94-628: The Southeast Missouri Lead District , commonly called the Lead Belt , is a lead mining district in the southeastern part of Missouri . Counties in the Lead Belt include Saint Francois , Crawford , Dent , Iron , Madison , Reynolds , and Washington . This mining district is the most important and critical lead producer in the United States. The potential for lead mining in Southeast Missouri
188-453: A Superfund Site . As of 2021, over 1,400 residential yards have been remediated. The Bonne Terre East Tailings Flat is still used as a repository for lead-contaminated soils. Because lead levels in fish downstream of the mining area are elevated above World Health Organization Standards, the state of Missouri advises people not to eat fish they catch from the Big River. Bonne Terre is home to
282-401: A Breton , bringing new mining methods and practices that revitalized lead mining in the district. Austin was the first to sink deep mine shafts and start smelting operations, dramatically increasing lead production. Before this time, lead mines had been surface or near-surface mines of less than 10 feet in depth. In 1808, Moses Austin and Samuel Hammond established the city of Herculaneum as
376-433: A density of 11.34 g/cm , which is greater than that of common metals such as iron (7.87 g/cm ), copper (8.93 g/cm ), and zinc (7.14 g/cm ). This density is the origin of the idiom to go over like a lead balloon . Some rarer metals are denser: tungsten and gold are both at 19.3 g/cm , and osmium —the densest metal known—has a density of 22.59 g/cm , almost twice that of lead. Lead
470-492: A few radioactive isotopes. One of them is lead-210; although it has a half-life of only 22.2 years, small quantities occur in nature because lead-210 is produced by a long decay series that starts with uranium-238 (that has been present for billions of years on Earth). Lead-211, −212, and −214 are present in the decay chains of uranium-235, thorium-232, and uranium-238, respectively, so traces of all three of these lead isotopes are found naturally. Minute traces of lead-209 arise from
564-456: A household in the city was $ 29,929, and the median income for a family was $ 37,072. Males had a median income of $ 29,617 versus $ 18,310 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 15,062. About 11.7% of families and 15.4% of the population were below the poverty line , including 20.4% of those under age 18 and 21.8% of those age 65 or over. As of the census of 2010, there were 6,864 people, 1,634 households, and 1,063 families living in
658-573: A lending library, the Bonne Terre Memorial Library. The Limestone building in the style of Italian renaissance was built in 1905 by St. Joe Lead Company director Dwight Jones. In 1974, Bonne Terre Mine , and in 1984 St. Joe Lead Company Administration Building were listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The mine was the first in the network of St. Joe Minerals lead mines that led to Missouri producing 70 percent of
752-558: A neutron and become thallium-204; this undergoes beta decay to give stable lead-204; on capturing another neutron, it becomes lead-205, which has a half-life of around 17 million years. Further captures result in lead-206, lead-207, and lead-208. On capturing another neutron, lead-208 becomes lead-209, which quickly decays into bismuth-209. On capturing another neutron, bismuth-209 becomes bismuth-210, and this beta decays to polonium-210, which alpha decays to lead-206. The cycle hence ends at lead-206, lead-207, lead-208, and bismuth-209. In
846-466: A polyhedral vertex and contributes two electrons to each covalent bond along an edge from their sp hybrid orbitals, the other two being an external lone pair . They may be made in liquid ammonia via the reduction of lead by sodium . Lead can form multiply-bonded chains , a property it shares with its lighter homologs in the carbon group. Its capacity to do so is much less because the Pb–Pb bond energy
940-615: A shipping point closer to the mining region, replacing Ste. Genevieve as the main shipping point to and from the mining district on the Mississippi River . The Old Lead Belt Subdistrict was established in 1864 with the opening of the Bonne Terre Mine by the St. Joseph Lead Company . Notable mines in the subdistrict region included the Bonne Terre Mine , and mines near Doe Run , Desloge , Flat River ( Park Hills ), and Leadwood . In 1972,
1034-437: A significant partial positive charge on lead. The result is a stronger contraction of the lead 6s orbital than is the case for the 6p orbital, making it rather inert in ionic compounds. The inert pair effect is less applicable to compounds in which lead forms covalent bonds with elements of similar electronegativity, such as carbon in organolead compounds. In these, the 6s and 6p orbitals remain similarly sized and sp hybridization
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#17328439319981128-438: A single decay chain). In total, 43 lead isotopes have been synthesized, with mass numbers 178–220. Lead-205 is the most stable radioisotope, with a half-life of around 1.70 × 10 years. The second-most stable is lead-202, which has a half-life of about 52,500 years, longer than any of the natural trace radioisotopes. Bulk lead exposed to moist air forms a protective layer of varying composition. Lead(II) carbonate
1222-449: A structure, with every alternate layer of oxygen atoms absent. Negative oxidation states can occur as Zintl phases , as either free lead anions, as in Ba 2 Pb, with lead formally being lead(−IV), or in oxygen-sensitive ring-shaped or polyhedral cluster ions such as the trigonal bipyramidal Pb 5 ion, where two lead atoms are lead(−I) and three are lead(0). In such anions, each atom is at
1316-590: Is 6 times higher, copper 10 times, and mild steel 15 times higher); it can be strengthened by adding small amounts of copper or antimony . The melting point of lead—at 327.5 °C (621.5 °F) —is very low compared to most metals. Its boiling point of 1749 °C (3180 °F) is the lowest among the carbon-group elements. The electrical resistivity of lead at 20 °C is 192 nanoohm -meters, almost an order of magnitude higher than those of other industrial metals (copper at 15.43 nΩ·m ; gold 20.51 nΩ·m ; and aluminium at 24.15 nΩ·m ). Lead
1410-516: Is a neurotoxin that accumulates in soft tissues and bones. It damages the nervous system and interferes with the function of biological enzymes , causing neurological disorders ranging from behavioral problems to brain damage, and also affects general health, cardiovascular, and renal systems. Lead's toxicity was first documented by ancient Greek and Roman writers, who noted some of the symptoms of lead poisoning , but became widely recognized in Europe in
1504-401: Is a superconductor at temperatures lower than 7.19 K ; this is the highest critical temperature of all type-I superconductors and the third highest of the elemental superconductors. Natural lead consists of four stable isotopes with mass numbers of 204, 206, 207, and 208, and traces of six short-lived radioisotopes with mass numbers 209–214 inclusive. The high number of isotopes
1598-420: Is a common constituent; the sulfate or chloride may also be present in urban or maritime settings. This layer makes bulk lead effectively chemically inert in the air. Finely powdered lead, as with many metals, is pyrophoric , and burns with a bluish-white flame. Fluorine reacts with lead at room temperature, forming lead(II) fluoride . The reaction with chlorine is similar but requires heating, as
1692-775: Is a mixed sulfide derived from galena; anglesite , PbSO 4 , is a product of galena oxidation; and cerussite or white lead ore, PbCO 3 , is a decomposition product of galena. Arsenic , tin , antimony , silver , gold , copper , bismuth are common impurities in lead minerals. World lead resources exceed two billion tons. Significant deposits are located in Australia, China, Ireland, Mexico, Peru, Portugal, Russia, United States. Global reserves—resources that are economically feasible to extract—totaled 88 million tons in 2016, of which Australia had 35 million, China 17 million, Russia 6.4 million. Typical background concentrations of lead do not exceed 0.1 μg/m in
1786-512: Is a shiny gray with a hint of blue. It tarnishes to a dull gray color when exposed to air. Lead has the highest atomic number of any stable element and three of its isotopes are endpoints of major nuclear decay chains of heavier elements. Lead is a relatively unreactive post-transition metal . Its weak metallic character is illustrated by its amphoteric nature; lead and lead oxides react with acids and bases , and it tends to form covalent bonds . Compounds of lead are usually found in
1880-426: Is a strong oxidizing agent, capable of oxidizing hydrochloric acid to chlorine gas. This is because the expected PbCl 4 that would be produced is unstable and spontaneously decomposes to PbCl 2 and Cl 2 . Analogously to lead monoxide , lead dioxide is capable of forming plumbate anions. Lead disulfide and lead diselenide are only stable at high pressures. Lead tetrafluoride , a yellow crystalline powder,
1974-404: Is a very soft metal with a Mohs hardness of 1.5; it can be scratched with a fingernail. It is quite malleable and somewhat ductile. The bulk modulus of lead—a measure of its ease of compressibility—is 45.8 GPa . In comparison, that of aluminium is 75.2 GPa; copper 137.8 GPa; and mild steel 160–169 GPa. Lead's tensile strength , at 12–17 MPa, is low (that of aluminium
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#17328439319982068-445: Is common for the carbon group. The divalent state is rare for carbon and silicon , minor for germanium, important (but not prevailing) for tin, and is the more important of the two oxidation states for lead. This is attributable to relativistic effects , specifically the inert pair effect , which manifests itself when there is a large difference in electronegativity between lead and oxide , halide , or nitride anions, leading to
2162-408: Is consistent with lead's atomic number being even. Lead has a magic number of protons (82), for which the nuclear shell model accurately predicts an especially stable nucleus. Lead-208 has 126 neutrons, another magic number, which may explain why lead-208 is extraordinarily stable. With its high atomic number, lead is the heaviest element whose natural isotopes are regarded as stable; lead-208
2256-414: Is exploited in the synthesis of other lead compounds. Few inorganic lead(IV) compounds are known. They are only formed in highly oxidizing solutions and do not normally exist under standard conditions. Lead(II) oxide gives a mixed oxide on further oxidation, Pb 3 O 4 . It is described as lead(II,IV) oxide , or structurally 2PbO·PbO 2 , and is the best-known mixed valence lead compound. Lead dioxide
2350-598: Is land and 0.06 square miles (0.16 km ) is water. The community was originally part of the Louisiana Territory and settled by Frenchmen in 1720 after they discovered lead ore. Two Frenchmen, La Motte and Philip Francois Renault , had left France in 1719 with 200 miners in search of minerals as part of the Company of the West . Surface miners referred to it as La Bonne Terre around 1825, meaning "the good soil" because of
2444-502: Is more prevalent than most other elements with atomic numbers greater than 40. Primordial lead—which comprises the isotopes lead-204, lead-206, lead-207, and lead-208—was mostly created as a result of repetitive neutron capture processes occurring in stars. The two main modes of capture are the s- and r-processes . In the s-process (s is for "slow"), captures are separated by years or decades, allowing less stable nuclei to undergo beta decay . A stable thallium-203 nucleus can capture
2538-650: Is not stable, as both the lead(III) ion and the larger complexes containing it are radicals . The same applies for lead(I), which can be found in such radical species. Numerous mixed lead(II,IV) oxides are known. When PbO 2 is heated in air, it becomes Pb 12 O 19 at 293 °C, Pb 12 O 17 at 351 °C, Pb 3 O 4 at 374 °C, and finally PbO at 605 °C. A further sesquioxide , Pb 2 O 3 , can be obtained at high pressure, along with several non-stoichiometric phases. Many of them show defective fluorite structures in which some oxygen atoms are replaced by vacancies: PbO can be considered as having such
2632-741: Is over three and a half times lower than that of the C–C bond . With itself, lead can build metal–metal bonds of an order up to three. With carbon, lead forms organolead compounds similar to, but generally less stable than, typical organic compounds (due to the Pb–C bond being rather weak). This makes the organometallic chemistry of lead far less wide-ranging than that of tin. Lead predominantly forms organolead(IV) compounds, even when starting with inorganic lead(II) reactants; very few organolead(II) compounds are known. The most well-characterized exceptions are Pb[CH(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] 2 and plumbocene . The lead analog of
2726-633: Is part of the Southeast Missouri Lead District , an area of rolling hills of the Ozark Plateau with elevations up to 300 feet. The ground is mostly red clay over a base of limestone. The area contains the highest concentration of galena (lead(II) sulfide) in the world. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 4.10 square miles (10.62 km ), of which 4.04 square miles (10.46 km )
2820-415: Is stable, but less so than the difluoride . Lead tetrachloride (a yellow oil) decomposes at room temperature, lead tetrabromide is less stable still, and the existence of lead tetraiodide is questionable. Some lead compounds exist in formal oxidation states other than +4 or +2. Lead(III) may be obtained, as an intermediate between lead(II) and lead(IV), in larger organolead complexes; this oxidation state
2914-413: Is still energetically favorable. Lead, like carbon, is predominantly tetravalent in such compounds. There is a relatively large difference in the electronegativity of lead(II) at 1.87 and lead(IV) at 2.33. This difference marks the reversal in the trend of increasing stability of the +4 oxidation state going down the carbon group; tin, by comparison, has values of 1.80 in the +2 oxidation state and 1.96 in
Southeast Missouri Lead District - Misplaced Pages Continue
3008-599: Is still ongoing. The Bonne Terre Depot from 1909, the St. Joe Lead Company Administration Building and the Bonne Terre Mine , are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The latter is spring water filled and has become a scuba diving attraction. Bonne Terre is also home to the Eastern Reception, Diagnostic and Correctional Center , a 3000 bed prison of adult males who may have substance abuse issues or are mentally disabled, where Missouri has conducted all of its executions since April 2005. Bonne Terre
3102-448: Is the heaviest stable nucleus. (This distinction formerly fell to bismuth , with an atomic number of 83, until its only primordial isotope , bismuth-209, was found in 2003 to decay very slowly.) The four stable isotopes of lead could theoretically undergo alpha decay to isotopes of mercury with a release of energy, but this has not been observed for any of them; their predicted half-lives range from 10 to 10 years (at least 10 times
3196-649: Is the only subdistrict mined for lead in the Southeast Missouri Lead District in modern day. Six lead mines are currently operational in 2022: the Brushy Creek, Buick, Casteel, Fletcher, and Sweetwater mines. Today, many of the mines and mills of the Old Lead Belt have been abandoned or repurposed. Bonne Terre has large subterranean mines , now used commercially for recreational tourism and scuba diving. The Missouri Mines State Historic Site occupies
3290-529: Is the origin of the English word " plumbing ". Its ease of working, its low melting point enabling the easy fabrication of completely waterproof welded joints, and its resistance to corrosion ensured its widespread use in other applications, including pharmaceuticals, roofing, currency, warfare. Writers of the time, such as Cato the Elder , Columella , and Pliny the Elder , recommended lead (and lead-coated) vessels for
3384-525: Is the so-called inert pair effect : the 6s electrons of lead become reluctant to participate in bonding, stabilising the +2 oxidation state and making the distance between nearest atoms in crystalline lead unusually long. Lead's lighter carbon group congeners form stable or metastable allotropes with the tetrahedrally coordinated and covalently bonded diamond cubic structure. The energy levels of their outer s- and p-orbitals are close enough to allow mixing into four hybrid sp orbitals. In lead,
3478-402: Is to us. Heinz Eschnauer and Markus Stoeppler "Wine—An enological specimen bank", 1992 Bonne Terre, Missouri Bonne Terre ( / b ɒ n ˈ t ɛər / bon- TAIR ) is a city in St. Francois County , Missouri , United States with a population of 6,864 at the 2010 census . Situated in the Southeast Missouri Lead District , lead mining shaped the history and character of
3572-446: Is usefully exploited: lead tetraacetate is an important laboratory reagent for oxidation in organic synthesis. Tetraethyllead, once added to automotive gasoline, was produced in larger quantities than any other organometallic compound, and is still widely used in fuel for small aircraft . Other organolead compounds are less chemically stable. For many organic compounds, a lead analog does not exist. Lead's per-particle abundance in
3666-534: The Eastern Reception, Diagnostic and Correctional Center , a roughly 3000-bed prison of adult males who may have substance abuse issues or are mentally disabled. Since April 2005, Missouri has conducted all of its executions there. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,039 people, 1,554 households, and 1,062 families living in the city. The population density was 1,000.0 inhabitants per square mile (386.1/km ). There were 1,685 housing units at an average density of 417.2 per square mile (161.1/km ). The racial makeup of
3760-608: The Phoenicians worked deposits in the Iberian peninsula ; by 1600 BC, lead mining existed in Cyprus , Greece , and Sardinia . Rome's territorial expansion in Europe and across the Mediterranean, and its development of mining, led to it becoming the greatest producer of lead during the classical era , with an estimated annual output peaking at 80,000 tonnes. Like their predecessors,
3854-659: The Solar System is 0.121 ppb (parts per billion). This figure is two and a half times higher than that of platinum , eight times more than mercury , and seventeen times more than gold . The amount of lead in the universe is slowly increasing as most heavier atoms (all of which are unstable) gradually decay to lead. The abundance of lead in the Solar System since its formation 4.5 billion years ago has increased by about 0.75%. The solar system abundances table shows that lead, despite its relatively high atomic number,
Southeast Missouri Lead District - Misplaced Pages Continue
3948-584: The St. Joseph Lead Company discovered a new orebody near Viburnum , Missouri, leading to the opening of the Viburnum No. 27 Mine in 1960. The St. Joseph Lead Company , Cominco , Kennecott Copper, Amax, Inc ., and Asarco companies conducted exploration that led to the opening of 10 additional mines, establishing what is known today as the Viburnum Trend, also called the New Lead Belt. The Viburnum Trend
4042-795: The fall of Rome and did not reach comparable levels until the Industrial Revolution . Lead played a crucial role in the development of the printing press , as movable type could be relatively easily cast from lead alloys. In 2014, the annual global production of lead was about ten million tonnes, over half of which was from recycling. Lead's high density, low melting point, ductility and relative inertness to oxidation make it useful. These properties, combined with its relative abundance and low cost, resulted in its extensive use in construction , plumbing , batteries , bullets , shots , weights , solders , pewters , fusible alloys , lead paints , leaded gasoline , and radiation shielding . Lead
4136-401: The nucleus , and more shielded by smaller orbitals. The sum of the first four ionization energies of lead exceeds that of tin, contrary to what periodic trends would predict. This is explained by relativistic effects , which become significant in heavier atoms, which contract s and p orbitals such that lead's 6s electrons have larger binding energies than its 5s electrons. A consequence
4230-619: The +2 oxidation state rather than the +4 state common with lighter members of the carbon group . Exceptions are mostly limited to organolead compounds . Like the lighter members of the group, lead tends to bond with itself ; it can form chains and polyhedral structures. Since lead is easily extracted from its ores , prehistoric people in the Near East were aware of it . Galena is a principal ore of lead which often bears silver. Interest in silver helped initiate widespread extraction and use of lead in ancient Rome . Lead production declined after
4324-468: The +4 state. Lead(II) compounds are characteristic of the inorganic chemistry of lead. Even strong oxidizing agents like fluorine and chlorine react with lead to give only PbF 2 and PbCl 2 . Lead(II) ions are usually colorless in solution, and partially hydrolyze to form Pb(OH) and finally [Pb 4 (OH) 4 ] (in which the hydroxyl ions act as bridging ligands ), but are not reducing agents as tin(II) ions are. Techniques for identifying
4418-606: The Egyptians had used lead for sinkers in fishing nets , glazes , glasses , enamels , ornaments . Various civilizations of the Fertile Crescent used lead as a writing material , as coins , and as a construction material . Lead was used by the ancient Chinese as a stimulant , as currency , as contraceptive , and in chopsticks . The Indus Valley civilization and the Mesoamericans used it for making amulets ; and
4512-561: The Mine La Motte-Fredericktown Subdistrict produced over 325,000 tons of lead . From 1864 to 1972, over 8.5 million tons of lead was produced from the Old Lead Belt Subdistrict. The Viburnum Trend is the only subdistrict still in production, and is primarily mined by The Doe Run Company . From 1960 to 2022, The Doe Run Company has reported that nearly 315 million tons of ore has been extracted from
4606-573: The Old Lead Belt are hosted in the dolomite of the lower Bonneterre Formation , and can extend into the underlying Lamotte Sandstone and rarely into the overlying Davis Formation . In the Viburnum Trend, lead-zinc ore mineralization is hosted in the bacterial stromatolite reefs dolomites of the upper Bonneterre Formation , and most orebodies are concentrated in areas where the Lamotte Sandstone pinches out against Precambrian igneous knobs and ridges. The Upper Cambrian age Bonneterre Formation
4700-471: The Romans obtained lead mostly as a by-product of silver smelting. Lead mining occurred in central Europe , Britain , Balkans , Greece , Anatolia , Hispania , the latter accounting for 40% of world production. Lead tablets were commonly used as a material for letters. Lead coffins, cast in flat sand forms and with interchangeable motifs to suit the faith of the deceased, were used in ancient Judea . Lead
4794-613: The US primary supply of lead, and significant amounts of the nation's zinc. In the year 2000, Missouri produced 313,105 tons, with an estimated value of $ 128,838,880, according to Missouri DNR Data. About 84% of the lead is used for lead–acid batteries , and a secondary smelter in Boss, Missouri recycles lead–acid batteries. Another major consumer of Missouri lead is Winchester Ammunition, located in East Alton, Illinois . From 1720 to its closure in 1959,
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#17328439319984888-570: The United States' lead in the Southeast Missouri Lead District . The mine was a target of Price's Raid during the American Civil War . The mine is open for tours and is also known as a scuba diving attraction. The French village was a campsite on a trail branching of the Camino Real. Downtown architecture includes as the oldest building the Shepard house from 1869, while the former post office
4982-421: The Viburnum Trend. 37°30′N 90°30′W / 37.5°N 90.5°W / 37.5; -90.5 Lead Lead (pronounced "led") is a chemical element ; it has symbol Pb (from Latin plumbum ) and atomic number 82. It is a heavy metal that is denser than most common materials. Lead is soft and malleable , and also has a relatively low melting point . When freshly cut, lead
5076-527: The area from the earliest French settlers in the 1720s until today, even though Bonne Terre Mine established by St. Joseph lead mining company in 1864 closed in 1962. Mine tailing piles eroded, and contaminated the area as dust, posing residential hazards or were washed into the Big River . Only in 1992, the Bonne Terre Mine Tailings Site was listed as a Superfund site ; as of 2022 remediation
5170-600: The atmosphere; 100 mg/kg in soil; 4 mg/kg in vegetation, 5 μg/L in fresh water and seawater. The modern English word lead is of Germanic origin; it comes from the Middle English leed and Old English lēad (with the macron above the "e" signifying that the vowel sound of that letter is long). The Old English word is derived from the hypothetical reconstructed Proto-Germanic * lauda- ('lead'). According to linguistic theory, this word bore descendants in multiple Germanic languages of exactly
5264-541: The city was 98.46% White , 0.30% African American , 0.20% Native American , 0.05% Asian , 0.12% from other races , and 0.87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.17% of the population. There were 1,554 households, out of which 35.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.4% were married couples living together, 14.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.6% were non-families. 27.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.9% had someone living alone who
5358-462: The city. The population density was 1,699.0 inhabitants per square mile (656.0/km ). There were 1,882 housing units at an average density of 465.8 per square mile (179.8/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 79.60% White , 18.72% Black or African American , 0.34% Native American , 0.20% Asian , 0.10% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander , 0.10% from other races , and 0.93% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.35% of
5452-485: The course of the Earth's history, have remained in the crust instead of sinking deeper into the Earth's interior. This accounts for lead's relatively high crustal abundance of 14 ppm; it is the 36th most abundant element in the crust. The main lead-bearing mineral is galena (PbS), which is mostly found with zinc ores. Most other lead minerals are related to galena in some way; boulangerite , Pb 5 Sb 4 S 11 ,
5546-419: The current age of the universe). Three of the stable isotopes are found in three of the four major decay chains : lead-206, lead-207, and lead-208 are the final decay products of uranium-238 , uranium-235 , and thorium-232 , respectively. These decay chains are called the uranium chain , the actinium chain , and the thorium chain . Their isotopic concentrations in a natural rock sample depends greatly on
5640-428: The diiodide . Many lead(II) pseudohalides are known, such as the cyanide, cyanate, and thiocyanate . Lead(II) forms an extensive variety of halide coordination complexes , such as [PbCl 4 ] , [PbCl 6 ] , and the [Pb 2 Cl 9 ] n chain anion. Lead(II) sulfate is insoluble in water, like the sulfates of other heavy divalent cations . Lead(II) nitrate and lead(II) acetate are very soluble, and this
5734-524: The district was the Desloge family and Desloge Consolidated Lead Company in Desloge, Missouri and Bonne Terre—having been active in lead trading, mining and smelting from 1823 in Potosi to 1929. Lead mining operations were consolidated under the control of St. Joe Lead . In the late 1940s, reserves in the Old Lead Belt began to decline, spurring new mineral exploration in the Southeast Missouri region. In 1955,
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#17328439319985828-515: The eastern and southern Africans used lead in wire drawing . Because silver was extensively used as a decorative material and an exchange medium, lead deposits came to be worked in Asia Minor from 3000 BC; later, lead deposits were developed in the Aegean and Laurion . These three regions collectively dominated production of mined lead until c. 1200 BC . Beginning c. 2000 BC,
5922-566: The element its chemical symbol Pb . The word * ɸloud-io- is thought to be the origin of Proto-Germanic * bliwa- (which also means 'lead'), from which stemmed the German Blei . The name of the chemical element is not related to the verb of the same spelling, which is derived from Proto-Germanic * laidijan- ('to lead'). Metallic lead beads dating back to 7000–6500 BC have been found in Asia Minor and may represent
6016-413: The first example of metal smelting . At that time, lead had few (if any) applications due to its softness and dull appearance. The major reason for the spread of lead production was its association with silver, which may be obtained by burning galena (a common lead mineral). The Ancient Egyptians were the first to use lead minerals in cosmetics, an application that spread to Ancient Greece and beyond;
6110-430: The group. Lead dihalides are well-characterized; this includes the diastatide and mixed halides, such as PbFCl. The relative insolubility of the latter forms a useful basis for the gravimetric determination of fluorine. The difluoride was the first solid ionically conducting compound to be discovered (in 1834, by Michael Faraday ). The other dihalides decompose on exposure to ultraviolet or visible light, especially
6204-446: The inert pair effect increases the separation between its s- and p-orbitals, and the gap cannot be overcome by the energy that would be released by extra bonds following hybridization. Rather than having a diamond cubic structure, lead forms metallic bonds in which only the p-electrons are delocalized and shared between the Pb ions. Lead consequently has a face-centered cubic structure like
6298-534: The intensity of mineralization and depositional controls differ between the Viburnum Trend and Old Lead Belt. In the Old Lead Belt, galena is more fine-grained and disseminated into the host rock, and large, euhedral crystals are rare. Ore is mostly constrained to the lower 60 feet of the Bonneterre Formation , and preferentially follow the lateral sedimentary beds and features. In the Viburnum Trend, zinc and copper are found in higher concentrations, and galena
6392-505: The last Old Lead Belt mine at Flat River closed, ending 108 years of lead mining in the Old Lead Belt. The area of mining has changed over the years. The Old Lead Belt is centered on Park Hills and Desloge , while the New Lead Belt or Viburnum Trend is near Viburnum . The Irish Wilderness in Ripley and Oregon Counties has significant lead ore; however, this is a protected wilderness area. Significant among Missouri's lead mining concerns in
6486-447: The late 19th century AD. A lead atom has 82 electrons , arranged in an electron configuration of [ Xe ]4f 5d 6s 6p . The sum of lead's first and second ionization energies —the total energy required to remove the two 6p electrons—is close to that of tin , lead's upper neighbor in the carbon group . This is unusual; ionization energies generally fall going down a group, as an element's outer electrons become more distant from
6580-560: The latter being stable only above around 488 °C. Litharge is the most commonly used inorganic compound of lead. There is no lead(II) hydroxide; increasing the pH of solutions of lead(II) salts leads to hydrolysis and condensation. Lead commonly reacts with heavier chalcogens. Lead sulfide is a semiconductor , a photoconductor , and an extremely sensitive infrared radiation detector . The other two chalcogenides, lead selenide and lead telluride , are likewise photoconducting. They are unusual in that their color becomes lighter going down
6674-441: The latter is not; this allows for lead–lead dating . As uranium decays into lead, their relative amounts change; this is the basis for uranium–lead dating . Lead-207 exhibits nuclear magnetic resonance , a property that has been used to study its compounds in solution and solid state, including in the human body. Apart from the stable isotopes, which make up almost all lead that exists naturally, there are trace quantities of
6768-515: The lead. In 1828, St. Anne, the first Catholic chapel in St Francois County, was built here. In 1864, Bonne Terre Mine was established by St. Joseph lead mining company which was incorporated in NYC the same year. In 1865, a new superintendent, J. C. Winslow, brought a number of Cornish miners. Underground mining began in 1869. After a post office was established in 1868, the corporate name of
6862-479: The mined ore minerals are found as sulfides , with the primary ore minerals galena and sphalerite , with minor sulfides pyrite , chalcopyrite , bornite , enargite , millerite , and arsenopyrite . Gangue minerals associated with the economic minerals include marcasite , calcite , dolomite , and quartz . Sulfide and carbonate mineral specimens are highly prized by gem and mineral collectors and are found in museums worldwide. The ore minerals of
6956-533: The neutrons are arranged in complete shells in the atomic nucleus, and it becomes harder to energetically accommodate more of them. When the neutron flux subsides, these nuclei beta decay into stable isotopes of osmium , iridium , platinum . Lead is classified as a chalcophile under the Goldschmidt classification , meaning it is generally found combined with sulfur. It rarely occurs in its native , metallic form. Many lead minerals are relatively light and, over
7050-440: The population. There were 1,634 households, of which 38.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.9% were married couples living together, 15.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.9% were non-families. 29.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size
7144-418: The preparation of sweeteners and preservatives added to wine and food. The lead conferred an agreeable taste due to the formation of "sugar of lead" ( lead(II) acetate ), whereas copper vessels imparted a bitter flavor through verdigris formation. This metal was by far the most used material in classical antiquity, and it is appropriate to refer to the (Roman) Lead Age. Lead was to the Romans what plastic
7238-414: The presence of the Pb ion in water generally rely on the precipitation of lead(II) chloride using dilute hydrochloric acid. As the chloride salt is sparingly soluble in water, in very dilute solutions the precipitation of lead(II) sulfide is instead achieved by bubbling hydrogen sulfide through the solution. Lead monoxide exists in two polymorphs , litharge α-PbO (red) and massicot β-PbO (yellow),
7332-422: The presence of these three parent uranium and thorium isotopes. For example, the relative abundance of lead-208 can range from 52% in normal samples to 90% in thorium ores; for this reason, the standard atomic weight of lead is given to only one decimal place. As time passes, the ratio of lead-206 and lead-207 to lead-204 increases, since the former two are supplemented by radioactive decay of heavier elements while
7426-432: The r-process (r is for "rapid"), captures happen faster than nuclei can decay. This occurs in environments with a high neutron density, such as a supernova or the merger of two neutron stars . The neutron flux involved may be on the order of 10 neutrons per square centimeter per second. The r-process does not form as much lead as the s-process. It tends to stop once neutron-rich nuclei reach 126 neutrons. At this point,
7520-403: The remaining companies. In 1962, the mine closed. Lead mine tailings were used as paving gravel for decades. In 1977, heavy rains caused about 50,000 cubic yards of tailings to slough into the Big River . Chat dumps or mine tailing piles remain until today; lead dust contaminated the surrounding area and was a hazard to residents. Only in 1992, the Bonne Terre Mine Tailings Site was listed as
7614-541: The resulting chloride layer diminishes the reactivity of the elements. Molten lead reacts with the chalcogens to give lead(II) chalcogenides. Lead metal resists sulfuric and phosphoric acid but not hydrochloric or nitric acid ; the outcome depends on insolubility and subsequent passivation of the product salt. Organic acids, such as acetic acid , dissolve lead in the presence of oxygen. Concentrated alkalis dissolve lead and form plumbites . Lead shows two main oxidation states: +4 and +2. The tetravalent state
7708-482: The retired Federal Mill No. 3 in Park Hills . The formal geological name for the Lead Belt is the "Southeastern Missouri Mississippi Valley-type Mineral District". It contains the highest concentration of galena (lead(II) sulfide) in the world as well as significant economic quantities of zinc , copper and silver and currently mined sub-economic quantities of metals such as cadmium , nickel and cobalt . Most of
7802-507: The same meaning. There is no consensus on the origin of the Proto-Germanic * lauda- . One hypothesis suggests it is derived from Proto-Indo-European * lAudh- ('lead'; capitalization of the vowel is equivalent to the macron). Another hypothesis suggests it is borrowed from Proto-Celtic * ɸloud-io- ('lead'). This word is related to the Latin plumbum , which gave
7896-491: The similarly sized divalent metals calcium and strontium . Pure lead has a bright, shiny gray appearance with a hint of blue. It tarnishes on contact with moist air and takes on a dull appearance, the hue of which depends on the prevailing conditions. Characteristic properties of lead include high density , malleability, ductility, and high resistance to corrosion due to passivation . Lead's close-packed face-centered cubic structure and high atomic weight result in
7990-588: The simplest organic compound , methane , is plumbane . Plumbane may be obtained in a reaction between metallic lead and atomic hydrogen. Two simple derivatives, tetramethyllead and tetraethyllead , are the best-known organolead compounds. These compounds are relatively stable: tetraethyllead only starts to decompose if heated or if exposed to sunlight or ultraviolet light. With sodium metal, lead readily forms an equimolar alloy that reacts with alkyl halides to form organometallic compounds such as tetraethyllead. The oxidizing nature of many organolead compounds
8084-474: The town, "St. Joe´s mines" changed to Bonne Terre. Major lead mining operations from the 1870s also included the Desloge Lead Company , and Doe Run. The Desloge mines were started by Firmin V. Desloge , and above-ground works were bounded approximately by present-day Division Street on the west, Benham Street on the south, Route 67 on the east, and the township line to the north. In 1880, Bone Terre
8178-403: The very rare cluster decay of radium-223, one of the daughter products of natural uranium-235, and the decay chain of neptunium-237, traces of which are produced by neutron capture in uranium ores. Lead-213 also occurs in the decay chain of neptunium-237. Lead-210 is particularly useful for helping to identify the ages of samples by measuring its ratio to lead-206 (both isotopes are present in
8272-537: Was platted as a town. The miners were local small farmers, timber cutters and rock quarrymen supplementing their income, and later Hungarian and other Slavic and southern European immigrants. In 1890, the Mississippi River & Bonne Terre Railroad hauled ore to Herculaneum smelters. The Bonne Terre Depot from 1909 still exists. At the beginning of the 20th century, St. Joe Lead was the only one of initially dozens of mining companies left, as it had bought up
8366-519: Was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.14. The median age in the city was 34.2 years. 17.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 12.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 37.1% were from 25 to 44; 22.3% were from 45 to 64; and 10.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 67.1% male and 32.9% female. North St. Francois County R-I School District operates three schools at Bonne Terre: North County Primary School, North Co. Sr. High School, and Unitec Career Center. The town has
8460-448: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.06. In the city the population was spread out, with 27.1% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 15.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 89.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.1 males. The median income for
8554-413: Was able to form larger, more euhedral crystals. Ore mineralization in this subdistrict is prominently emplaced along collapse breccias , and not as influenced by lateral sedimentary features as in the Old Lead Belt. Ore in the Viburnum Trend can be found throughout the entire vertical extent of the Bonneterre Formation , but is mostly constrained to the upper 75 feet. The Lead Belt produces about 70% of
8648-679: Was deposited in a shallow sea around the Precambrian age St. Francois Mountains , which formed an island archipelago . Ore mineralization most likely occurred during the Permian , when low-temperature hydrothermal metal-rich brines migrated through the Ozarks during the Ouachita orogeny in the Late Paleozoic . Ore mineralization in the Lead Belt occurred as part of the same mineralization event, however,
8742-495: Was first discovered and documented in 1700 by Father James Gravier. Philip Francois Renault of France led a large exploratory mission in 1719 and started mining operations in Old Mines and Mine La Motte in 1720, establishing the first lead mining subdistrict of Mine LaMotte-Fredericktown. Between the 1750s and 1799, production of lead in the region decreased. In 1799, Moses Austin settled in Potosi , originally known as Mine
8836-522: Was used to make sling bullets from the 5th century BC. In Roman times, lead sling bullets were amply used, and were effective at a distance of between 100 and 150 meters. The Balearic slingers , used as mercenaries in Carthaginian and Roman armies, were famous for their shooting distance and accuracy. Lead was used for making water pipes in the Roman Empire ; the Latin word for the metal, plumbum ,
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