy , his treasurer, and his ecclesiastical and secular subjects. Leo X only confirmed a right of the Church, explained Neale; but Leo X's confirmation "was providential" in respect to the future schism. The Bishopric ended when Henry of the Palatinate resigned the see in 1528 with the consent of the cathedral chapter , and transferred his secular authority to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor . The chapters voluntarily transferred their right of electing

132-602: A special website section on the Pilgrims under the name Pilgrim Archives Leiden. In Plymouth, Massachusetts , two other museums are dedicated to the Pilgrims, Plimoth Plantation and the Pilgrim Hall Museum . 52°09′28″N 4°29′37″E  /  52.157689°N 4.493630°E  / 52.157689; 4.493630 Hooglandse Kerk The Hooglandse Kerk is a Gothic church in Leiden . Its earliest parts date back to

165-474: Is clad with wood. The number of small houses built against the church waxed and waned over time and with the taste and political will of the times. By the early part of the 19th century, the church is almost completely ringed by these small houses, some of which have been subsequently demolished and others renovated. Much of the 19th- and 20th-century history of the Hooglandse Kerk focuses on renovations after

198-577: The Dutch Revolt in the Spanish Netherlands , the archdiocese fell. In the Beeldenstorm in 1580, the collegiate churches were victims of iconoclastic attacks and St. Martin's Cathedral, Utrecht , was "severely damaged". "Even though approximately one third of the people remained Roman Catholic and in spite of a relatively great tolerance," as early as 1573, the public exercise of Catholicism

231-528: The States-General opposition. The archdiocese was suppressed in 1580. Walter Phillips wrote, in Encyclopædia Britannica , 1911 edition, the last archbishop of Utrecht, Frederik V Schenck van Toutenburg , died in 1580, "a few months before the suppression of Roman Catholic public worship" by William I, Prince of Orange . "Suppression of dioceses," wrote Hove, "takes place only in countries where

264-594: The diocese of Utrecht , but under the direct authority of the pope. The increasing stature of the St Pancras church and urban growth of Leiden gave rise to the idea of building a great cross church, which must surpass the Pieterskerk in all respects. Construction of the new church in the Gothic style began around 1470 and dendrological evidence indicates that the roof of the ambulatory was completed shortly after 1472, with that of

297-591: The Ecumenical Leiden Students Ekklesia worship there every Sunday. It is also the venue of conferences, concerts and other events. Elias van der Plicht and Paul de Tombe (editors). De Kathedraal van het licht. Zeven eeuwen Hooglandse Kerk . College van Kerkmeesters van de Prodestantse gemeente te Leiden 2015 52°09′29″N 4°29′39″E  /  52.15806°N 4.49417°E  / 52.15806; 4.49417 Archdiocese of Utrecht (695%E2%80%931580) The historic Diocese of Utrecht

330-690: The Hooglandse Kerk and saw its first Protestant service in July 1574 in a much-changed interior: White-washed walls, plain transparent glass, seats for the congregation and no statuary or altars. The original three parishes of the Pieterkerk, the St Pancras church, and the Vrouwenkerk were subsumed in the Dutch Reformed Congregation of Leiden and used as needed, which included grain storage during Leiden's siege in 1574 and quartering of troops in 1618 at

363-520: The Hooglandsekerk across the street. In 2009, the 400th anniversary of the Pilgrims' arrival in Leiden was marked with an exhibition and the publication of the book Strangers and Pilgrims, Travellers and Sojourners – Leiden and the Foundations of Plymouth Plantation . In 2011, the museum coordinated efforts to install a bronze memorial on the ruins of Leiden's Vrouwekerk , commemorating the history of

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396-547: The administration of the first archbishop, Frederik V Schenck van Toutenburg , Calvinism spread rapidly, especially among the nobility, who viewed with disfavor the endowment of the new bishoprics with the ancient and wealthy abbeys. The parish churches were attacked in the Beeldenstorm in 1566. The hanging of the nineteen Martyrs of Gorkum in Brielle in 1572 is an example of the persecution which Catholics suffered. During

429-414: The bishop of Utrecht, John of Virneburg, raised the church to a chapter church. The canons that belonged to the collegiate chapter of Saint Pancras were predominantly derived from ancient families and mostly of nobility . Construction of a simple stone church to replace the wooden chapel started in 1377. The roof of the nave of this new church, built in the already then somewhat archaic romano-gothic style,

462-487: The bishop to Charles V, and Pope Clement VII gave his consent to the proceeding. George Edmundson wrote, in History of Holland , that Henry, "was compelled" in 1528 to formally surrender "the temporalities of the see" to Charles V. The diocese was elevated to an archdiocese in 1559. It was taken from Province of Cologne, in which it was a suffragan, and elevated to the rank of an archdiocese and metropolitan see. During

495-425: The building had been damaged by a major explosion nearby in 1807 and insufficient upkeep of the centuries-old building. A renovation campaign was started in 1839 and continued off and on until 1979 when the church was officially reopened. The early days of the renovation were under the guidance of architects J.C. Rijk and W.C. Mulder. Part of the work was on the vault of the nave (1840) and the beautiful wooden vaults in

528-509: The choir and the transept (1850) that give a good impression of the original spatial effect. During this period, the choir gate was removed from the high choir. A. Mondt jr. was responsible for the project starting from 1920 till the start of the Second World War and Architect Piet van der Sterre took on the project from 1947 to 1978 and the project was brought to conclusion by Ab Peetoom. The Hooglandse Kerk continues to hold church services;

561-640: The church and its connections with colonists of Plymouth Colony and New Netherland . The museum has published several books since then, including Plymouth Colony's Private Libraries (2018). Two books mark 2020: New Light on the Old Colony – Plymouth, the Dutch Context of Toleration, and Patterns of Pilgrim Commemoration (Brill), and Intellectual Baggage – The Pilgrims and Plymouth Colony, Ideas of Influence (LAPM, available from Lulu Publishing). The regional archives of Leiden ( Regionaal Archief Leiden ) maintains

594-439: The church with a nave that is much lower than the transept and the choir. The church was elaborately decorated in the 16th century with 24 altars, stained glass windows, and frescos. An altar dedicated to its patron Saint Pancras had a prominent place in the church. Around 1525 it was discussed to elevate the St. Pancras church to cathedral status. Leiden would become a bishop's seat and the collegiate chapter would be elevated to

627-483: The faithful and the clergy have been dispersed by persecution," the suppressed dioceses become missions , prefectures , or vicariates apostolic . This is what occurred in the Dutch Republic. The Holland Mission started when the vicariate was erected by Pope Clement VIII in 1592. "For two centuries after the [1648] Peace of Westphalia much of Holland was under vicars apostolic as mission territory, as England

660-471: The height of the dispute between followers of Armenius and Gomaris . The ground-level look of the Hooglandse Kerk changed with the construction of three small houses against the church's west wall in 1591–93 and a further two against the Sacristy in 1649, and five more against the north wall in 1650. The church's caretaker lived in one of these houses and the rest were rented out, with the proceeds allocated to

693-513: The last quarter of the fourteenth century. Most of the current structure dates from the fifteenth century. The brick church was dedicated to St. Pancras and today serves parishioners of the Protestant Church in the Netherlands . Essays written to commemorate the 700th jubilee of de Hooglandse or Saint Pancras church give an overview of history of church, based on a review of the literature, archival research, and dendrological investigations of

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726-475: The lives of these people in England, Leiden, and New England. The museum illustrates its Pilgrim narrative with a collection of 16th- and 17th-century maps and engravings by Gerard Mercator , Adriaen Pietersz. van de Venne , and others. Additionally, one room retains its interior from the 14th century and is furnished with pre-Reformation material, reflecting the original use of the house as a residence of priests from

759-519: The neighboring counties and duchies. John Mason Neale explained, in History of the so-called Jansenist church of Holland , that bishops "became warriors rather than prelates; the duties of their pastoral office were frequently exercised by suffragans, while they themselves headed armies against the Dukes of Guelders or the Counts of Holland." Adalbold II of Utrecht "must be regarded as the principal founder of

792-404: The operations and maintenance of the church. in 1665, the Hooglandse Kerk received a new west portal, executed in a mix of classical and gothic elements. Seventeenth-century representations of the church indicate that its exterior is by-and-large the same as it is in the early 21st century: A tall gothic choir and transept, a much lower nave, and a relatively short bell tower, the top part of which

825-619: The revolt against Philip II, after starting discussions with the leader of the revolt, William of Orange , as early as 1570. Troops under Lumey and loyal to the revolt had entered the city in June 1572 and participated in the second wave of violence. From 1572 the churches in Leiden were controlled by the City Council and made available by them to the Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk (Dutch Reformed Church). The St Pancras became known as

858-548: The rise of the Protestant Reformation gave rise to two days of robbery and plunder of all churches in Leiden, including the St. Pancras. During the iconoclasm of August 1566 numerous religious artifacts and archives were looted or destroyed. A second wave of religiously inspired violence, this time extending beyond looting and including violence against persons, occurred in 1572. This second wave of violence occurred shortly after Leiden City council had declared itself for

891-600: The territorial possessions of the diocese," according to Albert Hauck, in New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge , especially by the acquisition in 1024 and 1026 of the counties of Drenthe and Teisterbant ; but, the name "Bishopric of Utrecht" is not used in the article. Debitum pastoralis officii nobis was Pope Leo X's 1517 prohibition to the Archbishop-Elector of Cologne , Hermann of Wied , as legatus natus , to summon, to

924-494: The transepts and the choir by the end of the 15th century. The transept is the longest gothic transept in the Netherlands with a length of 65.70 meters. Construction of the nave was considered in the early years of the 16th century. Plans were developed and construction started but the project was abandoned by mid century. The extension and elevation of the nave, the stone vaults, air bows and balustrades were not completed, leaving

957-457: The wooden roof. It is summarized below. The history of the Hooglandse Kerk began when the bishop of Utrecht, Gwijde of Avesnes, granted permission on 20 December 1314 for the construction of a wooden chapel on the 'Hooge Land' (High Land) as an annex of the parish church of Leiderdorp. The chapel was dedicated to Saint Pancratius (b. ca. 300) and consecrated in September 1315. On October 29, 1366,

990-790: Was a diocese of the Latin Church (or Western) of the Catholic Church from 695 to 1580, and from 1559 archdiocese in the Low Countries before and during the Protestant Reformation . According to the Catholic Encyclopedia , the founding of the diocese dates back to Francia , when St. Ecgberht of Ripon sent St. Willibrord and eleven companions on a mission to pagan Frisia , at the request of Pepin of Herstal . The Diocese of Utrecht ( Latin : Dioecesis Ultraiectensis )

1023-446: Was completed shortly after 1392 and the construction project was completed in the last years of the 14th century. Parts of the tower of the 14th-century church are still in evidence in the current church. On the advocacy of Charles the Bold , Pope Paul II granted the chapter of Saint Pancras' exemption on February 24, 1470. As a result, the chapter no longer fell under the jurisdiction of

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1056-612: Was erected by Pope Sergius I in 695. In 695 Sergius consecrated Willibrord in Rome as Bishop of the Frisians . George Edmundson wrote in the 1911 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica that the bishops of the Diocese, as the result of grants of immunities by a succession of German kings, and notably by the Saxon and Franconian emperors, gradually became the temporal rulers of a dominion as great as

1089-472: Was forbidden, and the cathedral was converted into a Protestant church in 1580. The cathedral chapter survived and "still managed its lands and formed part of the provincial government" in the Lordship of Utrecht. "The newly appointed canons , however, were always Protestants." The two succeeding archbishops appointed by Spain neither received canonical confirmation nor could they enter their diocese because of

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