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66-561: Laurel Valley Sugar Plantation is located in Thibodaux, Louisiana . It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The plantation was originally owned by a French Acadian named Etienne Boudreaux. He was one of thousands of petit habitants who made their way to southern Louisiana after being expelled from Nova Scotia. Boudreaux bought a Spanish land grant about two miles south of Thibodaux along Bayou Lafourche in 1785. Not much

132-563: A biracial coalition of Populists and Republicans. In this period, because blacks were skilled sugar workers, they briefly retained more rights and political power than did African Americans in the north of the state who worked as tenant farmers or sharecroppers on cotton plantations. But from 1880, through the Louisiana Sugar Producers Association, some 200 major planters worked to regain slave conditions and control of workers, adopting uniform pay, withholding 80 percent of

198-589: A casino, school, fish processing plant, and tribal museum on its reservation. Native Waters: A Chitimacha Recollection (2011) is a documentary directed and produced by Laudun for Louisiana Public Broadcasting . It won a 2012 Telly Award. The Chitimacha language became extinct after the last two native speakers, Benjamin Paul and Delphine Ducloux, died in the 1930s. But young linguist Morris Swadesh had worked with Paul and Ducloux from 1930 to record their language and stories. He made extensive notes in an effort to save

264-471: A female householder with no husband present, and 39.0% were non-families. 31.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.10. In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.6% under the age of 18, 17.3% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 18.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age

330-558: A long, bitter war with the French. With their superior firepower, the French nearly destroyed the eastern Chitimacha. Those who survived were resettled by the French authorities, away from the Gulf of Mexico and farther north along the Mississippi River, to the area where they live today. Disease caused more deaths than did warfare and ultimately resulted in dramatic social disruption and defeat of

396-595: A member listed on one of two official rolls: In addition, a prospective member must be able to document having at least one-sixteenth (1/16) degree Chitimacha Indian ancestry (equivalent to one great-great-grandparent). Children of one-sixteenth (1/16) degree or more Chitimacha Indian blood born to any enrolled member since 1971 (when the tribe adopted their Constitution) are entitled to membership. Among their arts, Chitimacha women weave highly refined baskets from rivercane . They typically use three colors: yellow, red, and black. They have woven baskets for sale throughout

462-632: A relic of St. Vitalis, is displayed near St. Valérie's reliquary. St. Valérie has traditionally been invoked for intercession in protecting Thibodaux from hurricanes. Richard D'Alton Williams , a well-known 19th-century Irish patriot, poet, and physician, died of tuberculosis in Thibodaux in 1862, and is buried in St. Joseph Cemetery. His headstone was erected that year by Irish members of the 8th New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry , then encamped in Thibodaux. A famous Mississippi blues musician, Eddie " Guitar Slim " Jones,

528-407: A two-year effort to develop software to support learning the language. Each tribal household was given a copy to support use of the language at home. The Chitimacha have used revenues from gambling to promote education and cultural preservation, founding a tribal museum and historic preservation office, and restoration of their language. The Chitimacha are one of four federally recognized tribes in

594-555: A yell; In one hour after we entered the town, the victory was ours... In the late 19th century, after having taken back control of the state government following the Reconstruction era by use of election fraud and violence by paramilitary forces such as the White League , which suppressed black voting, white Democrats continued to consolidate their power over the state government. In the late 1880s they were challenged temporarily by

660-486: Is a city in, and the parish seat of, Lafourche Parish, Louisiana , United States, along the banks of Bayou Lafourche in the northwestern part of the parish. The population was 15,948 at the 2020 census . Thibodaux is a principal city of the Houma – Bayou Cane –Thibodaux metropolitan statistical area . Thibodaux is nicknamed the "Queen City of Lafourche." The first documented Native American inhabitants of

726-624: Is buried in Thibodaux, where he often played, and where his manager, Hosea Hill, resided. Two-term Governor of Louisiana Francis T. Nicholls is buried in the Episcopal Cemetery on Jackson Street. The mayor of Thibodaux is elected at-large and is currently Kevin Clement. The city council of seven is elected from five single-member districts , and two at-large members. Thibodaux is in Parish Council Districts 1, 2, 3, and 4. In

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792-470: Is known about the Boudreaux family, but the 1810 census lists 13 people living at the residence, nine males and four females. The Boudreaux family home, built in 1816, is the oldest surviving structure on property. The property that came to be known as Laurel Valley Plantation was officially sold to Joseph W. Tucker in 1832. Tucker was a Virginian, who bought about 5,000 acres of land along Bayou Lafourche . It

858-518: Is located at 29°53′02″N 91°31′52″W  /  29.88389°N 91.53111°W  / 29.88389; -91.53111 in the northern part of the community of Charenton , in St. Mary Parish on Bayou Teche. This is in the Atchafalaya Basin, a rich estuary. The Chitimacha are the only Indigenous people in the state who still control some of their traditional lands. As with many Native American tribes,

924-531: Is mentioned in Hank Williams ' " Jambalaya (On The Bayou) ." In 1972 Leon Russell had the song "Cajun Love Song," in which Thibodaux is mentioned. It is also mentioned in the 1970s Jerry Reed song " Amos Moses ," in the 1990s George Strait song "Adalida," in Dan Baird's 1992 song "Dixie Beauxderaunt," the 1999 Jimmy Buffett song "I Will Play for Gumbo," and the 2008 Toby Keith song "Creole Woman," and "Thibodaux"

990-484: Is the title of a song by jazz singer Marcia Ball . Chitimacha The Chitimacha have an Indian reservation in St. Mary Parish near Charenton on Bayou Teche . Their reservation is a small part of their precontact territory. They are the only Louisiana tribe who still control some of their original land, where they have long occupied areas of the Atchafalaya Basin , "one of the richest inland estuaries on

1056-566: The Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania, where they boarded full time along with other Native American students from a wide variety of tribes. The Indian boarding schools were considered a means to assimilate the children into mainstream United States culture. They disrupted transmission of native languages by forcing the children to use English at school and taking them away from their families for lengthy periods of time. The tribe

1122-500: The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 , considered President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's Native American New Deal . The tribe successfully resisted efforts in the 1950s to terminate them as a tribe under federal policy of the time, a move which would have ended their relationship with the federal government. In 1971 they adopted a new written constitution. They have an elected representative government, with two-year terms for

1188-644: The Mississippi River Delta area of south central Louisiana for thousands of years before European encounter. Their oral history states that their territory was marked by four prominent trees. Archaeological evidences suggest that the Chitimacha and their ancestors have lived in Louisiana for perhaps 6,000 years. Prior to that, they may have migrated into the area from west of the Mississippi River . At

1254-615: The Roman Catholic Diocese of Houma–Thibodaux ) include: Colleges: Lafourche Parish is in the service area of Fletcher Technical Community College . The local newspaper is The Daily Comet . It was founded in 1889 as Lafourche Comet . It was owned by The New York Times Company from 1979 until 2011. The company sold this and other regional newspapers to Halifax Media Group . Cable television and Internet are provided in Thibodaux by Reserve Telecommunications, AT&T, and Charter Spectrum. The family and city name "Thibodaux"

1320-612: The United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 5.47 square miles (14.2 km ), all land. As of the 2020 United States census , there were 15,948 people, 5,548 households, and 2,965 families residing in the city. As of the census of 2000, there were 14,431 people, 5,500 households, and 3,355 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,636.8 inhabitants per square mile (1,018.1/km ). There were 6,004 housing units at an average density of 1,097.0 per square mile (423.6/km ). The racial makeup of

1386-446: The poverty line , including 36.3% of those under age 18 and 18.2% of those age 65 or over. The Roman Catholic patron saints of Thibodaux are Saint Valérie , an early Christian martyr, and Saint Vitalis of Milan , her husband, also a martyr. A life-sized reliquary of Saint Valérie, containing an arm bone, was brought to Thibodaux in 1868 and is displayed in her shrine in St. Joseph Co-Cathedral in Thibodaux. A smaller reliquary, with

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1452-413: The Chitimacha confederation occupied a total of about 15 villages at the time of encounter with French explorers and colonists in the early 18th century. The French described the villages as self-governing groups. The Grand Chief represented the central governing authority of all the sub-tribes, but they operated in a highly decentralized manner. Between the years 1706 and 1718, the Chitimacha engaged in

1518-531: The Chitimacha had a matrilineal kinship system , in which property and descent passed through the female lines. The hereditary male chiefs, who governed until early in the 20th century, came from the maternal lines and were approved by female elders. Children were considered to belong to their mother's family and clan and took their status from her. Like other Native American tribes, the Chitimacha at times absorbed and acculturated other peoples. In addition, as Chitimacha women had relationships with European traders in

1584-734: The Chitimacha had no immunity to these new diseases and suffered high fatalities in epidemics . By 1700, when the French began to colonize the Mississippi River Valley , the number of Chitimacha had been dramatically reduced. Estimates for that time: the Chawasha had about 700 people, the Washa about 1,400; the Chitimacha some 4,000; and the Yagenichito about 3,000. (Kniffen et al. said 4,000 people in total in 1700; they may have known only about those classified as only Chitimacha.) The sub-tribes of

1650-667: The Chitimacha took over their children's education and have established the Chitimacha Tribal School on the reservation; it is sponsored by the Bureau of Indian Affairs . The Tribal Council is involved in ongoing negotiations with the United States to obtain compensation for the land expropriations of the past. With revenues derived from its gaming casino, the Chitimacha have purchased additional land to be held in trust for its reservation, and now control 1000 acres. It has established

1716-518: The Indigenous culture. The Chitimacha in the mid-19th century sued the United States for confirmation of title to their tribal land. The federal government issued a decree establishing an area of 1,062 acres in St. Mary Parish as Chitimacha land. The 1900 federal census recorded six Chitimacha families with a total of 55 people, three of whom were classified as full-bloods. In 1910 there were 69 Chitimacha recorded; 19 of their children were students at

1782-576: The Louisiana Legislature, Thibodaux is currently represented by District 55 Rep. Bryan Fontenot (R-Thibodaux) and Sen. Bret Allain (R-Jeanerette). In the United States Congress, it is represented by Rep. Garret Graves (R-Baton Rouge), Sen. Bill Cassidy (R- Baton Rouge) and Sen. John Neely Kennedy (R-Madisonville). The Louisiana Office of Juvenile Justice operates an office in Thibodaux. The United States Postal Service operates

1848-727: The Louisiana Purchase, after Napoleon , then First Consul, decided to sell France's North American possessions due to the failure to regain control of Saint-Domingue (which became the Republic of Haiti) and the impending threat of war with Great Britain. The present State of Louisiana became the U.S. Territory of Orleans, and in 1805 the Territorial Legislature created ten counties, among them the County of Lafourche (later Lafourche Parish). Americans from other states then began to settle in

1914-486: The Mississippi River during the 1830s. The tribe received some annuities and financial benefits as a result of formal recognition. But the population continued its decline and by 1930, the Chitimacha had a recorded total of 51 people. Between 1903 and 1919, tribal members of mixed African and Native American ancestry were disenrolled from the Chitimacha tribe of Louisiana, and their descendants have since then been denied tribal membership. Since that early 20th-century low,

1980-557: The Mississippi River. Some Acadian refugees were resettled in Louisiana along the Mississippi River; their descendants became known as Cajuns. They also put pressure on the Chitimacha population because they took over their land. Eventually some Chitimacha married Acadians and gradually became acculturated to their community, including converting to Catholicism . Others absorbed Europeans into Chitimacha society. Mixed-race children born to Chitimacha women were considered to belong to their mother's families and generally were raised within

2046-616: The Thibodaux Post Office. ZIP codes for Thibodaux are 70301, 70302, and 70310. Thibodaux's telephone area code is 985. Residents are zoned to schools in the Lafourche Parish Public Schools . Zoned elementary schools include: Zoned middle schools include: Thibodaux residents are zoned to Thibodaux High School . From 1950 until 1968, C.M. Washington High School served as the segregated public school for African Americans in Thibodaux. Catholic schools (of

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2112-685: The Thibodaux area were the Chawasha, a small tribe related to the Chitimacha of the upper Bayou Lafourche. The first settlers of European descent in this area arrived in the 18th century, when Louisiana was the Spanish province of Luisiana. They consisted of French nationals and Louisiana-born French and German creoles, followed shortly by Spanish and French Acadian immigrants. The colonists gradually began to import Africans in bondage as slaves to work on and develop rice and sugar cane plantations. The United States acquired Louisiana from France in 1803 as part of

2178-499: The United States. On June 20, 1863, Texas Confederate cavalry forces attacked the Union force occupying Thibodaux and captured the town. In a letter dated July 1, 1863, to his sister, Confederate Texas cavalryman Benjamin Franklin "Frank" Price proudly described the courage of his horse and a dramatic cavalry charge across the rebuilt Jackson Street bridge: I wish you could have seen Rowdy in

2244-585: The Vampire , A Lesson Before Dying , Double Exposure: The Story of Margaret Bourke-White , and Ray .The Depeche Mode Music Video "Freelove" was also filmed on the plantation. The history of the Laurel Valley Plantation was told in an episode of "Mysteries of the Abandoned" (S06E02). • The Boudreaux Years Thibodaux, Louisiana Thibodaux ( / ˈ t ɪ b ə d oʊ / TIB -ə-doh )

2310-454: The ambush and wounding of two pickets posted in the southern section of town, the militia committee began to indiscriminately shoot black workers and some family members, killing an estimated 35 (and quite possibly more) in what is called the " Thibodaux massacre " of November 23, 1887. The incident is generally considered to be the second bloodiest labor dispute in U.S. history. Casualties including wounded and missing were claimed by some to be in

2376-470: The area. As early as 1808, a trading post and small village, known as "Thibodeauxville," had been established on the west bank of Bayou Lafourche, due to its strategic location near the confluence of Bayou Lafourche and Bayou Terrebonne. By the 1820s, the village had grown to a local center of the sugar cane industry. This settlement was formally incorporated as a town in 1830 under the name "Thibodauxville", in honor of local planter Henry Schuyler Thibodaux ,

2442-456: The charge upon [Thibodaux]ville, I never saw a better cavalry horse, about three hundred of the best horses of the regiment was selected by Lt[.] Col[.] Crump to make the charge, and I can assure you that Rowdy stood the fire of the enemies [ sic ] guns as well or better than the rider. The cowardly Yankees could have killed all of us while we were crossing the bridge of [Thibodaux] but they only fired three rounds before they skedaddled and then such

2508-403: The city was 64.04% White , 33.76% African American , 0.37% Native American , 0.64% Asian , 0.02% Pacific Islander , 0.26% from other races , and 0.90% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.03% of the population. There were 5,500 households, out of which 29.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.1% were married couples living together, 19.4% had

2574-406: The city's name, "Thibodaux," was apparently officially adopted in 1900. In January 1844, the prominent statesman and U.S. Senator Henry Clay , the "Great Compromiser," visited Thibodaux for several days as part of his campaign for the U.S. Presidency. A residential lane along the canal connecting Bayou Lafourche to Bayou Terrebonne was later named in his honor. Confederate General Braxton Bragg,

2640-459: The continent." In 2011 they numbered about 1100 people. Historically, the Chitimacha spoke the Chitimacha language , a language isolate . The last two fluent speakers died in the 1930s, but the tribe has been working to revitalize the language since the 1990s. They use notes and recordings made by linguist Morris Swadesh around 1930. They have also started immersion classes for children and adults. In 2008 they partnered with Rosetta Stone in

2706-538: The critical "rolling period" of the sugar cane harvest. Planters were alarmed both by outside labor organizations and the thought of losing their total crops. The governor called in the state militia at the planters' request; they protected strikebreakers and evicted black workers. The strike was broken in Terrebonne Parish. Paramilitary forces closed off Thibodaux, where numerous black workers had taken refuge. A New Orleans newspaper reported that "for three weeks past

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2772-408: The decades of more interaction, their mixed-race children were considered to belong to the mother's family and were acculturated as Chitimacha. The Chitimacha were divided into a strict class system of nobles and commoners. They had such a distinction that the two classes spoke different dialects. Intermarriage between the classes was forbidden. The Chitimacha Indians and their ancestors inhabited

2838-469: The five members of the Tribal Council. Three are elected from single-member districts and two members are elected at-large . Like all federally recognized tribes, the Chitimacha, through passage of their constitution, have established their own rules for tribal membership. According to the constitution, they require that members have a certain blood quantum and be able to document direct descent from

2904-425: The foreheads of their male babies. They would bind them as infants to shape their skulls. Adult men would typically wear their hair long and loose. They were skilled practitioners of the art of tattooing , often covering their face, body, arms and legs with tattooed designs. Because of the hot and humid climate, the men generally wore only a breechcloth, and the women a short skirt. Like many Native American peoples,

2970-411: The hundreds, but there has never been an accurate count. The cane workers returned to the plantations under conditions dictated by white planters. The massacre and subsequent disenfranchisement of blacks in Louisiana at the turn of the century by making voter registration more difficult, and white Democrats' imposition of Jim Crow , ended labor organizing of cane workers until the 1940s. According to

3036-548: The land to the federal government (Department of Interior) to be held in trust as a reservation for the tribe. McIlhenny also encouraged Federal recognition of the Chitimacha as a tribe, which the Department of Interior granted in 1917. The Chitimacha were the first Native American tribe in Louisiana to gain federal recognition. Most Native Americans of the Southeast had been forcibly removed to Indian Territory or Texas west of

3102-404: The language and its traditional accounts. Most contemporary Chitimacha speak Cajun French and English. With revenues from gaming, the tribe has established cultural revitalization activities: a tribal historic preservation office, language immersion classes, a tribal museum, and a project to promote river cane regrowth on tribal lands to support weaving traditional baskets. In the early 1990s,

3168-453: The many swamps, bayous, and rivers of the Atchafalaya Basin , "one of the richest inland estuaries on the continent." They knew this area intimately. The site conditions provided them with a natural defense against enemy attack and made these villages almost impregnable. As a result, they did not fortify them. The villages were rather large, with an average of about 500 inhabitants. Dwellings were constructed from available resources. Typically

3234-419: The negro women of the town have been making threats to the effect that if the white men resorted to arms they would burn the town and [end] the lives of the white women and children with their cane knives." Similarly, in the days leading up to the climactic event, it was reported that "[s]ome of the colored women made open threats against the people and the community, declaring that they would destroy any house in

3300-690: The people built walls from a framework of poles and plastered them with mud or palmetto leaves. The roofs were thatched . The Chitimacha raised a variety of crops, and agricultural produce provided the mainstay of their diet. The women tended cultivation and the crops. They were skilled horticulturalists, raising numerous, distinct varieties of corn, beans, and squash. Corn was the main crop, supplemented by beans , squash and melons . The women also gathered wild foods and nuts. The men hunted for such game as deer, turkey and alligator. They also caught fish. The people stored grain crops in an elevated winter granary to supplement hunting and fishing. Living by

3366-757: The people. The use of alcohol also took its toll, as they were highly vulnerable to it. By 1784, the combined numbers of the tribes had fallen to 180. In the early 1800s, a small group was absorbed by the Houma of Louisiana. In the late 18th century, the British deported the Acadians (French colonists in Acadia ) from eastern Canada after defeating France in the Seven Years' War and taking over their territories in North America east of

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3432-443: The plantation sustained extensive damage during Hurricane Ida and lost more than a dozen of the original buildings. However, Laurel Valley was able to reopen again 1 month later and currently offers guided tours of the property. With about 40 original structures remaining it is the largest surviving 19th- and 20th-century sugar plantation complex left in the United States and is still a working sugarcane farm. The general store on

3498-507: The population has increased as the people have recovered. Men began to gain better employment by working in the Louisiana oil fields as drillers and foremen. In the early 21st century, the tribe reported it has more than 900 enrolled members. The 2000 census reported a resident population of 409 persons living on the Chitimacha Indian Reservation. Of these, 285 identified as solely of Native American ancestry. The reservation

3564-740: The property is open to the public, displaying tools and farm implements used in the cultivation of sugar cane as well as locally made arts and crafts. The store wasn't originally at the plantation, it had to be moved there. Its proprietor was Leon Z. Boudreaux. Laurel Valley Plantation was added as a historic district to the National Register of Historic Places on March 24, 1978. Download coordinates as: The historic 1,230 acres (500 ha) district comprises about 80 buildings and structures dating from c.1850 to c.1910: Several movies have been filmed at Laurel Valley, including Angel Heart , Crazy in Alabama , A Gathering of Old Men , Interview with

3630-490: The son of Acadian exiles. He had provided the land for the original village center and, as lieutenant governor, assumed the office of acting governor of the State of Louisiana in 1824. The area was developed in the antebellum period for sugar cane plantations, and Thibodaux was the trading center of the region. Sugar cane was an important commodity crop. The name of the town was shortened to "Thibodeaux" in 1838. The current spelling of

3696-567: The state. According to the Chitimacha, their name comes from the term Pantch Pinankanc, meaning "men altogether red," also meaning "warrior." The name Chawasha , a subtribe of the Chitimacha, is a Choctaw term for "Raccoon Place." Washa is also Choctaw and means "Hunting Pace." Yaganechito means "Big Country." The Chitimacha were divided into four sub-tribes: the Chawasha , Chitimacha, Washa, and Yagenachito. These were divided by their geography. The Chitimacha established their villages in

3762-450: The time of Columbus’ arrival in America, historians estimate the combined strength of the four Chitimacha groups was about 20,000. Although the Chitimacha had virtually no direct contact with Europeans for two more centuries, they suffered Eurasian infectious diseases contracted from other Natives who had traded with them, such as measles, smallpox, and typhoid fever. Like other Native Americans,

3828-611: The town" and that "[n]ot a few of the negroes boasted that in case a fight was made they were fully prepared for it." One historian adds: As late as November 21 some still comported themselves with confidence, and perhaps bravado, on the sidewalks. Mary Pugh, widow of Richard Pugh, owner of Live Oak Plantation in Lafourche Parish, reported "meeting negro men singly or two or three together with guns on their shoulders going down town & negro women on each side telling them to 'fight - yes - fight we'll be there.'" On November 23, after

3894-433: The tribe partnered with Rosetta Stone to develop software to document the language and provide teaching materials. Each tribal household was given a copy of the software, to support families learning the language and encouraging children to speak it at home. The collaborative project is also producing a complete dictionary and learner's reference grammar for the language. The Chitimacha re-established their government under

3960-505: The tribe was contacted by the American Philosophical Society Library, which said it held Swadesh's papers and had found extensive notes on the Chitimacha language, including a draft grammar manual and dictionary. A small team was recruited to try to learn the language quickly and begin to prepare materials to transmit it, such as a storybook. Language immersion classes were started in the school for children. In 2008

4026-407: The victor at Chickamauga, and his wife had a plantation, "Bivouac," just north of Thibodaux and attended services at St. John's Episcopal Church on Jackson Street, founded by Bishop Leonidas Polk, the owner of "Leighton" plantation and later a Confederate lieutenant general killed in action. In 1896, the first rural free delivery of mail in Louisiana began in Thibodaux. It was the second such RFD in

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4092-472: The waters, the Chitimacha made dugout canoes for transport. These vessels were constructed by carving out cypress logs. The largest could hold as many as 50 people. To gain the stones they needed for fashioning arrowheads and tools, the people traded crops for stone with tribes to the north. They also developed such weapons as the blow gun and cane dart. They adapted fish bones to use as arrowheads. The Chitimacha were distinctive in their custom of flattening

4158-582: The workers' pay until after harvest, and making them accept scrip , redeemable only at plantation stores owned by the planters, rather than cash. Cane workers struck intermittently against these conditions. The Knights of Labor organized a chapter in 1886 in Shreveport, Louisiana and attracted many cane workers seeking better conditions. A sugar cane workers' strike in Lafourche and three neighboring parishes involved 10,000 workers, 1,000 of whom were white, during

4224-409: Was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.3 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 26,697, and the median income for a family was $ 36,551. Males had a median income of $ 31,464 versus $ 21,144 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 16,966. About 20.6% of families and 25.1% of the population were below

4290-667: Was at one time the largest producer of sugar in Lafourche Parish , and a mill was built on the property for this purpose. As many as 135 slaves lived and worked on the property prior to the Civil War . While the main house built by Tucker was burned by Union soldiers during the Civil War, shotgun houses (built circa 1895) and Creole cabins (built circa 1845) remain on the property. The mill stopped production in 1926, and sustained significant damage during Hurricane Betsy in 1965. In 2021,

4356-418: Was under economic pressure in the early 20th century, and sometimes members were forced to sell land because they could not afford taxes. Sarah Avery McIlhenney, a local benefactor whose family owned and operated the factory to manufacture Tabasco , responded to a call for aid by Chitimacha women. She purchased their last 260 acres of land at a sheriff's sale in 1915; then transferred it to the tribe. They ceded

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