Inauguration supporters :
159-460: Inauguration opposition : The Legality Campaign ( Portuguese : Campanha da Legalidade ; also known as Legalidade ) was a civil and military mobilization in 1961 to ensure the inauguration of João Goulart as President of Brazil , overturning the veto of the Armed Forces ' ministers to the legal succession of president Jânio Quadros , who had resigned, to then vice president Goulart. It
318-600: A big impact in the media: he accused Jânio of, through the Minister of Justice, having requested his support for a "cabinet coup" to strengthen the Executive branch, possibly involving the military ministers. Lacerda also claimed Horta had requested copies of his articles written after Vargas' suicide, in which he argued for an exceptional regime . The next day Pedroso Horta denied the accusations, also arguing that "if I were conspiring, I would never call to participate in this conspiracy
477-407: A conciliatory solution, did not condemn the military veto, and Carlos Lacerda's Tribuna da Imprensa defended the junta's decision. In Rio de Janeiro, marshal Henrique Teixeira Lott, who was not active but had prestige, positioned himself on the night of 25 August in favor of the inauguration. He published a manifesto calling on "all living forces in the country, the forces of production and thought,
636-441: A coup and having invited him to participate. José Aparecido de Oliveira [ pt ] , Jânio's secretary, wanted to travel to Rio de Janeiro and accuse Lacerda himself of a coup, so that the next day he would be fired, but neutralizing the governor of Guanabara. As reporters heard the authorization to travel to Rio, the plan became unfeasible. On the night of the 24th, the anniversary of Getúlio Vargas' suicide, Lacerda made
795-497: A coup attempt by the president himself. Against the first hypothesis, there is the argument based on the prestige of the Quadros' administration among foreign creditors for following the IMF recommendations. Against the second, the argument is that the image of a buffoon associated with Jânio was a political strategy used by himself and his opposition. The consensus among historians is that it was
954-600: A coup of low political cost for the military. However, not even the UDN accepted it, and on 29 August Congress rejected the impeachment request. The political events of the 1960s that would culminate in the 1964 coup occurred in the context of the polarization between capitalism and socialism, with the Cold War and the Cuban Revolution of 1959. For the military who attempted the veto, Goulart would not only cause chaos and disorder but
1113-512: A form of Romance called Mozarabic which introduced a few hundred words from Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Berber. Like other Neo-Latin and European languages, Portuguese has adopted a significant number of loanwords from Greek , mainly in technical and scientific terminology. These borrowings occurred via Latin, and later during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Portuguese evolved from
1272-607: A large part of the diaspora is a part of the already-counted population of the Portuguese-speaking countries and territories, such as the high number of Brazilian and PALOP emigrant citizens in Portugal or the high number of Portuguese emigrant citizens in the PALOP and Brazil. The Portuguese language therefore serves more than 250 million people daily, who have direct or indirect legal, juridical and social contact with it, varying from
1431-670: A man who is known as the country's greatest blabbermouth". On the morning of Friday, 25 August, the president communicated his intention to resign to a few aides, adding that it would be irrevocable, and then to the ministers. Those of War, Navy, and the Air Force asked, without success, that he give up the decision. Odílio Denys, of the Ministry of War, noted the president's prestige within the Brazilian Army , but heard that there would be no turning back. Jânio asked them: "maintain order throughout
1590-423: A manifesto was defined. Dating back to the beginning of the crisis, it still paid attention to Jânio's resignation, while addressing the "military solution" to the succession in a generic way, but making clear its "unalterable position on the side of constitutional legality"; "We will not collude with coups or violence against the constitutional order and against public liberties". It clarified that "the environment in
1749-400: A modernisation refit from July 1991 to October 1993. This included the overhaul of the boilers and engines, integration of a SICONTA command system, two new navigation radars and Scanter-MIL landing radar were installed, and preparation for the installation of Simbad launchers for Mistral surface-to-air missiles . The launchers themselves were installed in 1994, with the ten Bofors removed at
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#17328483750851908-624: A native language by vast majorities due to their Portuguese colonial past or as a lingua franca in bordering and multilingual regions, such as on the Brazilian borders of Uruguay and Paraguay and in regions of Angola and Namibia. In many other countries, Portuguese is spoken by majorities as a second language. There remain communities of thousands of Portuguese (or Creole ) first language speakers in Goa , Sri Lanka , Kuala Lumpur , Daman and Diu , and other areas due to Portuguese colonization . In East Timor,
2067-557: A naval rebellion during his inauguration at the start of 1956, and despite believing in the "military uselessness" of the second-hand warship, the sale of Vengeance to Brazil for US$ 9 million went through on 14 December 1956. From mid-1957 until December 1960, the carrier underwent a massive refit and reconstruction in the Netherlands. The work was carried out by Verolme Dock in Rotterdam, and cost US$ 27 million. The most visible change
2226-481: A painful adjustment program to lay the foundations for future development. Measures such as exchange rate devaluation, spending cuts, credit restriction and withdrawal of import subsidies, the latter leading to a 100% increase in the price of bread and fuel, were bound to be unpopular, but seemed possible with the euphoria of the election. The program pleased the International Monetary Fund (IMF), allowing
2385-510: A plan to expand the Brazilian fleet air arm by acquiring second-hand A-4 Skyhawks from Kuwait or Israel was submitted. For this to happen, the 1965 ruling that prevented the MB from operating fixed-wing aircraft had to be overturned; a decision the FAB opposed. To make the purchase worthwhile, Minas Gerais would have to operate the aircraft until the replacement carrier entered service, which in turn required
2544-465: A political maneuver or coup to return to the presidency with increased powers, overcoming resistance from Congress. According to Afonso Arinos in a book written together with Jânio himself, first, the resignation would take place; second, a succession vacuum would open – since João Goulart, far away in China, would not be allowed by the military forces to take office, and, therefore, the country would remain at
2703-527: A ship similar to the Royal Navy's HMS Ocean . Replacement of Minas Gerais was under serious consideration by 1999; despite numerous refits and life-extending upgrades, the MB predicted that the carrier would require replacement before 2010. As well as the two proposals, consideration was given to acquiring a second-hand carrier, such as the French Navy's Foch . One of the main issues in considering
2862-567: A solid political base. He snubbed Congress, which he called a "club of idlers", and provoked politicians, especially from the PSD and PTB, with investigations into scandals involving public money. In response, a congressional commission began investigating the presidential inquiries. The vice president himself appeared in a leaked report of one of the investigations. He retaliated by accusing the government of publishing it for political purposes, and distanced himself from Quadros. The new economic policy sought
3021-437: A standstill; third, either a formula would be adopted, as a result of which he himself would emerge as the first president, but already within the new institutional regime, or else, without him, the armed forces would take charge of setting up this new regime, and it would then be up to another citizen – chosen by whatever means – to preside over the country under the new viable and operative scheme: as, in everything, what mattered
3180-649: A strike for Jânio's return, which was soon interrupted. However, Janism 's capacity for popular mobilization went out of the window, following the reasoning of Castilho Cabral, president of the Jânio Quadros Popular Movement: "we are neither rioters nor the auxiliary line of the communists". The resignation surprised the country. Jânio alluded to pressure from "terrible forces", but did not fully clarify his decision. Statements and memories are self-interested and contradictory. There are several interpretations: international pressure, psychological imbalance, and
3339-514: A supporter to a staunch opponent of the government. Congress remained under the control of the PSD and PTB. Attempts to reconcile conflicting interests failed and the president was left politically isolated. In July, Jânio invited his vice president Goulart to lead a Brazilian mission to the People's Republic of China. The offer, transmitted by Foreign Minister Afonso Arinos, had initially been sent to José Ermírio de Moraes, who declined. Goulart accepted
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#17328483750853498-407: A telegram to Jânio asking him to reconsider the resignation. Governor Brizola, at first, interpreted the resignation as a coup against Jânio and thought about inviting him to resist in his state. However, on the morning of 26 August he was informed through the labor deputy from Rio Grande do Sul, Rui Ramos, that the Minister of War would not allow Goulart to enter the country and take office. That day
3657-570: A trade mission, Goulart was selected. Jânio had favored officers of the "internationalist" wing and linked to the anti-communist Democratic Crusade faction within the Armed Forces, including the military ministers – marshal Odílio Denys, admiral Silvio Heck, and brigadier Gabriel Grün Moss – and the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces, the historical coup plotter Cordeiro de Farias. On one hand, Jânio excited many military men with his personalism, support from
3816-437: A wizard') (Angola). From South America came batata (' potato '), from Taino ; ananás and abacaxi , from Tupi–Guarani naná and Tupi ibá cati , respectively (two species of pineapple ), and pipoca (' popcorn ') from Tupi and tucano (' toucan ') from Guarani tucan . Finally, it has received a steady influx of loanwords from other European languages, especially French and English . These are by far
3975-623: Is also termed "the language of Camões", after Luís Vaz de Camões , one of the greatest literary figures in the Portuguese language and author of the Portuguese epic poem The Lusiads . In March 2006, the Museum of the Portuguese Language , an interactive museum about the Portuguese language, was founded in São Paulo , Brazil, the city with the greatest number of Portuguese language speakers in
4134-694: Is also the origin of the luso- prefix, seen in terms like " Lusophone ". Between AD 409 and AD 711, as the Roman Empire collapsed in Western Europe , the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Germanic peoples of the Migration Period . The occupiers, mainly Suebi , Visigoths and Buri who originally spoke Germanic languages , quickly adopted late Roman culture and the Vulgar Latin dialects of
4293-710: Is based on the Portuguese spoken in the area including and surrounding the cities of Coimbra and Lisbon , in central Portugal. Standard European Portuguese is also the preferred standard by the Portuguese-speaking African countries. As such, and despite the fact that its speakers are dispersed around the world, Portuguese has only two dialects used for learning: the European and the Brazilian. Some aspects and sounds found in many dialects of Brazil are exclusive to South America, and cannot be found in Europe. The same occur with
4452-412: Is considerably intelligible for lusophones, owing to their genealogical proximity and shared genealogical history as West Iberian ( Ibero-Romance languages ), historical contact between speakers and mutual influence, shared areal features as well as modern lexical, structural, and grammatical similarity (89%) between them. Portuñol /Portunhol, a form of code-switching , has a more lively use and
4611-504: Is either mandatory, or taught, in the schools of those South American countries. Although early in the 21st century, after Macau was returned to China and immigration of Brazilians of Japanese descent to Japan slowed down, the use of Portuguese was in decline in Asia , it is once again becoming a language of opportunity there, mostly because of increased diplomatic and financial ties with economically powerful Portuguese-speaking countries in
4770-612: Is more readily mentioned in popular culture in South America. Said code-switching is not to be confused with the Portuñol spoken on the borders of Brazil with Uruguay ( dialeto do pampa ) and Paraguay ( dialeto dos brasiguaios ), and of Portugal with Spain ( barranquenho ), that are Portuguese dialects spoken natively by thousands of people, which have been heavily influenced by Spanish. Brazilian aircraft carrier Minas Gerais NAeL Minas Gerais (pennant number A 11 )
4929-442: Is still not understood, but it was probably a political maneuver to return to the presidency with increased powers, overcoming the political impasse he had with Congress . Quadros expected that, with the rejection to his vice president – elected from a different ticket, due to a peculiarity of the political system at the time – the anti-communist military, which had already rejected Goulart, together with popular pressure, would reverse
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5088-681: Is understood by all. Almost 50% of the East Timorese are fluent in Portuguese. No data is available for Cape Verde, but almost all the population is bilingual, and the monolingual population speaks the Portuguese-based Cape Verdean Creole . Portuguese is mentioned in the Constitution of South Africa as one of the languages spoken by communities within the country for which the Pan South African Language Board
5247-613: Is usually listed as the fifth-most spoken native language , the third-most spoken European language in the world in terms of native speakers and the second-most spoken Romance language in the world, surpassed only by Spanish . Being the most widely spoken language in South America and the most-spoken language in the Southern Hemisphere , it is also the second-most spoken language, after Spanish, in Latin America , one of
5406-432: The 1964 coup d'état , along with 1954 (the end of Getúlio Vargas ' government) and 1955 (the succession of Juscelino Kubitschek , guaranteed by the 11 November movement ). The 1961 crisis precedes the 1964 coup and is even called its "dress rehearsal". The last year of Juscelino Kubitschek's government was marked by economic issues, especially rising inflation and unbalanced public spending. These problems were related to
5565-673: The Economic Community of West African States , the Southern African Development Community and the European Union . According to The World Factbook ' s country population estimates for 2018, the population of each of the ten jurisdictions is as follows (by descending order): The combined population of the entire Lusophone area was estimated at 300 million in January 2022. This number does not include
5724-520: The Kuwait Air Force for US$ 70 million. This was the first time since the carrier's commissioning that Força Aeronaval da Marinha (Brazilian Navy Aviation) had been permitted to own and operate fixed-wing aircraft. The 23 aircraft were formed as the First Intercept and Attack Squadron, had all entered service by early 2000, and began carrier operations in late October 2000. In order to operate
5883-642: The Marinha do Brasil as NAeL Minas Gerais (named for Kubitschek's home state) on 6 December 1960. She departed Rotterdam for Rio de Janeiro on 13 January 1961. The duration of the refit meant that while the carrier was the first purchased by a Latin American nation, she was the second to enter service, after another Colossus -class carrier entered service with the Argentine Navy as ARA Independencia in July 1959. During
6042-520: The Marinha do Brasil in April 2001. She was downclassed as a helicopter support ship in 2001 before her decommissioning. Minas Gerais was decommissioned on 16 October 2001: the second to last of the World War II-era light aircraft carriers to leave service, with the other being the 1959-commissioned INS Viraat (former HMS Hermes ) which was ordered during the war but not completed and
6201-789: The Red Cross (alongside English, German, Spanish, French, Arabic and Russian), Amnesty International (alongside 32 other languages of which English is the most used, followed by Spanish, French, German, and Italian), and Médecins sans Frontières (used alongside English, Spanish, French and Arabic), in addition to being the official legal language in the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights , also in Community of Portuguese Language Countries , an international organization formed essentially by lusophone countries . Modern Standard European Portuguese ( português padrão or português continental )
6360-555: The Republic of the Congo , Senegal , Namibia , Eswatini , South Africa , Ivory Coast , and Mauritius . In 2017, a project was launched to introduce Portuguese as a school subject in Zimbabwe . Also, according to Portugal's Minister of Foreign Affairs, the language will be part of the school curriculum of a total of 32 countries by 2020. In such countries, Portuguese is spoken either as
6519-715: The Social Progressive Party (PSP), the candidate was the populist Ademar de Barros , from São Paulo . Jânio Quadros, then governor of São Paulo , ran for the National Labor Party (PTN), with the initial support of three small parties: the Liberator Party (PL), the Christian Democratic Party (PDC), and the Republican Party (PR). Carlos Lacerda perceived the attractiveness, especially to
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6678-575: The West Iberian branch of the Romance languages , and it has special ties with the following members of this group: Portuguese and other Romance languages (namely French and Italian ) share considerable similarities in both vocabulary and grammar. Portuguese speakers will usually need some formal study before attaining strong comprehension in those Romance languages, and vice versa. However, Portuguese and Galician are fully mutually intelligible, and Spanish
6837-502: The airport in Brasilia and the roads to the airports were occupied by the Armed Forces, all to prevent the vice president from entering the country. Congress discussed the clear legal succession for Goulart, the possibilities of him not taking over, and the military veto of his inauguration, which was officially conveyed on 28 August through Ranieri Mazzilli: Your Excellency the President of
6996-756: The pre-Roman inhabitants of Portugal , which included the Gallaeci , Lusitanians , Celtici and Cynetes . Most of these words derived from the Hispano-Celtic Gallaecian language of northwestern Iberia, and are very often shared with Galician since both languages have the same origin in the medieval language of Galician-Portuguese. A few of these words existed in Latin as loanwords from other Celtic sources, often Gaulish . Altogether these are over 3,000 words, verbs, toponymic names of towns, rivers, surnames, tools, lexicon linked to rural life and natural world. In
7155-509: The "Jan–Jan" slate: Jânio Quadros for president and João Goulart, of the PTB, for vice-president; the two positions were elected separately. The result was the election of Jânio Quadros, with 5,636,623 votes (against 3,846,825 for Lott), and of Goulart, with 4,547,010 votes. Sworn into office in 1961, Jânio Quadros had no majority in Congress and sought no parliamentary support, running the country without
7314-440: The "internationalist" wing deemed Goulart unprepared and associated with Vargas, Brizola, the left and revolutionary ideas. The opposition of the military would be added to the popular mobilization, even in a new Queremismo [ pt ] , and of the governors. Congress would only evaluate the resignation after the weekend, and Jânio would end up returning, with a weakened Congress and parties. According to Moniz Bandeira ,
7473-731: The "proven intervention of international communism in the life of democratic nations, and above all in the weakest ones. It postulated that "In the Presidency of the Republic, in a regime that attributes ample authority and personal power to the head of the government, Mr. João Goulart will constitute, without any doubt, the most evident incentive to all those who wish to see the country plunged into chaos, anarchy, and civil strife. The Armed Forces themselves, domesticated and infiltrated, would be transformed, as has happened in other countries, into simple communist militias". Written by Golbery do Couto e Silva ,
7632-507: The -s- form. Most of the lexicon of Portuguese is derived, directly or through other Romance languages, from Latin. Nevertheless, because of its original Lusitanian and Celtic Gallaecian heritage, and the later participation of Portugal in the Age of Discovery , it has a relevant number of words from the ancient Hispano-Celtic group and adopted loanwords from other languages around the world. A number of Portuguese words can still be traced to
7791-630: The 10 most influential languages in the world. When the Romans arrived in the Iberian Peninsula in 216 BC, they brought with them the Latin language , from which all Romance languages are descended. The language was spread by Roman soldiers, settlers, and merchants, who built Roman cities mostly near the settlements of previous Celtic civilizations established long before the Roman arrivals. For that reason,
7950-584: The 10 most spoken languages in Africa , and an official language of the European Union , Mercosul , the Organization of American States , the Economic Community of West African States , the African Union , and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries , an international organization made up of all of the world's officially Lusophone nations. In 1997, a comprehensive academic study ranked Portuguese as one of
8109-460: The 15th century, the Portuguese maritime explorations led to the introduction of many loanwords from Asian languages. For instance, catana (' cutlass ') from Japanese katana , chá ('tea') from Chinese chá , and canja ('chicken-soup, piece of cake') from Malay . From the 16th to the 19th centuries, because of the role of Portugal as intermediary in the Atlantic slave trade , and
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#17328483750858268-1397: The 25th Lott had declared to journalists that the right thing to do was to comply with the Constitution. Lott's house was surrounded by the Military Police, and he was arrested on Sunday morning, 27 August, and taken to Fort Laje. A radio message picked up by the 3rd Army justified the measure in the following terms: " Congress communist elements are disturbing the finding [of a] legal solution [to the] crisis arising [from the] resignation [of the] president . Marshal Lott involved by such agitators [has] launched [a] subversive manifesto forcing [the] Minister [of] War to order his arrest ." Other military personnel arrested included Lott's former aide-de-camp captain William Stockler Pinto, majors Frederico Augusto Ferreira e Sousa and Correia Lima, colonel Jefferson Cardim Osório , lieutenant colonel Pamplona, lieutenant colonel Antônio Joaquim Figueiredo, admiral Silva Junior and brigadier Francisco Teixeira. Brazilian Navy ships were used for imprisonment. In an opinion poll conducted by Ibope in Guanabara and published on 2 September, 91% of respondents were in favor of Goulart's inauguration, and 9% against it. But
8427-561: The 5th century, the Iberian Peninsula (the Roman Hispania ) was conquered by the Germanic , Suebi and Visigoths . As they adopted the Roman civilization and language, however, these people contributed with some 500 Germanic words to the lexicon. Many of these words are related to: The Germanic languages influence also exists in toponymic surnames and patronymic surnames borne by Visigoth sovereigns and their descendants, and it dwells on placenames such as Ermesinde , Esposende and Resende where sinde and sende are derived from
8586-440: The 9th and early 13th centuries, Portuguese acquired some 400 to 600 words from Arabic by influence of Moorish Iberia . They are often recognizable by the initial Arabic article a(l)- , and include common words such as aldeia ('village') from الضيعة aḍ-ḍayʿa , alface ('lettuce') from الخسة al-khassa , armazém ('warehouse') from المخزن al-makhzan , and azeite ('olive oil') from الزيت az-zayt . Starting in
8745-432: The 9th century until the 12th-century independence of the County of Portugal from the Kingdom of León , which had by then assumed reign over Galicia . In the first part of the Galician-Portuguese period (from the 12th to the 14th century), the language was increasingly used for documents and other written forms. For some time, it was the language of preference for lyric poetry in Christian Hispania , much as Occitan
8904-453: The Air Force. Constituting in practice a junta, the three ministers broke the legal order and vetoed the vice president's inauguration, demanding that new elections be held. This veto is characterized as an attempted coup d'état by several historians. Carlos Lacerda , governor of Guanabara , agreed with the veto, but the ministers did not have enough support in society and the Armed Forces, encountering opposition in demonstrations, strikes and
9063-533: The Americas are independent languages. Portuguese, like Catalan , preserves the stressed vowels of Vulgar Latin which became diphthongs in most other Romance languages; cf. Port., Cat., Sard. pedra ; Fr. pierre , Sp. piedra , It. pietra , Ro. piatră , from Lat. petra ("stone"); or Port. fogo , Cat. foc , Sard. fogu ; Sp. fuego , It. fuoco , Fr. feu , Ro. foc , from Lat. focus ("fire"). Another characteristic of early Portuguese
9222-603: The Armed Forces loyal to the military ministers and conservative civilians – and legalists in favor of the inauguration, who found their greatest strength in the south of the country, with the governor of Rio Grande do Sul, Leonel Brizola, and, after a few days, the commander of the 3rd Army, general Machado Lopes. The four armies present in the country were respectively commanded by generals Nestor Souto de Oliveira ( 1st Army , Rio de Janeiro), Osvaldo de Araújo Mota ( 2nd Army , São Paulo), José Machado Lopes (3rd Army, Porto Alegre) and Artur da Costa e Silva ( 4th Army , Recife ). With
9381-414: The Brazilian Constitution of 1946, in force at the time: Article. 79 – The Vice President of the Republic will replace the President, in the event of impediment, and succeed him, in the event of a vacancy. § 1 – In case of impediment or vacancy of the President and Vice President of the Republic, the President of the House of Representatives, the Vice President of the Federal Senate, and the President of
9540-409: The Brazilian people. When asked by a delegation of labor congressmen what would happen if Goulart landed on Brazilian soil to take power, Odílio Denys replied: "he will be arrested". Just as in 1955, when, under pressure from the Minister of War, Congress voted to remove president Carlos Luz from office, the junta's objective was that Congress, intimidated, would declare Goulart's impeachment, effecting
9699-466: The Civilian Cabinet, Ernesto Geisel to the Military Cabinet , and José Martins Rodrigues to the Ministry of Justice. However, the de facto power was in the hands of a junta consisting of marshal Denys, admiral Heck and brigadier Moss, whose goal was that new elections would be held within 60 days, with Mazzilli occupying the presidency on an interim basis. They imposed an unofficial state of emergency. Planes that landed were frisked, tanks were waiting at
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#17328483750859858-480: The Germanic sinths ('military expedition') and in the case of Resende, the prefix re comes from Germanic reths ('council'). Other examples of Portuguese names, surnames and town names of Germanic toponymic origin include Henrique, Henriques , Vermoim, Mandim, Calquim, Baguim, Gemunde, Guetim, Sermonde and many more, are quite common mainly in the old Suebi and later Visigothic dominated regions, covering today's Northern half of Portugal and Galicia . Between
10017-407: The Lusophone diaspora , estimated at 10 million people (including 4.5 million Portuguese, 3 million Brazilians, although it is hard to obtain official accurate numbers of diasporic Portuguese speakers because a significant portion of these citizens are naturalized citizens born outside of Lusophone territory or are children of immigrants, and may have only a basic command of the language. Additionally,
10176-441: The Minas Gerais at different times. The carrier was marked for sale in 2002, and was sought after by British naval associations for return to the United Kingdom and preservation as a museum ship , although they were unable to raise the required money. Just before Christmas 2003, the carrier was listed for sale on auction website eBay by a user claiming to be a shipbroker representing the owner. Bidding reached £4 million before
10335-463: The National Congress I have the honor to inform you that, in the presentation of the current political situation created by the resignation of president Jânio Quadros, the Military Ministers, as Chiefs of the Armed Forces, responsible for internal order, have expressed to me the absolute inconvenience, for reasons of national security, of the return to the country of vice president João Belchior Marques Goulart. Mazzilli transmitted another communiqué to
10494-489: The PSD and UDN and business associations such as the Council of Production Classes (CONCLAP). In the press, the inauguration was defended in Correio da Manhã , Jornal do Brasil and most newspapers; Diário de Notícias , for example, considered that Goulart put the democratic regime at risk, but it would be worse to disregard the Constitution in order to prevent his inauguration, and the regime would be able to control any risk in his presidency. O Globo , while suggesting
10653-533: The Portuguese acronym CPLP) consists of the nine independent countries that have Portuguese as an official language : Angola , Brazil , Cape Verde , East Timor , Equatorial Guinea , Guinea-Bissau , Mozambique , Portugal and São Tomé and Príncipe . Equatorial Guinea made a formal application for full membership to the CPLP in June 2010, a status given only to states with Portuguese as an official language. Portuguese became its third official language (besides Spanish and French ) in 2011, and in July 2014,
10812-483: The Santomean, Mozambican, Bissau-Guinean, Angolan and Cape Verdean dialects, being exclusive to Africa. See Portuguese in Africa . Audio samples of some dialects and accents of Portuguese are available below. There are some differences between the areas but these are the best approximations possible. IPA transcriptions refer to the names in local pronunciation. Audio samples of some dialects and accents of Portuguese are available below. There are some differences between
10971-409: The State is one of order". It also mentioned maintaining contact with military personnel. The first was general Machado Lopes. Brizola tried to convince him in favor of Goulart's inauguration, but the 3rd Army commander limited himself to answering: "governor, I can't compromise myself like that. I am a soldier and I stay with the army". After the call, the governor told his aides that "nobody will make
11130-423: The Supreme Federal Court shall be called successively to the exercise of the Presidency. Since vice president Goulart was absent (in the early morning of 26 August he was still in Singapore , beginning his return to the country), the president of the Chamber of Deputies, Ranieri Mazzilli, immediately occupied the Planalto Palace . Mazzilli held his first meeting on 28 August, and appointed Floriano Augusto Ramos to
11289-405: The UDN and promises of moralization of politics and fight against corruption; on the other hand, Goulart faced opposition in the higher ranks since, as Vargas' Minister of Labor , he was overthrown by the Colonels' Manifesto. Goulart had proposed a 100% increase in the minimum wage, which would reach the pay of a second lieutenant, which, for the military, would subvert recruitment. The military of
11448-485: The ability to operate fixed-wing aircraft was restored to Minas Gerais after the catapult from the decommissioned Veinticinco de Mayo was acquired and installed. In 1997, Minas Gerais was loaned an A-4Q airframe by the Argentine Aviación Naval (Naval Aviation) for deck-handling and interface trials. This was in lead-up to the 1999 acquisition of 20 A-4KU Skyhawks and three TA-4KU trainer aircraft from
11607-588: The areas but these are the best approximations possible. IPA transcriptions refer to the names in local pronunciation. Você , a pronoun meaning "you", is used for educated, formal, and colloquial respectful speech in most Portuguese-speaking regions. In a few Brazilian states such as Rio Grande do Sul , Pará, among others, você is virtually absent from the spoken language. Riograndense and European Portuguese normally distinguishes formal from informal speech by verbal conjugation. Informal speech employs tu followed by second person verbs, formal language retains
11766-413: The brink of confrontation with the state government, but on 28 August, general Machado Lopes broke with his superiors and turned the powerful land force in the south of the country over to the legalist side. Southern legalists and forces loyal to the military ministers prepared military operations against each other. On one side, troops moved to the southern coast and the northern border of Paraná , and on
11925-493: The carrier as a museum ship , and after several failed attempts to auction the ship off (including a listing on eBay ), Minas Gerais was sold for scrap in 2004 and taken to Alang , India for breaking up . The carrier was constructed by Swan Hunter for the Royal Navy (RN) as HMS Vengeance . She was laid down on 16 November 1942, and launched on 23 February 1944. Construction was completed on 15 January 1945, and Vengeance
12084-519: The carrier was unable to operate fixed-wing aircraft because of a defective catapult , and was retasked as a helicopter carrier and amphibious assault ship . Minas Gerais remained in service until 2001, when she was replaced by NAe São Paulo . At the time of her decommissioning, she was the oldest operational aircraft carrier in the world, and the last operational unit of the World War II Light Fleet design . Despite attempts to preserve
12243-598: The censorship – telephonic, telegraphic and radiotelegraphic – which had begun by censoring a statement by minister Horta, and the distribution of his Military Police personnel throughout Rio de Janeiro accompanied that of the Army. In opposition of his party, the UDN, where there were also opponents of the military ministers, his Tribuna da Imprensa defined his position this way: Today more than ever Brazilians are faced with two paths: democracy and communism. The Armed Forces with their tradition of democracy and freedom, and faithful to
12402-704: The country for Europe. Still late in the afternoon of 25 August, in Rio de Janeiro, a small crowd gathered at the bust of Getúlio Vargas in Cinelândia . Calling for the return of Jânio Quadros, they broke the glass windows of the American Embassy and were dispersed by Carlos Lacerda's Military Police . At night, the Tribuna da Imprensa , O Globo and Diário de Notícias were depredated, with shouts against Lacerda and in favor of Jânio Quadros. The Leopoldina Railroad workers started
12561-583: The country was accepted as a member of the CPLP. Portuguese is also one of the official languages of the Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China of Macau (alongside Chinese ) and of several international organizations, including Mercosul , the Organization of Ibero-American States , the Union of South American Nations , the Organization of American States , the African Union ,
12720-425: The country", or, "with this Congress I cannot govern. Organize a junta and run the country". At eleven o'clock Quadros traveled to São Paulo, where some governors also asked him to remain in power, but he stated that the resignation was irrevocable. The resignation letter was read at 15:00 to the astonished congressmen. Deemed a unilateral act, it was accepted within two hours. On 28 August, the now former president left
12879-457: The coup by telephone!" Brizola contacted several military personnel around the country. In Rio de Janeiro he spoke with Osvino Ferreira Alves, who could do nothing: Osvino had no troops and was targeted for his nationalist positions. Amaury Kruel , also with no command of troops, accepted the call to Porto Alegre, where he could take Machado Lopes' place if the 3rd Army remained opposed to the governor. Several important officers refused to break with
13038-714: The days after the resignation. The Military Police, the Surveillance Police Station and the Department of Political and Social Police (DPPS) dispersed the demonstrators with batons, tear gas bombs and, later, machine guns, even shooting several people. On 29 August, the police, unable to control the square, began to make arbitrary arrests. Unions were invaded and their leaders arrested. Issues of Jornal do Brasil , Correio da Manhã , Diário da Noite and Gazeta da Noite were seized, and Última Hora and Diário Carioca even had their facilities occupied. Tribuna da Imprensa
13197-965: The decision taken in Rio Grande do Sul. The legalist cause was embraced by the Order of Attorneys of Brazil , the National Student Union , the Nationalist Parliamentary Front, the Episcopal Conference of Brazil , the Democratic Resistance Front, formed by students and union leaders, and intellectuals such as Alceu Amoroso Lima , Aurélio Buarque de Holanda , Darcy Ribeiro , Jorge Amado , and Diná Silveira de Queirós . Commercial and professional associations also defended Goulart's inauguration. The coalition included leftist, nationalist and conservative groups, including part of
13356-423: The document opened the possibility of a parliamentarian solution ("in a regime that attributes ample authority and personal power to the head of the government"). With the rapid abandonment of attempts to get Jânio's government back, the issue became Goulart's inauguration. While a commission of parliamentarians studied a constitutional solution, the country was divided between opponents of the inauguration – part of
13515-467: The end of the 20th century, being most frequent among youngsters, and a number of studies have also shown an increase in its use in a number of other Brazilian dialects. Differences between dialects are mostly of accent and vocabulary , but between the Brazilian dialects and other dialects, especially in their most colloquial forms, there can also be some grammatical differences. The Portuguese-based creoles spoken in various parts of Africa, Asia, and
13674-688: The establishment of large Portuguese colonies in Angola, Mozambique, and Brazil, Portuguese acquired several words of African and Amerind origin, especially names for most of the animals and plants found in those territories. While those terms are mostly used in the former colonies, many became current in European Portuguese as well. From Kimbundu , for example, came kifumate > cafuné ('head caress') (Brazil), kusula > caçula ('youngest child') (Brazil), marimbondo ('tropical wasp') (Brazil), and kubungula > bungular ('to dance like
13833-506: The exception of the 3rd, the commanders of the other three armies and of the Amazon and Planalto military commands were loyal to the Minister of War. The War Minister's chief of staff was Orlando Geisel [ pt ] . The state governments accepted the power of the military ministers, with the exception of Piauí , which ignored it, and Rio Grande do Sul and Goiás, which mounted opposition. Carlos Lacerda, from Guanabara, stood out among
13992-621: The first Portuguese university in Lisbon (the Estudos Gerais , which later moved to Coimbra ) and decreed for Portuguese, then simply called the "common language", to be known as the Portuguese language and used officially. In the second period of Old Portuguese, in the 15th and 16th centuries, with the Portuguese discoveries , the language was taken to many regions of Africa, Asia, and the Americas . By
14151-501: The form of Latin during that time), which greatly enriched the lexicon. Most literate Portuguese speakers were also literate in Latin; and thus they easily adopted Latin words into their writing, and eventually speech, in Portuguese. Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes once called Portuguese "the sweet and gracious language", while the Brazilian poet Olavo Bilac described it as a última flor do Lácio, inculta e bela ("the last flower of Latium , naïve and beautiful"). Portuguese
14310-462: The formal você , followed by the third person conjugation. Conjugation of verbs in tu has three different forms in Brazil (verb "to see": tu viste? , in the traditional second person, tu viu? , in the third person, and tu visse? , in the innovative second person), the conjugation used in the Brazilian states of Pará, Santa Catarina and Maranhão being generally traditional second person,
14469-519: The formation of creole languages such as that called Kristang in many parts of Asia (from the word cristão , "Christian"). The language continued to be popular in parts of Asia until the 19th century. Some Portuguese-speaking Christian communities in India , Sri Lanka , Malaysia , and Indonesia preserved their language even after they were isolated from Portugal. The end of the Old Portuguese period
14628-549: The governors as the one who most opposed the legalists. The mayors of Recife, Miguel Arraes , and of São Paulo, Prestes Maia , defended constitutional inauguration. Abreu Sodré, a member of the UDN and president of the Legislative Assembly of São Paulo , organized the Democratic Legality Front with several sectors of São Paulo society. The now senator Juscelino Kubitschek warned Denys: "do not insist in opposing
14787-656: The increase in government spending for the implementation of the Target Plan and the construction of Brasília. In 1959, inflation reached 39.5% per year. In the same year, the candidacies for the upcoming 1960 elections emerged. For the Social Democratic Party (PSD), and supported by the Brazilian Labor Party (PTB), the candidate was general Henrique Lott , who was responsible for the so-called "preventative coup" that ensured Juscelino's inauguration in 1955. For
14946-508: The independence of Angola and Mozambique , while criticizing South African apartheid . If internally the economic policy displeased the left, the independent foreign policy bothered conservative and center sectors. UDN was also irritated, because the government acted without consulting its parliamentary leadership, and to the PEI's aggravation was added Jânio's sympathy to agrarian reform . Carlos Lacerda, now governor of Guanabara, went from being
15105-528: The installation of a modified steam catapult and arresting gear. As the ship had just emerged from a modernisation refit, this was an expensive proposition, and the Skyhawk acquisition plan was cancelled in October 1984. The Skyhawk plan was successfully revisited in the late 1990s. The second proposal was for a 25,000-ton helicopter carrier built to commercial standards. Later interpretations of this proposal suggested
15264-653: The interior. Portuguese language Portuguese ( endonym : português or língua portuguesa ) is a Western Romance language of the Indo-European language family originating from the Iberian Peninsula of Europe . It is the official language of Angola , Brazil , Cape Verde , Guinea-Bissau , Mozambique , Portugal and São Tomé and Príncipe , and has co-official language status in East Timor , Equatorial Guinea and Macau . Portuguese-speaking people or nations are known as Lusophone ( lusófono ). As
15423-518: The invitation with suspicion, since he had broken with the president. The entourage left at the end of the month, making stops in Paris and Moscow . Their objectives were commercial, seeking to expand Brazilian markets abroad. In Chinese territory Goulart defended solidarity among Third World countries and praised the Chinese national development, expressing a Third Worldist view. Although previously calculated,
15582-406: The kind that is used in other Portuguese-speaking countries and learned in Brazilian schools. The predominance of Southeastern-based media products has established você as the pronoun of choice for the second person singular in both writing and multimedia communications. However, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, the country's main cultural center, the usage of tu has been expanding ever since
15741-544: The language has kept a relevant substratum of much older, Atlantic European Megalithic Culture and Celtic culture , part of the Hispano-Celtic group of ancient languages. In Latin, the Portuguese language is known as lusitana or (latina) lusitanica , after the Lusitanians , a pre-Celtic tribe that lived in the territory of present-day Portugal and Spain that adopted the Latin language as Roman settlers moved in. This
15900-539: The law and the will of the people", while UDN deputy Adauto Lúcio Cardoso called for the impeachment of Ranieri Mazzilli and the military ministers for high crime. In Minas Gerais the ranks for legality were swelled by the students of the Law School of Belo Horizonte and the Federation of Catholic Worker Youth . In Niterói and the rest of Rio de Janeiro several workers went on strike. These movements were influenced by
16059-482: The left or the right, or to rise above political and social factions. However, by stating that the resignation was irrevocable, closing the doors to his return, Jânio made his decision more difficult to understand. On the other hand, in São Paulo he would have said: "I won't do anything to come back, but I consider my return inevitable". The plan failed: there was not the pressure for his return and PSD and PTB did not miss
16218-484: The medieval language spoken in the northwestern medieval Kingdom of Galicia , which the County of Portugal once formed part of. This variety has been retrospectively named Galician-Portuguese , Old Portuguese, or Old Galician by linguists. It is in Latin administrative documents of the 9th century that written Galician-Portuguese words and phrases are first recorded. This phase is known as Proto-Portuguese, which lasted from
16377-599: The mid-16th century, Portuguese had become a lingua franca in Asia and Africa, used not only for colonial administration and trade but also for communication between local officials and Europeans of all nationalities. The Portuguese expanded across South America, across Africa to the Pacific Ocean, taking their language with them. Its spread was helped by mixed marriages between Portuguese and local people and by its association with Roman Catholic missionary efforts, which led to
16536-412: The mid-1990s, the carrier's air group consisted of six S-2E Trackers , four to six ASH-3D Sea Kings , two AS-355 Ecureuils , and three A-332 Super Pumas . In 1999, the MB acquired 20 A-4KU Skyhawks and 3 TA-4KU trainer aircraft from the Kuwait Air Force for $ US70 million. Minas Gerais began operating these aircraft in late 2000. In 1965, President Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco permitted
16695-500: The middle class, of Jânio's campaign promises, based on the fight against corruption, inflation control, reduction of the cost of living, expenditure restraint and public austerity. Under his influence, the National Democratic Union (UDN) supported Quadros in order to win the elections – dominated until then by the PSD and PTB. Jânio's anti-politics message, which expressed a deep disdain for traditional politicians, attracted
16854-413: The middle class, tormented by the effects of inflation, who saw in the candidate the incarnation of a energetic manager capable of efficiently commanding the Brazilian economy. His opponent Lott, although respected, did not generate enthusiasm and alienated the PSD, by proposing the vote for illiterates; and the PTB, by criticizing Cuba and communism. Realizing the candidate's weakness, PSD and PTB bet on
17013-635: The military ministers, such as Costa e Silva in Recife. However, Brizola managed to contact Lott before he was arrested, and received recommendations from allies in Rio Grande do Sul: generals Bevilacqua, from the 3rd DI, and Oromar Osório, from the 1st Cavalry Division (1st DC) in Uruguaiana , as well as colonels Roberto Osório and Assis Brasil. Besides Santa Maria and Uruguaiana, contacts were extended to commanders in Santana do Livramento , Cruz Alta and other cities in
17172-549: The minority Swiss Romansh language in many equivalent words such as maun ("hand"), bun ("good"), or chaun ("dog"). The Portuguese language is the only Romance language that preserves the clitic case mesoclisis : cf. dar-te-ei (I'll give thee), amar-te-ei (I'll love you), contactá-los-ei (I'll contact them). Like Galician , it also retains the Latin synthetic pluperfect tense: eu estivera (I had been), eu vivera (I had lived), vós vivêreis (you had lived). Romanian also has this tense, but uses
17331-1119: The most important languages when referring to loanwords. There are many examples such as: colchete / crochê ('bracket'/'crochet'), paletó ('jacket'), batom ('lipstick'), and filé / filete ('steak'/'slice'), rua ('street'), respectively, from French crochet , paletot , bâton , filet , rue ; and bife ('steak'), futebol , revólver , stock / estoque , folclore , from English "beef", "football", "revolver", "stock", "folklore." Examples from other European languages: macarrão ('pasta'), piloto ('pilot'), carroça ('carriage'), and barraca ('barrack'), from Italian maccherone , pilota , carrozza , and baracca ; melena ('hair lock'), fiambre ('wet-cured ham') (in Portugal, in contrast with presunto 'dry-cured ham' from Latin prae-exsuctus 'dehydrated') or ('canned ham') (in Brazil, in contrast with non-canned, wet-cured ( presunto cozido ) and dry-cured ( presunto cru )), or castelhano ('Castilian'), from Spanish melena ('mane'), fiambre and castellano. Portuguese belongs to
17490-536: The new fighters, Minas Gerais underwent a major refit at the Arsenal de Marinha do Rio de Janeiro. The main purpose of this refit was to upgrade the catapult to launch Skyhawks. The replacement of Minas Gerais was first suggested in the early 1980s, as part of planned 15-year naval expansion program. Two different carrier designs were proposed. The first was for a 40,000-ton ship equipped with up to forty aircraft, including naval fighters. To complement this proposal,
17649-400: The new regime would be a form of civilian Bonapartism , that is, a State with autonomy of action in relation to the social classes, including the dominant one. The coup intentions possibly existed since several months before the resignation. Jânio was labeled an authoritarian by the opposition and may have identified as his options the alignment of foreign and domestic policies, either to please
17808-462: The newspaper The Portugal News publishing data given from UNESCO, the highest potential for growth as an international language in southern Africa and South America . Portuguese is a globalized language spoken officially on five continents, and as a second language by millions worldwide. Since 1991, when Brazil signed into the economic community of Mercosul with other South American nations, namely Argentina , Uruguay and Paraguay , Portuguese
17967-545: The next morning. On the same day Jânio decorated Che Guevara with the Order of the Southern Cross , Brazil's highest decoration for foreign personalities. The negative reactions, including from Lacerda and the UDN, were many, and officers decorated with the order threatened to return it. On 22 August, in the TV Excelsior auditorium, in São Paulo , Lacerda declared that he would not resign and accused Jânio of articulating
18126-600: The north of the country), Paraguay (10.7% or 636,000 people), Switzerland (550,000 in 2019, learning + mother tongue), Venezuela (554,000), and the United States (0.35% of the population or 1,228,126 speakers according to the 2007 American Community Survey ). In some parts of former Portuguese India , namely Goa and Daman and Diu , the language is still spoken by about 10,000 people. In 2014, an estimated 1,500 students were learning Portuguese in Goa. Approximately 2% of
18285-417: The number of Portuguese speakers is quickly increasing as Portuguese and Brazilian teachers are making great strides in teaching Portuguese in the schools all over the island. Additionally, there are many large Portuguese-speaking immigrant communities all over the world. According to estimates by UNESCO , Portuguese is the fastest-growing European language after English and the language has, according to
18444-632: The only active aircraft carrier in the South American region. In December 1987, Minas Gerais herself was laid up after participating in Operation Dragon XXIII because of problems with her aircraft catapult. Although unable to operate as an aircraft carrier, the ship saw use over the following years in training exercises as an amphibious assault ship ; using an air group of Eurocopter AS532 Cougar and Eurocopter AS350 Squirrel helicopters to transport Marines ashore. Minas Gerais underwent
18603-481: The only language used in any contact, to only education, contact with local or international administration, commerce and services or the simple sight of road signs, public information and advertising in Portuguese. Portuguese is a mandatory subject in the school curriculum in Uruguay . Other countries where Portuguese is commonly taught in schools or where it has been introduced as an option include Venezuela , Zambia ,
18762-547: The operation of helicopters to the Navy, fixed-wing aircraft were to remain the responsibility of the Força Aérea Brasileira (FAB, Brazilian Air Force). As a result, Minas Gerais was required to embark two air groups: the Navy operated helicopters while the Air Force operated S-2 Tracker aircraft. Consequently, the ship spent most of her Brazilian career operating as an anti-submarine warfare carrier. From 1976 to 1981,
18921-416: The operation of jet aircraft up to 20,000 pounds (9,100 kg) in weight. The carrier's island superstructure was replaced, and a lattice mast was fitted to support the new fire control system and radar suite. The ship's boiler capacity was increased, and internal electricity was converted to AC through the installation of four turbo generators and one diesel generator. The carrier was commissioned into
19080-491: The opportunity to return to power through the vice president. The resignation in Congress could have been delayed if just one of the deputies had called for the signature investigation, but they were displeased by the inquiries. Neither the left nor the right wanted to defend the president. There was no popular movement organized enough to reverse the resignation and the military, although willing to bar Goulart from taking office, thought they could do it without Jânio. According to
19239-563: The other, a land invasion force was formed against the south, the "Cruzeiro Division", and a naval task force headed by the aircraft carrier Minas Gerais . The military was divided, and morale for an invasion against the south was limited. The crisis thus brought the country to the brink of civil war. Before any confrontations took place, a conciliatory solution was devised: the adoption of parliamentarianism, which would allow Goulart to take office, but with limited powers. Arriving in Brazil via Porto Alegre on 1 September, Goulart's last obstacle
19398-459: The peninsula and over the next 300 years totally integrated into the local populations. Some Germanic words from that period are part of the Portuguese lexicon, together with place names, surnames, and first names. With the Umayyad conquest beginning in 711, Arabic became the administrative and common language in the conquered regions, but most of the remaining Christian population continued to speak
19557-571: The people of Macau, China are fluent speakers of Portuguese. Additionally, the language is being very actively studied in the Chinese school system right up to the doctorate level. The Kristang people in Malaysia speak Kristang , a Portuguese-Malay creole; however, the Portuguese language itself is not widely spoken in the country. The Community of Portuguese Language Countries (in Portuguese Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa , with
19716-418: The phone, but he only repeatedly answered "I'm listening"; general Olímpio Mourão Filho reported that Denys rejected Goulart's inauguration because he considered him a communist. Congressman Armando Falcão , leader of the PSD, was there on Saturday morning and reported that Lott did not contest the arguments he made against the inauguration, attributing his position to pressure from other officers. But still on
19875-456: The population of urban Angola speaks Portuguese natively, with approximately 85% fluent; these rates are lower in the countryside. Just over 50% (and rapidly increasing) of the population of Mozambique are native speakers of Portuguese, and 70% are fluent, according to the 2007 census. Portuguese is also spoken natively by 30% of the population in Guinea-Bissau, and a Portuguese-based creole
20034-660: The positions of political figures and organizations. The governors of Goiás , Mauro Borges Teixeira [ pt ] , and Rio Grande do Sul , Leonel Brizola, joined the cause of presidential succession according to the Brazilian Constitution of 1946. Brizola mobilized the population, the Military Brigade of Rio Grande do Sul and radio stations, creating the "Legality Chain" to dominate Brazil's public opinion. The 3rd Army, headquartered in Porto Alegre , came to
20193-553: The presence of the Armed Forces was ominous: the Air Force at the airports, Praça XV and Brazil's Mint , the navy at the port's wharf , Praça Mauá [ pt ] , Navy Arsenal and all along the seashore, and the army at the train stations, newspaper offices and embassies. The Federal Service of Information and Counterintelligence (Sfici) established censorship, interrupting the live broadcasting of Lott's manifesto by Rádio Continental. Carlos Lacerda's government participated in
20352-606: The program, but its result was to sharpen the opposition from the left. At the international level, the so-called Independent Foreign Policy [ pt ] (PEI) was implemented. The PEI was marked by a reformulation of alignment with the U.S., the reestablishment of diplomatic relations with several Eastern European countries, including the Soviet Union , a more favorable attitude towards Cuba, and approchement with Third World countries. Jânio's government also distanced itself from an old ally, Portugal , and began to support
20511-514: The renegotiation of debts, which had not been possible during Juscelino Kubitschek's government, the foreign creditors, and the Kennedy administration in the United States , which, knowing the fragility of Brazilian finances, wanted to favor Quadros' government to avoid instability and the advance of communism. By August, the influence of developmentalist advisors in the government had begun to weaken
20670-413: The replacement was the MB's significant investment in fixed-wing aviation in the late 1990s; a carrier capable of operating the recently acquired Skyhawks would be more expensive to acquire and operate than a STOVL or helicopter carrier, but the cheaper concepts would require the refactoring of Brazilian naval aviation. In the end, Foch was acquired, renamed NAe São Paulo , and slated to commission into
20829-498: The resignation. However, the maneuver failed and Quadros left the country. The president of the Chamber of Deputies , Ranieri Mazzilli , took his place temporarily, but the real power remained in the hands of the military ministers, marshal Odílio Denys [ pt ] , minister of war , vice admiral Sílvio Heck [ pt ] , minister of the Navy , and air brigadier Gabriel Grün Moss [ pt ] , minister of
20988-539: The result of expansion during colonial times, a cultural presence of Portuguese speakers is also found around the world. Portuguese is part of the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia and the County of Portugal , and has kept some Celtic phonology. With approximately 236 million native speakers and 27 million second language speakers, Portuguese has approximately 263.8 million total speakers. It
21147-476: The same time. The Bofors could be reinstalled to complement the ship's armament if needed. In November 1993, the carrier conducted a joint exercise with the Argentine Navy , where Argentine pilots flying Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard aircraft performed 177 touch-and-go landings , in order to maintain their carrier landing qualifications while Veinticinco de Mayo was out of service. During 1995 and 1996,
21306-519: The ship underwent a major refit. Work included the installation of a datalink to improve co-operation with Niterói -class frigates , updates to the radar suite, and other work to extend the carrier's life expectancy into the 1990s. In 1988, engine problems, combined with the inability for Argentina to fund a required modernisation of ARA Veinticinco de Mayo , saw the Argentine Colossus -class carrier confined to port, making Minas Gerais
21465-465: The ship's modernisation refit to become Minas Gerais , her armament was altered to consist of ten Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft guns (2 quad mountings and 1 twin mounting), and two 47 mm saluting guns . In 1994, the Bofors were removed and replaced with two twin surface-to-air launchers for Mistral missiles . If additional armament was required, the Bofors could be reinstalled. By 1996, Minas Gerais
21624-542: The statements were seen in the West as supporting communism. On 18 August, while Goulart was away, Carlos Lacerda sought out the president in Brasília for an urgent meeting: he conveyed his intention to resign from the government of Guanabara in order to deal with the bankruptcy of his newspaper Tribuna da Imprensa [ pt ] . He also conferred with Justice Minister Oscar Pedroso Horta [ pt ] , returning
21783-513: The strategy would be the opposition of conservatives and the military to Goulart's inauguration. However, historian Hélio Silva contextualized the trip to China as the result of an invitation extended to Goulart when he visited the USSR, still in Juscelino's government; this trip did not harm his candidacy. During Jânio's government the invitation was repeated, and since the government already intended to send
21942-518: The students and intellectuals, the workers and the people in general", besides the "noble comrades of the Armed Forces", to defend the legal succession and prevent the "abnormal and arbitrary solution that is intended to be imposed on the nation". His house was frequented by legalists, including military personnel such as Osvino Ferreira Alves [ pt ] , Nélson de Melo [ pt ] , and Jair Dantas Ribeiro [ pt ] . Lott even argued with Odílio Denys, his former ally, over
22101-545: The supreme interests of Brazil and its people, are determined to [...] ensure that Brazil follows its path and its destiny as a free country. [...] The duty of the people, therefore, is to help the Armed Forces to guarantee freedom and peace. Despite the speech of "order, tranquility, social peace and the union of Brazilians obedient to the Armed Forces" the strongest repression was in Guanabara, conducted by both federal and state forces. The demonstrations in Cinelândia continued in
22260-506: The world. Portuguese, being a language spread on all continents, has official status in several international organizations. It is one of twenty official languages of the European Union , an official language of NATO, the Organization of American States (alongside Spanish, French and English), and one of eighteen official languages of the European Space Agency . Portuguese is a working language in nonprofit organisations such as
22419-575: The world. The museum is the first of its kind in the world. In 2015 the museum was partially destroyed in a fire, but restored and reopened in 2020. Portuguese is spoken by approximately 200 million people in South America, 30 million in Africa, 15 million in Europe, 5 million in North America and 0.33 million in Asia and Oceania. It is the native language of the vast majority of the people in Portugal, Brazil and São Tomé and Príncipe (95%). Around 75% of
22578-565: Was a Colossus -class light aircraft carrier operated by the Marinha do Brasil (MB, Brazilian Navy ) from 1960 until 2001. The ship was laid down for the United Kingdom's Royal Navy during World War II as HMS Vengeance , was completed shortly before the war's end, and did not see combat. After stints as a training vessel and Arctic research ship, the carrier was loaned to the Royal Australian Navy from 1952 to 1955. She
22737-506: Was also linked to international communism, having ideological alignment with regimes like China, and could even lead to the implantation of this system in Brazil. Odílio Denys thus clarified his actions: "the time has come to choose between communism and democracy". A manifesto published on 30 August reiterated the military ministers' position, citing Goulart's encouragement of "successive and frequent agitations in union circles", accusing him of declaring support for communist regimes, and noting
22896-754: Was attached to the British Pacific Fleet . The carrier arrived in Sydney, Australia in July 1945, but remained in the harbour for refits until the end of World War II. Vengeance operated in the waters of Asia until mid-1946, when she returned to England and was reassigned as a training vessel. In late 1948, Vengeance was converted for Arctic conditions, and from February 1949 to March 1949, she operated in Arctic waters as part of an experimental cruise to determine how well ships, aircraft, and personnel functioned in extreme cold. From late 1952 until mid-1955, Vengeance
23055-424: Was charged with promoting and ensuring respect. There are also significant Portuguese-speaking immigrant communities in many territories including Andorra (17.1%), Bermuda , Canada (400,275 people in the 2006 census), France (1,625,000 people), Japan (400,000 people), Jersey , Luxembourg (about 25% of the population as of 2021), Namibia (about 4–5% of the population, mainly refugees from Angola in
23214-456: Was commissioned into the RN. The Colossus -class carriers were intended to be 'disposable warships': they were to be operated during World War II and scrapped at the end of hostilities or within three years of entering service. Despite this plan, the ship had a service life of over 55 years across three navies. After commissioning, Vengeance was assigned to the 11th Aircraft Carrier Squadron, which
23373-469: Was fitted with the following radars: a Lockheed SPS-40B for air search, a Plessey AWS 4 for surface search, a Signaal ZW06 for navigation, two SPG-34 for fire control, and a Scanter Mil-Par for Carrier-Controlled Approach. The two search radars operate on NATO frequency bands designated E and F, the navigation and CCA radars operate on the NATO I band, and the fire control radars on both the I and J bands. As of
23532-467: Was led by the governor of Rio Grande do Sul , Leonel Brizola , allied with the commander of the 3rd Army , general José Machado Lopes [ pt ] . The crisis resulted in the adoption of parliamentarism as Brazil's new system of government. On 25 August 1961, while Goulart was leading a Brazilian trade mission to the People's Republic of China , president Jânio Quadros resigned. Quadros' decision
23691-454: Was loaned to the Royal Australian Navy , to serve in place of the under-construction HMAS Melbourne . During the leadup to the 1955 presidential election , Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira , governor of the state of Minas Gerais promised Brazilian admirals to acquire an aircraft carrier for the Marinha do Brasil (MB, Brazilian Navy). Kubitschek later claimed that this was to avoid
23850-523: Was marked by the publication of the Cancioneiro Geral by Garcia de Resende , in 1516. The early times of Modern Portuguese, which spans the period from the 16th century to the present day, were characterized by an increase in the number of learned words borrowed from Classical Latin and Classical Greek because of the Renaissance (learned words borrowed from Latin also came from Renaissance Latin ,
24009-576: Was returned to the British, who sold her to Brazil in 1956. The ship underwent a four-year conversion in the Netherlands to make her capable of operating heavier naval aircraft. She was commissioned into the MB as Minas Gerais (named after the state of Minas Gerais ) in 1960; the first purchased by a Latin American nation, and the second to enter service, behind the Argentinian ARA ; Independencia (also Colossus -class). Between 1987 and 1996,
24168-431: Was the installation of an 8.5-degree angled flight deck . The size of the angle required that an accessway be built around the starboard side of the island superstructure; the weight acting as a counterbalance for the flight deck's portside overhang. Combined with the fitting of a more powerful steam catapult , stronger arresting gear , reinforced hangar elevators, and a mirror landing aid , these modifications permitted
24327-445: Was the institutional reform, not the individual or individuals who would promote it, by sacrificing himself, or not sacrificing himself, the essential would be achieved. Sending the vice president to China "certainly was part of his plans", by creating the aggravating factor of being in a communist country, impose a gap of several days before he could arrive in Brazil and, while away, prevent him from articulating his return. The core of
24486-501: Was the language of the poetry of the troubadours in France. The Occitan digraphs lh and nh , used in its classical orthography, were adopted by the orthography of Portuguese , presumably by Gerald of Braga , a monk from Moissac , who became bishop of Braga in Portugal in 1047, playing a major role in modernizing written Portuguese using classical Occitan norms. Portugal became an independent kingdom in 1139, under King Afonso I of Portugal . In 1290, King Denis of Portugal created
24645-585: Was the loss of intervocalic l and n , sometimes followed by the merger of the two surrounding vowels, or by the insertion of an epenthetic vowel between them: cf. Lat. salire ("to exit"), tenere ("to have"), catena ("jail"), Port. sair , ter , cadeia . When the elided consonant was n , it often nasalized the preceding vowel: cf. Lat. manum ("hand"), ranam ("frog"), bonum ("good"), Old Portuguese mão , rãa , bõo (Portuguese: mão , rã , bom ). This process
24804-445: Was the oldest aircraft carrier still in service in the world until it was decommissioned in 2017. At the time of her decommissioning, she was the second oldest active aircraft carrier in the world (a title passed on to the 1961-commissioned USS Kitty Hawk ). Also at the decommissioning ceremony was 87-year-old Admiral Hélio Leôncio Martins, who was the first commander of the aircraft carrier. There were also crew who had served on
24963-406: Was the only newspaper without interference. After Jânio Quadros' resignation, both the Military Brigade and the 3rd Army occupied strategic points in Porto Alegre, in some cases at odds with each other. Street demonstrations broke out, at first for Jânio's return. Machado Lopes reprimanded general Peri Constant Bevilacqua, commander of the 3rd Infantry Division (3rd DI) in Santa Maria , who had sent
25122-421: Was the plan by dissatisfied officers to shoot down his plane as he flew to Brasília , Operation Mosquito [ pt ] , but he managed to take office on 7 September, completing the campaign's goal. Parliamentarianism was reversed in 1963 . The crisis caused by Jânio Quadros' resignation and the veto to legal succession of João Goulart are among the crises of the Fourth Brazilian Republic that preceded
25281-462: Was the source of most of the language's distinctive nasal diphthongs. In particular, the Latin endings -anem , -anum and -onem became -ão in most cases, cf. Lat. canis ("dog"), germanus ("brother"), ratio ("reason") with Modern Port. cão , irmão , razão , and their plurals -anes , -anos , -ones normally became -ães , -ãos , -ões , cf. cães , irmãos , razões . This also occurs in
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