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63-605: It shares the same origins as the German Long-haired Pointer , and was established as a separate breed when the breed society removed the black-and-white colouration from its breed standard . A new breed society for black-and-white long-haired pointers was started in 1919, and the new breed was recognised in 1922. It was definitively accepted by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale in 1954. The pointing dog breeds of Europe all derive from

126-443: A d/d dilution of black pigment, a grey colouration that is grey from birth, but has a wide range of breed-specific meanings. In Kerry Blue Terriers , Poodles , and Bearded Collies , "blue" refers to colouration that is black at birth and progressively greys out as the dog matures. In Australian Shepherds , Rough Collies , and Shetland Sheepdogs , blue means a blue (black-based) merle . In Australian Silky Terriers , blue means

189-514: A double coat . Dogs with a single coat have a coat composed solely of guard hairs, with little or no downy undercoat. The terms fur and hair are often used interchangeably when describing a dog's coat, however in general, a double coat, like that of the Newfoundland and most livestock guardian dogs , is referred to as a fur coat , while a single coat, like that of the Poodle , is referred to as

252-455: A hair coat . Domestic dogs exhibit diverse coat colours and patterns . In many mammals, different colour patterns are the result of the regulation of the Agouti gene , which can cause hair follicles to switch from making black or brown pigments to yellow or nearly white pigments. The most common coat pattern found in modern wolves is agouti , in which the upperside of the body has banded hairs and

315-409: A dog called red is usually a clear sable (with little to no eumelanin tipping on hairs) or a ruddy recessive yellow. In some breeds, "red" refers to what would usually be called brown, chocolate, or liver. A "red merle" is always a liver-based merle. In Australian Cattle Dogs , "red" stands for a densely ticked liver-based colouration with an overall red-grey appearance. Gold refers specifically to

378-424: A dog's coat plays an important role in the showing of purebred dogs . Breed standards often include a detailed description of the nature and attributes of that breed's ideal coat. A dog's coat is composed of two layers: a top coat of stiff guard hairs that help repel water and shield from dirt, and an undercoat of soft down hairs , to serve as insulation. Dogs with both under coat and top coat are said to have

441-607: A few that disallow black as a color. The Large Munsterlander was developed from the GLP after it was decided that GLPs must only be brown-and-white (there were thoughts that coloration also involved some undesirable characteristics); the black-and-white strain became the ancestors of the Large Munsterlander. This breed now is a multipurpose field dog that combines: pointer, retriever (including water work), setter and tracker (of wounded game). Breeding lines have been recorded in

504-529: A long, straight, and non-wired coat in the Pomeranian . Additionally, breeds show variation in patterns of growth - that is to say, parts of the dog's body where the coat may be longer or shorter. The same gene that controls wiriness of hair also causes furnishings to be present (e.g. beard, moustache, eyebrows) - compare the bearded collie , furnishings present, to the border collie , which lacks furnishings. Some breeds show feathering: fringes of longer hair on

567-450: A problem which is easily avoided by cleaning the dog's ears on a regular basis, as well as after swimming. The GLP was developed in Germany for use as a pointer . It was originally a rather slow dog, and was crossed with setters and English Pointers in the 19th century to improve speed. It was very stubborn and temperamental, and has since been bred for a steady, friendly temperament. It

630-427: A rich reddish-yellow and its variants, whereas yellow can refer to any shade of yellow and tan. Terms used include yellow-gold, lion-colored, fawn, apricot, wheaten, tawny, straw, yellow-red, mustard, sandy, honey, blond, and lemon. Dogs called golden or yellow tend to be recessive yellow, but can also be sable. Cream refers to a pale yellowish or tannish colour which can be almost white. Fawn typically refers to

693-468: A saddle-type black and tan pattern, where the black parts of the coat progressively fade to a steel grey as the dog matures and in Australian Cattle Dogs , blue stands for a densely ticked black-based colouration with an overall blue-grey appearance. Grey simply means a grey colouration of any shade. It can be used as an alternative synonym of blue, but tends to mean some other type of grey than

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756-484: A silver is a quicker to clear, much lighter grey that can range from a pale platinum to a steel grey. Both are black at birth with minimal markings to indicate future change. Similarly, café au lait is a slower and darker and silver beige a quicker and lighter progressively greying brown, i.e. liver. White : Such a light cream that it is seen and described as pure white, making them distinct from albino dogs. A white dog, as opposed to an albino one, has dark pigment around

819-435: A week. They are highly intelligent, very trainable, and athletic, traits which make them suitable for many dog sports , especially field trials , obedience , and agility . Because they are quite rare in most parts of the world, GLPs are unprofitable to irresponsible breeders such as puppy mills and backyard breeders , and do not have any genetic disorders prevalent in the breed. Their ears are mildly prone to infection,

882-400: A yellow, tan, light brown, or cream dog that has a dark melanistic mask. With Weimaraners , fawn refers to their typical brownish grey colouration that with other breeds is usually called lilac. Black is a pure black that can get grizzled as the dog ages, or have a tendency to gain a brownish cast when exposed to the elements. Blue is a cool-toned, metallic grey. It typically means

945-819: Is a breed of dog . Developed in Germany , it is used as a multipurpose gundog . It is closely related to its cousins, the German Shorthaired Pointer (GSP), the German Wirehaired Pointer (GWP) and the Large Münsterländer , which was previously part of the breed. The GLP should be muscular, elegant, and athletic. It should not be bulky or cumbersome, and it should be able to move with great speed and freedom. It has moderate bone, but has substance, and must never look frail or weak. Like all German pointers, they have webbed feet. Puppies in their early years must be monitored for aggression. The coat

1008-464: Is a pro-inflammatory compound. It is critical to note once again that canines are unable to interconvert between omega fatty acids and over supplying linoleic acid promotes excessive inflammation in the body, which can potentially reverse the coat benefits seen by supplying omega fatty acids in the diet. In contrast, linoleic acid is also required for epidermal lipid function and water retention, which benefits coat shine. Having linoleic acid present in

1071-536: Is an anti-inflammatory compound. Linolenic acid is found in the oil from flaxseeds, soybean and canola. Some better known examples of linolenic acid are the metabolic derivatives eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA). EPA inhibits the enzyme delta-5-desaturase, which prevents the synthesis of arachidonic acid which is an inflammatory omega 6. DHA acts even earlier in omega 6 metabolism, by inhibiting delta-6-desaturase . The anti-inflammatory properties of omega 3s stem from their ability to inhibit

1134-535: Is an outward indicator of internal well-being. For this reason, coat health is an important aspect of pet care to many dog owners. Dog coats can be impacted by nutritional components from the diet. Below is a table that summarizes the effects of several nutrients (minerals, vitamins) on the domestic canine coat, based on current evidence: Zinc contributes to hair growth and can prevent hair from becoming dry and brittle. In addition to, zinc when supplemented in combination with linoleic acids has been found to improve

1197-405: Is black and white with hair of medium length. Due to the nature of the piebald gene, the amount of black in an individual's coat pattern is highly variable, ranging from predominantly white to predominantly black. Markings occur as solid black patches, with black ticking or roan filling in the white fur in varying degrees of concentration. Usually, the head is predominantly black, and the tip of

1260-416: Is crucial to achieve optimal benefits. Proper omega 6:3 ratios have been shown to diminish allergy triggered immune responses, thus improving overall coat condition. The National Research Council (NRC) recommends a 2.6:1 to 26:1 omega 6:3 ratio for adult dog maintenance diets. The proper ratio of these fatty acids is crucial because each has an opposing role in inflammation within the body and both compete for

1323-403: Is medium length, about 3 to 5 cm (1.2 to 2.0 in) long on the body, with the feathering somewhat longer. The coat is slightly wavy, but must not be curly. It is not silky or soft, but rather firm and shiny. It always has a double coat, with the undercoat being quite dense, but not so profuse as to make the guard hairs stand out from the body. The color is solid brown with white permitted on

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1386-402: Is very trainable, and loves to work. Because of this, it needs large amounts of exercise daily, needing more than most pet owners can give. It is not well suited for urban life, as it thrives on having plentiful room to run and swim. Its ideal setting would be in a rural area, with an active owner who hunts with the dog on a regular basis. GLPs need a moderate amount of grooming about once or twice

1449-449: The d/d dilution of black. Synonyms include silver, pepper, grizzle, slate, blue-black grey, black and silver, steel. Greys of a dusty or brownish cast are often lilac, a d/d dilution of liver, and this colouration does not have much of a commonly recognised name. Across various breeds, it is called lavender, silver-fawn, isabella, fawn, café au lait or silver beige. In Poodles, a blue is a very slowly fading, very dark steel grey, whereas

1512-565: The vizslas , to the wiry coat of a Scottish Terrier and the corded coat of the Puli and the Komondor . Generally, coats vary along three categories: length (long vs. short), texture (curly vs. straight), and coarseness (wire-haired vs. non-wire). These three categories all interact with one another; thus, one can see a short, curly, and wired coat in the Wirehaired Pointing Griffon , and

1575-582: The Foundation Stock Service since May 2010; and effective July 1, 2011 the breed is approved to compete in AKC Performance Events. Coat (dog)#Patterns The coat of the domestic dog refers to the hair that covers its body. Dogs demonstrate a wide range of coat colors, patterns, textures, and lengths. As with other mammals, a dog's fur has many uses, including thermoregulation and protection from cuts or scratches; furthermore,

1638-758: The German Long-haired Pointer standard, as it was regarded as a sure sign of cross-breeding with the English Setter . They were later allowed to be registered, until black-and-white was definitively removed from the standard in 1908 or 1909. In 1919 a breed society , the Verein für die Reinzucht des langhaarigen schwarz-weißen Münsterländer Vorstehhundes , was formed in Haltern in Münsterland by breeders of these long-haired black-and-white pointing dogs, for which

1701-438: The allergenicity more than breed or gender." The nature and quality of a purebred dog 's coat is important to the dog fancy in the judging of the dog at conformation shows . The exact requirements are detailed in each breed's breed standard and do not generalise in any way, and the terminology may be very different even when referring to similar features. See individual breed articles for specific information. A dog's coat

1764-568: The body begins to produce the usual hair growth and color it would before the deficiency took place. Polyunsaturated fatty acids found in the diet play a critical role in the maintenance of a healthy coat in dogs, and have even been shown to improve coat condition when supplemented in the diet. Furthermore, diets lacking essential fatty acids in their diet will manifest as unkept, matted coat. Omega fatty acids 3 and 6 are highly unsaturated fatty acids, making them especially metabolically active. The proper combination of these omega fatty acids

1827-517: The body is present in breeds such as the Chinese Crested or the Xoloitzcuintli . Shedding of hair can occur continuously, but in many breeds is strongly influenced by hormones. Seasonal shedders shed most in spring and fall, following an increase or decrease in day length, and least in summer and winter, in response to constant day length. Cold temperatures stimulate hair growth, so that

1890-636: The canine diet is an important aspect of coat health. The fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) require lipids present in the diet for absorption, transport and deposition in canine adipose tissue. The specific role of vitamins A and E for coat health are explored elsewhere in this article, as they pertain to immune function. Another pet food regulating body, the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO), recommends that Vitamin E supplementation increase as polyunsaturated fatty acids are added to diet in order to counteract lipid oxidation and maintain

1953-402: The chest, paws, and down the top of the muzzle, or dark brown roan , with large patches of solid brown, especially on the head, ears, back, and base of the tail. The GLP is between 60–70 cm (24–28 in) at the withers for males, and 58–66 cm (23–26 in) for females. It weighs approximately 30 kilograms (66 lb). The strides should be long and free, with strong drive from

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2016-412: The coat of canines by reducing water loss in the trans-epidermal layer of the skin. Dogs can obtain zinc in their diet, through the addition of various ingredients, including; red meats, whole grains, poultry by-product meals, and fish meals. Copper is a trace mineral that is required in the diet of canines at 7.3 mg/kg. Copper is involved in multiple enzymatic pathways. In dogs, a lack of copper in

2079-707: The colour relationships between modern dogs and wolves, white wolves from North America, yellow dogs, and yellowish wolves from Tibet. The study concludes that during the Late Pleistocene, natural selection laid the genetic foundation for modern coat colour diversity in dogs and wolves. During evolution of the dog from their wolf ancestors, coat colors in dogs were probably the inadvertent outcome of some other selective process, and were not likely initially selected for intentionally by humans. Research has found that tameness brings associated physical changes, including coat colouring and patterning. Domestic dogs often display

2142-433: The diet, leading to a copper deficiency, results in incomplete keratinization. This leads to a dry coat, hypo-pigmentation, and discoloration of the coat. Selenium is another one of the many trace minerals essential for a dog's diet. Selenium is typically required in lower levels in comparison to other minerals. It is involved in the prevention of oxidative damage as well as the production of anti-oxidants. Selenium aids in

2205-462: The dogs will hopefully prove that they have not lost their natural hunting ability during the years when only looks dictated breeding" ( i.e, pre 1878.) five genealogical sires, constituting separate but parallel lines, are within the Longhair breed. Like most of the longhaired pointing breeds, the breed is descended from the point spaniel. One of the oldest of the "versatile breeds", it is but one of

2268-506: The ears, belly, tail, and back of the legs (e.g., Saluki and any of the setters ). Dogs also vary in the thickness of the undercoat. Some dogs have only a single (rather than a double) coat, or a very reduced undercoat (e.g. the Vizsla ), which results in a thinner coat. Certain breeds, especially spitz-type breeds , tend to have a thicker undercoat, which helps retain heat in cold and wet weather. Furthermore, complete hairlessness on parts of

2331-434: The eye rims and nose, often coupled with dark-colored eyes. There is often some coat identifiable as cream between the dog's shoulder blades. Extreme piebald dogs can also appear all white, but are caused by a separate factor. The same pattern may be referred to differently in different breeds. Basset Hound Dogs demonstrate an enormous diversity in coat length and texture, from the very short and smooth coat seen in

2394-556: The fur. Although breeds such as poodles , Bedlington terriers , bichons , yorkies , and wire-haired terriers are commonly represented as being hypoallergenic due to reduced shedding, the reaction that an individual person has to an individual dog may vary greatly. In a report, describing dog allergen extracts of dog hair, belonging to patients' dogs or from dogs of the same breed, with low molecular mass that are absent in extracts of commercial allergen test kits, it has been found that "[f]actors related to individual dogs seem to influence

2457-407: The hair development, most stages of growth are completed, but it was found that in the last stage, where biotin levels were insufficient, there was an incorrect keratinization of the root of the hair, causing the hair to fall out of the body. The supplementation of biotin cannot reverse affects caused by deficiency, but as soon as supplementation is given and biotin levels are restored to adequacy,

2520-399: The hair follicle growth cycle: "[D]ogs are a relevant source of allergens, but diagnosing dog-related allergies may present difficulties .." Some dog breeds have been promoted as hypoallergenic (which means less allergic , not free of allergens) because they shed very little. However, no canine is known to be completely nonallergenic. Often the problem is with the dog's saliva or dander, not

2583-750: The heaviest shedding is in spring on dogs living in cold climates. Artificial lighting can alter the seasonal shedding pattern of dogs who live indoors. Other hormonal influences include dietary factors, reproductive hormones in intact dogs, and various medical conditions and disorders. Shedding that is done in a short period of time is known as "blowing the coat" or "blowing coat". Among the other coat types, dogs with fine silky coats (e.g., spaniels) are generally moderate shedders, those with an intermediate coat texture (e.g., mountain dogs) are generally heavy shedders, and those with thick stand-offish coats (e.g., spitzes) are generally very heavy shedders. "Non-shedding" dogs have greatly-reduced shedding due to alterations to

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2646-411: The hindquarters, and good reach from the front. GLPs are a kind, gentle, friendly, and intelligent breed. They are very affectionate, and may experience separation anxiety . They only make good pets when properly exercised, as they need a "job" to do, and do not adapt well to a sedentary life. The GLP is an excellent family pet, as it enjoys playing with children. It is very sociable with dogs. The GLP

2709-438: The importance of biotin in coat pigmentation. There different stages of hair development, as shown in clinical studies using mice. Each stage of hair development has a different sensitivity to biotin present in the body. For example, the shaft development is not greatly affected by biotin access. During the last stage, the amount of biotin available for use by the body will alter the success of that development greatly. Throughout

2772-499: The inflammatory action of omega 6 fatty acids. A functional minimum has not been set forth by AAFCO, as one has yet to be determined. A reduction in inflammation of somatic tissues, skin especially, supports coat health. Omega 6 fatty acid, also known as linoleic acid , is found in poultry fat and the oil from safflower, sunflower, corn and flaxseed. Arachidonic acid is a well known metabolic derivative of linoleic acid, found only in animal sources. As mentioned above, arachidonic acid

2835-456: The local type. In the nineteenth century large numbers of dogs of Burgos Pointing Dog type were brought to Germany. In the early part of that century the resulting mixed population had no specific name – the dogs were called Hühnerhunde ('bird dogs') or Jagdhunde ('hunting dogs'). In 1878, at the annual dog show of the Verein zur Veredelung der Hunderassen in Frankfurt am Main , it

2898-522: The master's dwelling. The versatile characteristics of the breed provide for a reliable companion for all facets of hunting. It is a versatile all-round gun-dog, used for pointing and tracking and to find and retrieve shot game. It works well on land and particularly in water. Their long and thick coat protects them against cold and allows them to search dense cover thoroughly, but as a result leaves them more susceptible to burrs. German Long-haired Pointer The German Longhaired Pointer (GLP)

2961-498: The most common terms used to refer to the bb-dilution of black pigment to a dark brown . Depending on breed and exact shade, terms such as mahogany, midtone brown, grey-brown, blackish brown are used. Sedge and deadgrass are used to describe the desired Chesapeake Bay Retriever color that resembles "that of its working surroundings" as closely as possible. Red refers to reddish shades of orange, brown, and tan. Terms used include orange, red-gold, cinnamon, tan, and ruby. Genetically

3024-599: The name Großer Münsterländer Vorstehhund was chosen – most of them were either in Westphalia or in Lower Saxony . A list of eighty-three suitable foundation animals was drawn up, and was published in the first stud-book for the new breed in 1922. The breed was officially recognised by the Delegierte-Kommission in the same year. It was definitively accepted by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale in 1954; it

3087-533: The now-extinct Old Spanish Pointer , which spread through France and the Low Countries and reached the princely houses of the German-speaking world, where at first they were used in bird-hunting with nets or falcons, and later by huntsmen with guns. Bird dogs were also brought from England; Carl von Heppe  [ de ] , in his Aufrichtiger Lehrprinz of 1751, describes these as taller and stronger than

3150-418: The original German. The Large Munsterlander should be athletic, intelligent, noble, and elegant in appearance. Its body should be the same length as its height at the withers . The dog should be muscular without being bulky. Its gait should be fluid and elastic. Dogs stand some 60–67 cm at the withers , bitches about 2 cm less. Body weight is approximately 30 kg in both sexes. The coat

3213-674: The outermost layer of the skin for the cortisol cells of the hair follicle. A deficiency in vitamin A can cause the common symptoms of dermatitis (dry, scaling skin and dull coat). Vitamin B7, also known as biotin , is a water-soluble nutrient that is known to play a role associated with the maintenance and development of hair starting from the follicle . Although it has not been clinically shown to improve hair growth with supplementation alone, it has been shown to reverse deficiency in dogs born deficient. Symptoms of biotin deficiency include alopecia and achromotrichia . A clinical study of biotin showed

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3276-493: The potency. In addition, high fat diets in dogs were shown to dramatically improve coat sheen and appearance. It is thought excess cholesterol esters are incorporated into the hair follicle, leading to the improved coat appearance. The same study, by Kirby, Hester and Bauer (2007), stated the optimal approach to an improved coat in dogs is a combination of increased dietary fat and the proper amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Omega 3 fatty acid, also known as linolenic acid ,

3339-446: The predator or prey. An alternative explanation is that the dorsal and ventral sides of an animal experience different selection pressures (from the need to blend into different backgrounds when viewed from above and below) resulting in differing coloration. The same colour may be referred to differently in different breeds. Likewise, a same term may mean different colourations in different breeds. Brown , chocolate and liver are

3402-509: The promotion of coat growth. Lack of selenium in the diet of a dog can contribute to the occurrence of sparse coat growth. Dogs can obtain selenium in their diet through the addition of various ingredients including; tuna fish, halibut, sardines, beef, chicken, and egg. Vitamin A deficiency can lead to rough coat, scaling of skin, and other dermatitis issues like alopecia . It is also essential for cells to properly proliferate keratinocytes, which are epithelial cells that produce keratin on

3465-412: The remnants of countershading , a common natural camouflage pattern. The basic principle of countershading is when the animal is lit from above, shadows will be cast on the ventral side of the body. These shadows could provide a predator or prey with visual cues relating to the movement of the animal. By being lighter colored on the ventral side of the body, an animal can counteract this, and thereby fool

3528-479: The same enzymatic pathway. Dogs, like many mammals, lack the desaturase enzymes capable of interconverting omega 3 and 6 fatty acids. Therefore, the amount of inflammation in the body is dependent on the ratio between omega 3 and 6 fatty acids. Too little inflammation suppresses the immune system and the body's ability to heal, however excessive inflammation can irritate the skin and reduce the coat's overall appearance. Aside from omega fatty acids, lipid content in

3591-469: The tail is white, regardless of the distribution of black and white, and roan and ticking on the rest of the body. The Large Munsterlander was included in a genetic research study, and all were homozygous for the sp allele in the MITF gene that causes piebald spotting. The coat is dense but should be firm and sleek. This field dog characteristically is calm and gentle with children and well-adjusted to living in

3654-482: The underside exhibits lighter shading. The colour yellow is dominant to the colour black and is found in dogs across much of the world and the dingo in Australia. In 2021, a study of whole genome sequences taken from dogs and wolves focused on the genetic relationships between them based on coat colour. The study found that most dog colour haplotypes were similar to most wolf haplotypes, however dominant yellow in dogs

3717-584: Was agreed that breed standards for German dogs would be established at the show to be held in Hannover in 1879; standards for both the Deutsch Kurzhaar ( German Short-haired Pointer ) and the Deutsch Langhaar ( German Long-haired Pointer ) were introduced in that year. Although black-and-white dogs are documented in paintings of the old Hühnerhunde , dogs with this colouration were at first excluded from

3780-462: Was closely related to white in arctic wolves from North America. This result suggests a common origin for dominant yellow in dogs and white in wolves but without recent gene flow, because this clade was found to be genetically basal to the golden jackal and genetically distinct from all other canids. The most recent common ancestor of the golden jackal and the wolf lineage dates back to 2 million years ago. The study proposes that 35,000 years ago there

3843-506: Was first shown in 1878 in Frankfurt , at which time the first breed standard was written. Breeders then began to focus their efforts on producing dogs that performed equally well in the field and the show ring, an endeavour continued by breeders today. Function became preferred over form. As Karl Brandt, an early expert and theorist on this breed and its precursors, wrote in the llustrierten Jagdzeitung (1883) that: "At field competitions (trials), which should be part of breeding programs,

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3906-461: Was genetic introgression into the Late Pleistocene grey wolf from a ghost population of an extinct canid which had diverged from the grey wolf lineage over 2 million years ago. This colour diversity could be found 35,000 years ago in wolves and 9,500 years ago in dogs. A closely related haplotype exists among those wolves of Tibet which possess yellow shading in their coats. The study explains

3969-593: Was recognised by the Kennel Club of Great Britain in 1971 and by the American Kennel Club in 2023. In the fifteen years from 2009 to 2023, the annual number of new registrations in Germany varied from 241 to 452 , with an average of about 336 , or just over 0.4% of all registrations in the period. The standard is set by Fédération Cynologique Internationale and the translation was done by Mrs. Peggy Davis from

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