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29-517: Popular flavor combinations include German chocolate cake , red velvet cake , Black Forest cake , and carrot cake with cream cheese icing. Many wedding cakes are decorated layer cakes. In the mid-19th century, modern cakes were first described in English. Maria Parloa's Appledore Cook Book , published in Boston in 1872, contained one of the first layer cake recipes. Another early recipe for layer cake

58-516: A doctor for further testing and advice. Macadamias are toxic to dogs. Ingestion may result in macadamia toxicity marked by weakness and hind limb paralysis with the inability to stand, occurring within 12 hours of ingestion. It is not known what makes macadamia nuts toxic in dogs. Depending on the quantity ingested and the size of the dog, symptoms may also include muscle tremors, joint pain, and severe abdominal pain. In high doses of toxin, opiate medication may be required for symptom relief until

87-567: A double-layer cake, and others expect 24 servings. Much smaller pieces, with as many as 32 servings for a nine-inch round layer cake, are common for wedding cake . Unlike the Vietnamese Bánh da lợn or Swiss rolls , layer cake is assembled from several separate pieces of cake. A sheet cake can become a layer cake if it is cut into pieces and reassembled with frosting or other filling to form layers. German chocolate cake German chocolate cake , originally German's chocolate cake ,

116-414: A high amount of monounsaturated fats (59% of total content) and contain, as 17% of total fat, the monounsaturated fat , omega-7 palmitoleic acid . The trees are also grown as ornamental plants in subtropical regions for their glossy foliage and attractive flowers. The flowers produce a well-regarded honey. The wood is used decoratively for small items. Macadamia species are used as food plants by

145-404: A long, slender, and simple raceme 50–300 mm (2–12 in) long, the individual flowers 10–15 mm ( 3 ⁄ 8 – 9 ⁄ 16  in) long, white to pink or purple, with four tepals . The fruit is a hard, woody, globose follicle with a pointed apex containing one or two seeds . The nutshell ("coat") is particularly tough and requires around 2000 N to crack. The shell material

174-404: Is a custard made with egg yolks and evaporated milk ; once the custard is cooked, coconut and pecans are stirred in. Occasionally, a chocolate frosting is spread on the sides of the cake and piped around the circumference of the layers to hold in the filling. Maraschino cherries are occasionally added as a garnish . In 1957, a recipe for "German's Chocolate Cake" appeared as the "Recipe of

203-403: Is a genus of four species of trees in the flowering plant family Proteaceae . They are indigenous to Australia, native to northeastern New South Wales and central and southeastern Queensland specifically. Two species of the genus are commercially important for their fruit, the macadamia nut / ˌ m æ k ə ˈ d eɪ m i ə / (or simply macadamia ). Global production in 2015

232-468: Is a layered chocolate cake filled and topped with a coconut - pecan frosting. Originating in the United States , it was named after English-American chocolate maker Samuel German, who developed a formulation of dark baking chocolate that came to be used in the cake recipe. Sweet baking chocolate is traditionally used for the cake's flavor, but few recipes call for it today. The filling and/or topping

261-771: Is a type of food allergy to macadamia nuts which is relatively rare, affecting less than 5% of people with tree nut allergy in the United States. Macadamia allergy can cause mild to severe allergic reactions, such as oral allergy syndrome , urticaria , angioedema , vomiting, abdominal pain, asthma , and anaphylaxis . Macadamia allergy can also cross-react with other tree nuts or foods that have similar allergenic proteins, such as coconut , walnut , hazelnut , and cashew . The diagnosis and management of macadamia allergy involves avoiding macadamia nuts and their derivatives, reading food labels carefully, carrying an epinephrine auto-injector in case of severe reactions, and consulting

290-487: Is commercially produced in many countries of Southeast Asia, South America, Australia, and North America having Mediterranean , temperate or tropical climates . The first commercial orchard of macadamia trees was planted in the early 1880s by Rous Mill, 12 km (7.5 mi) southeast of Lismore, New South Wales , consisting of M. tetraphylla . Besides the development of a small boutique industry in Australia during

319-514: Is five times harder than hazelnut shells and has mechanical properties similar to aluminum . It has a Vickers hardness of 35. Nuts from M. jansenii and M. ternifolia contain cyanogenic glycosides . The other two species are cultivated for the commercial production of macadamia nuts for human consumption. Previously, more species with disjunct distributions were named as members of this genus Macadamia . Genetics and morphological studies published in 2008 show they have separated from

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348-478: Is the Chantilly cake , a modified German chocolate cake without coconut or nuts in its frosting, although it is occasionally topped with macadamia nuts . Otherwise, recipes between German chocolate cake and Chantilly cake are nearly identical. This frosting, also known as "Chantilly," can also be applied on cream puffs . Despite its name, it does not contain Chantilly cream . Macadamia nuts Macadamia

377-627: Is used for a cake in France, and in the UK it means a layer cake. It is also used for some types of pastry-based desserts like the Gâteau Basque . Layer cakes typically serve multiple people, so they are larger than cupcakes , petits fours , or other individual pastries. A common layer cake size, which is baked in nine-inch round cake pans, typically serves about 16 people, but there is some variation. Some recipes suggest larger pieces with as few as 10 servings for

406-567: The Day" in The Dallas Morning News . It was created by Mrs. George Clay, a homemaker from Dallas, Texas, and used the "German's Sweet Chocolate" baking chocolate introduced in 1853 by American baker Samuel German for the Baker's Chocolate Company . A similar recipe by food conservationist Jackie Huffines had previously been featured on television. General Foods , which owned the Baker's brand at

435-520: The Hawaiian trees must have descended from a small population of Australian trees from Gympie , possibly just a single tree. This lack of genetic diversity in the commercial crop puts it at risk of succumbing to pathogens (as has happened in the past to banana cultivars). Growers may seek to diversify the cultivated population by hybridizing with wild specimens. Nuts from M. jansenii and M. ternifolia contain cyanogenic glycosides. Macadamia allergy

464-719: The finished stack. These layers are then covered with a thin layer of cream and/or jam and stacked. This stack, which is the same height as the typical Western layer cake, is then frosted so that the structure is not visible. At first glance, these cakes look much like a German konditorei style cake such as the Black Forest cake. An example for a European layer cake invented in 1735 is the Frankfurter Kranz (Frankfurt Crown Cake) which consists of two or three layers of sponge cake filled with jam and buttercream frosting , and then frosted with more buttercream. The French term gâteau

493-405: The garden, usually carrying a useful crop by the fourth year and improving from then on. It crops prodigiously when well pollinated. The impressive, grape-like clusters are sometimes so heavy they break the branchlets to which they are attached. Commercial orchards have reached 18 kg (40 lb) per tree by eight years old. On the downside, the macadamias do not drop from the tree when ripe, and

522-505: The genus Macadamia , correlating less closely than thought from earlier morphological studies. The species previously named in the genus Macadamia may still be referred to overall by the descriptive, non-scientific name of macadamia. The German-Australian botanist Ferdinand von Mueller gave the genus the name Macadamia in 1857 in honour of the Scottish-Australian chemist , medical teacher, and politician John Macadam , who

551-672: The late 19th and early 20th centuries, macadamia was extensively planted as a commercial crop in Hawaii from the 1920s onward. Macadamia seeds were first imported into Hawaii in 1882 by William H. Purvis , who planted seeds that year at Kapulena . The Hawaiian-produced macadamia established the well-known seed internationally, and in 2017, Hawaii produced over 22,000 tonnes. In 2019, researchers collected samples from hundreds of trees in Queensland and compared their genetic profiles to samples from Hawaiian orchards. They determined that essentially all

580-459: The leaves are a bit prickly when one reaches into the tree's interior during harvest. Its shell is easier to open than that of most commercial varieties. A pure M. tetraphylla variety from Australia, this strain is cultivated for its productive crop yield, flavour, and suitability for pollinating 'Beaumont.' A South African M. integrifolia / M. tetraphylla hybrid cultivar, it has a sweet seed, which means it has to be cooked carefully so that

609-455: The macadamia nut is the most expensive nut in the world, which is attributed to the slow harvesting process. A Macadamia integrifolia / M. tetraphylla hybrid commercial variety is widely planted in Australia and New Zealand; Dr. J. H. Beaumont discovered it. It is high in oil but is not sweet. New leaves are reddish, and flowers are bright pink, borne on long racemes. It is one of the quickest varieties to come into bearing once planted in

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638-449: The sugars do not caramelise. The sweet seed is usually not fully processed, as it generally does not taste as good, but many people enjoy eating it uncooked. It has an open micropyle (hole in the shell), which may let in fungal spores. The crack-out percentage (ratio of nut meat to the whole nut by weight) is high. Ten-year-old trees average 22 kg (50 lb) per tree. It is a popular variety because of its pollination of 'Beaumont,' and

667-405: The time, took notice and distributed the cake recipe to other newspapers in the country. Sales of Baker's Chocolate are said to have increased by as much as 73% and the cake would become a national staple. The possessive form German's was dropped in subsequent publications, forming the "German Chocolate Cake" identity and giving the false impression of a German origin. Popular throughout Hawaii

696-804: The toxic effects diminish, with full recovery usually within 24 to 48 hours. Macadamias are also toxic to cats, causing tremor, paralysis, stiffness in joints and high fever. Raw macadamia nuts are 1% water, 14% carbohydrates , 76% fat , and 8% protein . A 100-gram reference amount of macadamia nuts provides 740 kilocalories and are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value (DV)) of numerous essential nutrients , including thiamine (104% DV), vitamin B 6 (21% DV), other B vitamins , manganese (195% DV), iron (28% DV), magnesium (37% DV) and phosphorus (27% DV). Compared with other common edible nuts, such as almonds and cashews , macadamias are high in total fat and relatively low in protein. They have

725-592: The world's largest producer. South Africa has been the world's largest producer of the macadamia since the 2010s. The macadamia is the only widely-grown food plant that is native to Australia. Macadamia is an evergreen genus that grows 2–12 m (7–40 ft) tall. The leaves are arranged in whorls of three to six, lanceolate to obovate or elliptic in shape , 60–300 mm ( 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 –12 in) long and 30–130 mm ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 8 – 5 + 1 ⁄ 8  in) broad, with an entire or spiny-serrated margin. The flowers are produced in

754-479: The yields are almost comparable. A M. integrifolia / M. tetraphylla hybrid, this is a rather spreading tree. On the plus side, it is high yielding commercially; 17 kg (37 lb) from a 9-year-old tree has been recorded, and the nuts drop to the ground. However, they are thick-shelled, with not much flavour. In 2018, South Africa was estimated as the leading producer of macadamia nuts, with 54,000 tonnes out of global production of 211,000 tonnes. Macadamia

783-504: Was 160,000 tonnes (180,000 short tons). Other names include Queensland nut , bush nut , maroochi nut , bauple nut and, in the US, they are also known as Hawaii nut . It was an important source of bushfood for the Aboriginal peoples . The nut was first commercially produced on a wide scale in Hawaii , where Australian seeds were introduced in the 1880s, and for more than a century they were

812-512: Was published in Cassell's New Universal Cookery Book , published in London in 1894. Whereas in modern layer cakes, layers are generally baked to a height of around 2 inches (5.1 cm) and split horizontally, another method of preparing cake layers is used for cakes like Dobos torte and Prinzregententorte : The cake batter is baked in seven or eight separate thin layers, about a half-inch thick each in

841-801: Was the honorary Secretary of the Philosophical Institute of Victoria beginning in 1857. The macadamia tree is usually propagated by grafting and does not begin to produce commercial quantities of seeds until it is 7–10 years old, but once established, it may continue bearing for over 100 years. Macadamias prefer fertile, well-drained soils, a rainfall of 1,000–2,000 mm (40–80 in), and temperatures not falling below 10 °C (50 °F) (although once established, they can withstand light frosts), with an optimum temperature of 25 °C (80 °F). The roots are shallow, and trees can be blown down in storms; like most Proteaceae , they are also susceptible to Phytophthora root disease. As of 2019,

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