The Latin school was the grammar school of 14th- to 19th-century Europe, though the latter term was much more common in England. Other terms used include Lateinschule in Germany, or later Gymnasium . Latin schools were also established in Colonial America .
44-924: Latin School may refer to: Latin schools of Medieval and post-medieval or early modern Europe; also called grammar school , or Gymnasium Latin schools in colonial North America and the USA ; and of these several specific schools in the United States, some of which were founded to teach Latin and some of which were not, or no longer do: Boston Latin School , Boston, MA Boys' Latin School of Maryland , Baltimore, MD Brooklyn Latin School , New York, NY Cambridge Rindge and Latin School in Cambridge, Massachusetts Charlotte Latin School , Charlotte, NC Covington Latin School , Covington, KY Highlands Latin School , Louisville, KY
88-583: A background in classical Latin as well as training in humanistic scripts. Still considered as the language of the learned, Latin was esteemed and used frequently in the academic field. However, at the start of the 14th century, writers started writing in the vernacular . Due to this event and the common practice of interweaving Latin with a dialect even at advanced stages in learning, the precedence of Latin schools from other pedagogical institutions diminished. Clergy often funded ecclesiastical schools where clerics taught. Many historians argue that up until 1300
132-466: A book containing dialogues written for the study of Latin grammar, was written by Erasmus and became one of the most popular books of its time. Students of Studia Humanitatis were seen as well prepared for occupations pertaining to politics or business. Learning the classics and other subjects in this curriculum enabled the individual to speak, argue and write with eloquence and relevance. Early Modern children were first taught to read and write
176-523: A career within the church. Although Latin schools existed in many parts of Europe in the 14th-century and were more open to the laity, prior to that the Church allowed for Latin schools for the sole purpose of training those who would one day become clergymen. Latin schools began to develop to reflect Renaissance humanism around the 1450s. In some countries, but not England, they later lost their popularity as universities and some Catholic orders began to prefer
220-540: A formal ritual enacted by those who understand themselves to be participating in an action with the divine. The word liturgy ( / l ɪ t ə r dʒ i / ), derived from the technical term in ancient Greek ( Greek : λειτουργία ), leitourgia , which means "work or service for the people" is a literal translation of the two affixes λήϊτος, "leitos", derived from the Attic form of λαός ("people, public"), and ἔργον, "ergon", meaning "work, service". In origin, it signified
264-509: A large sum of other books (though not nearly as popular) was often referred to as the "canon of textbooks". Similarly, as the student advanced into the Ars Dictaminis stage more theory and practice writing formal or prose letters were focused on. Poetry was often a teachers favorite as it taught not only Latin , but mnemonic value and "truth". Poetry was not chiefly studied during the medieval times, although some classic poems were taken into
308-449: A religious service, be it a sacramental service or a service of public prayer ; usually the former is the referent. In the ancient tradition, sacramental liturgy especially is the participation of the people in the work of God, which is primarily the saving work of Jesus Christ; in this liturgy, Christ continues the work of redemption. The term "liturgy" in Greek literally means to "work for
352-458: A teacher and paid their salary. These schools usually had limited supervision from the town authorities. Freelance Latin masters opened up their own schools quite frequently and would provide Latin education to anyone willing to pay. These freelance schools usually taught students in the master's home. Others taught as a tutor in a student's household by either living there or making daily visits to teach. Students ranged from those who were members of
396-615: Is a formalized service of veneration and worship performed within a Buddhist Sangha in nearly every traditional denomination and sect in the Buddhist world. It is often done one or more times a day and can vary among the Theravada , Mahayana , and Vajrayana sects. The liturgy mainly consists of chanting or reciting a sutra or passages from a sutras , a mantra (especially in Vajrayana), and several gathas . Depending on what practice
440-528: Is the customary public ritual of worship performed by a religious group. As a religious phenomenon, liturgy represents a communal response to and participation in the sacred through activities reflecting praise , thanksgiving, remembrance, supplication , or repentance . It forms a basis for establishing a relationship with God . Technically speaking, liturgy forms a subset of ritual . The word liturgy , sometimes equated in English as " service ", refers to
484-655: Is the practice of physical and compulsory prayer in Islam as opposed to dua , which is the Arabic word for supplication . Its importance for Muslims is indicated by its status as one of the Five Pillars of Islam . Salat is preceded by ritual ablution and usually performed five times a day. It consists of the repetition of a unit called a rakʿah (pl. rakaʿāt ) consisting of prescribed actions and words. The number of obligatory ( fard ) rakaʿāt varies from two to four according to
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#1732848671825528-537: The Greek language , as well as modern foreign languages, emerged. They called this new curriculum the Studia Humanitatis . Latin school formed the basis of education in the elite Italian city-states . Positions such as headmaster of grammar schools or professor of Latin grammar, rhetoric and dialect, were filled in by erudite humanists. Guarino da Verona , another humanist, devised three stages for humanistic learning:
572-590: The 16th century, the Catholic Counter-Reformation supported the establishment of municipal schools. Jesuits founded their own schools and offered free training in Latin grammar, Philosophy, Theology, Geography, Religious Doctrine and History for boys. It was important for Jesuits as well as the Catholic Reformation to instruct clergymen as well as laymen in this type of education. The Jesuits pursued
616-492: The 6th to 8th grade program at Kellenberg Memorial High School , Long Island, NY Latin School of Chicago , Chicago, IL Roxbury Latin School , Roxbury, MA Washington Latin Public Charter School , Washington, DC Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Latin School . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
660-506: The Catholic Church tried to deal with the surfacing of Protestant Latin schools that involved itself with orienting church authorities and pastors. John Calvin , a reformer, taught Latin grammar along with the Geneva catechism. Nevertheless, there were some reformers who wanted to cease using Latin in worship, finding the vernacular a more efficient language to use. In the latter part of
704-635: The Church had a monopoly on education in Medieval Italy. Latin church schools seemed to appear around the 12th century, however very few remained after the 14th century as a vernacular, more definite form of Latin school emerged in Italy. In some areas in Spain during the late 15th century, the church encouraged priests and sacristans to train others in reading and writing. After the Protestant Reformation ,
748-649: The Dutch humanist, Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536), denounced the church and the way it taught. He desired that a Renaissance in the Roman Catholic Church should accompany the study of the classics . Humanist ideas became so influential that residents in Italian states began to call for a new kind of education in Latin. Schools and academies that centred on instructing classical literature , history, rhetoric , dialectic , natural philosophy , arithmetic , medieval texts,
792-631: The Latin "ministerium") is a duty for Christians as a priestly people by their baptism into Christ and participation in His high priestly ministry. It is also God's ministry or service to the worshippers. It is a reciprocal service. Historically, there was a Christian thought that stresses the idea of the entire liturgy being needed to transform the bread and wine into Eucharistic elements (see Eucharist ). This may have been prevalent especially in Egypt. Usually, many Christian churches designate one person who participates in
836-534: The course of the 3rd century AD, as a form of taxation. The holder of a Hellenic leitourgia was not taxed a specific sum, but was assigned to subsidise a particular ritual, which could be performed with greater or lesser generosity or magnificence. The chief sphere remained that of civic religion, embodied in the festivals: M.I. Finley notes "in Demosthenes ' day there were at least 97 liturgical appointments in Athens for
880-461: The curriculum that would teach students grammar. These texts however, were often not the original texts, as more often than not, texts were changed to include moral stories or to display rules of grammar. These were usually in the form of fables or poems. New students generally started off with easy basic grammar, and steadily moved into harder Latin readings such as the Donatus ( Ars Minor stage), which
924-569: The curriculum. However, during the Renaissance, pupils greatly studied poetry in order to learn metrics and style. As well, it was viewed as a broader study of Latin grammar and rhetoric, which often included concepts, and analysis of words Ars Dictaminis was an area of study that was created in the latter part of the Middle Ages as a response to the demand for social communication as offices for religious and political leaders increased. Rhetoric
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#1732848671825968-417: The elementary, the grammatical and the rhetorical. Humanists held the belief that by being a learned individual they were contributing to society. Hence, humanistic education constituted the intermediate and advanced levels for most of the urban population. It created an opportunity to advance an individual's social status since more institutions intellectual, political and economic sought workers who possessed
1012-418: The fees. Students usually finished their schooling during their late teens, but those who desired to join the priesthood had to wait until they were twenty-four in order to get accepted. There was usually a limit to how long a student could stay in school, although if a relative was one of the school's founders then an extended stay was possible. Schools were managed by appointing a committee who then employed
1056-666: The festivals, rising to 118 in a (quadrennial) Panathenaic year ." Groups of rich citizens were assigned to subsidise civic amenities and even warships. Eventually, under the Roman Empire , such obligations, known to Romans as munera , devolved into a competitive and ruinously expensive burden that was avoided when possible. Munera included a wide range of expenses having to do with civic infrastructure and amenities; festivals and games ( ludi ) and imperial obligations such as highway, bridge and aqueduct repair, supply of various raw materials, and feeding troops in transit. Buddhist liturgy
1100-428: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latin_School&oldid=1148784968 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Educational institution disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Latin school Emphasis
1144-548: The often expensive offerings wealthy Greeks made in service to the people, and thus to the polis and the state. Through the leitourgia , the rich carried a financial burden and were correspondingly rewarded with honours and prestige. Specific leitourgia were assigned by the polis , the State, and during Rome's domination, the Roman Imperial authorities as "gifts" to the state and the people. Their performance became obligatory in
1188-495: The peasantry to those of the elite. If a serf 's child wanted to go to school, payment given to the lord was required (to replace the value of his labour) as well as his consent. As Europeans experienced the intellectual, political, economic and social innovations of the Renaissance so did their attitudes towards Medieval Latin schools. Renaissance humanists criticized Medieval Latin calling it "barbaric jargon". Scholars like
1232-469: The people", but a better translation is "public service" or "public work", as made clear from the origin of the term as described above. The early Christians adopted the word to describe their principal act of worship, the Sunday service (referred to by various terms, including Holy Eucharist, Holy Communion, Mass or Divine Liturgy), which they considered to be a sacrifice . This service, liturgy, or ministry (from
1276-606: The practitioner wishes to undertake, it can be done at a temple or at home. The liturgy is almost always performed in front of an object or objects of veneration and accompanied by offerings of light, incense, water, and food. Frequently in Christianity , a distinction is made between "liturgical" and "non-liturgical" churches based on how elaborate or formal the worship; in this usage, churches whose services are unscripted or improvised are called "non-liturgical". Others object to this distinction, arguing that this terminology obscures
1320-455: The significance of education to their order and took over the teaching responsibilities in Latin schools and secondary schools along with other Catholic orders in several Catholic areas. The Latin school curriculum was based mainly on reading Classical and some Medieval authors. Students had to learn the principles of Ars Dictaminis in order to learn how to write formal letters. Authors often had lists of books that were supposed to be used in
1364-494: The study of how to write official and private letters as well as records. The revised Ars Dictaminis took its guidelines from one of Cicero 's works, the de inventione and pseudo-Ciceronian Rhetorica ad Herennium . There were five main parts: the salutatio (salutation), benevolentiae (winning the agreement of the recipient through the arrangement of words), narratio (the point of the discussion), petitio (petition), and conclusio (conclusion). This systematic presentation
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1408-404: The time of day or other circumstances (such as Friday congregational worship, which has two rakats). Prayer is obligatory for all Muslims except those who are prepubescent , menstruating , or in puerperium stage after childbirth. Jewish liturgy is the prayer recitations that form part of the observance of Rabbinic Judaism . These prayers, often with instructions and commentary, are found in
1452-534: The universality of public worship as a religious phenomenon. Thus, even the open or waiting worship of Quakers is liturgical, since the waiting itself until the Holy Spirit moves individuals to speak is a prescribed form of Quaker worship, sometimes referred to as "the liturgy of silence". Typically in Christianity, however, the term "the liturgy" normally refers to a standardised order of events observed during
1496-507: The vernacular and were then sent to Latin schools. If the parents were financially able, the child went even before he learned to read or write if the opportunity was present. Men were the usual students since women were either taught at home or in nunneries. Subsequent to the Council of Trent 's decision to cloister all female religious, female orders such as Ursulines and Angelicals conducted their own schools within their convents. University
1540-502: The vernacular. Medieval Europe thought of grammar as a foundation from which all forms of scholarship should originate. Grammar schools otherwise known as Latin schools taught Latin by using Latin. Latin was the language used in nearly all academic and most legal and administrative matters, as well as the language of the liturgy . Some of the laity, though not instructed formally, spoke and wrote some Latin. Courts, especially church courts, used Latin in their proceedings, although this
1584-438: The worship service as the liturgist. The liturgist may read announcements, scriptures, and calls to worship, while the minister preaches the sermon, offers prayers, and blesses sacraments. The liturgist may be either an ordained minister or a lay person. The entire congregation participates in and offers the liturgy to God. Salāt ("prayer", Arabic : صلاة ṣalāh or gen : ṣalāt ; pl. صلوات ṣalawāt )
1628-407: The year 1450. Those who did study under this discipline were taught classical literature , history, rhetoric , dialectic , natural philosophy , arithmetic , some medieval texts, Greek as well as modern foreign languages. The use of pagan authors became more common as the church became less involved with the humanistic method used in academic institutions before university. Colloquies (1518),
1672-613: Was Boston Latin School , founded in 1635. These fed early universities such as Harvard , with students capable of speaking, reading and debating in Latin. The challenge to the Latin, Greek and "classical" domination of education came earlier than in Europe, but the tradition continued at a diminished level through the twentieth century. A number of "Latin Schools" still exist in the US, some of which teach Latin, while others do not. Liturgy Liturgy
1716-460: Was a syntax manual that was memorized, or even more advanced with glossaries and dictionaries. Although many teachers used many books that varied from person to person, the most popular textbook would have been the Doctrinale . The Doctrinale was a long verse of Latin grammar. This textbook dealt with parts of speech, syntax, quantity and meter, as well as figures of speech. The Doctrinale as well as
1760-552: Was attributed to the Medieval preference for hierarchal organization. Studia Humanitatis was the new curriculum founded in the Early Modern Era by humanists . In order to be able to move forward academically, a firm foundation in Studia Humanitatis starting from elementary school was necessary. Those who studied under Ars Dictaminis but did not have this background found it difficult to get accepted into chanceries following
1804-517: Was even less accessible than the vernacular to the lower classes, who often could not read at all, let alone Latin. Students often studied in Latin school for about five years, but by their third year, students would be deemed as "knowledgeable enough" in Latin grammar to assist the master teacher in teaching the younger or less skilled pupils. Most boys began at the age of seven but older men who wanted to study were not discouraged as long as they could pay
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1848-461: Was placed on learning Latin , initially in its Medieval Latin form. Grammar was the most basic part of the trivium and the Liberal arts . Latin schools aimed to prepare students for university, as well as seeking to enable those of middle-class status to rise above their station. It was therefore not unusual for children of commoners to attend Latin schools, especially if they were expected to pursue
1892-401: Was seen as a method of persuasion and so there were five distinct aspects of Ars Dictaminis that assured this. These five elements were: "how to word a question; how to dispose material; how to find the right words and effective stylistic devices; how to commit everything to memory; how to find the right intonation and suitable gestures". During the Renaissance however, rhetoric developed into
1936-538: Was the final stage of academic learning and within its walls Latin was the language of lectures and scholarly debates. Jews however, including those who were converted into Christianity , were not allowed to teach so they developed their own schools which taught Doctrine, Hebrew and Latin . Latin schools, on the same model, were founded in North America, importing the European methods of education. The first of these
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