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63-577: Lannemezan ( French pronunciation: [lanməzɑ̃] ; Gascon Occitan Lanamesa , "heath of the middle") is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department and the Occitanie region in south-western France. The inhabitants are called Lannemezanais. Lannemezan is the largest city in the Communauté de communes du Plateau de Lannemezan  [ fr ] . The Petite Baïse has its source in

126-470: A sociolect of Gascon with special phonetic and lexical features, which linguistics named Judeo-Gascon . It has been superseded by a sociolect of French that retains most of the lexical features of this former variety. Béarnais , the official language when Béarn was an independent state, does not correspond to a unified language: the three forms of Gascon are spoken in Béarn (in the south, Pyrenean Gascon, in

189-478: A circular plan. Some bastides were not so geometrically planned: "The block geometry of the bastides was not a rigid framework into which a town was squeezed; it resembles more closely a net, thrown upon the site and adapting to its nuances," Randolph remarks. Most bastides were built in the Lot-et-Garonne , Dordogne , Gers and Haute-Garonne départements of France, because of the altitude and quality of

252-557: A result of the hard work of men, both agricultural and industrial. Géraud of Aure-Larboust , the lord who ruled on the Plateau de Lannemezan , founded the fortified village of Lennemezan in the Lande de Boc in 1274, probably on the site of an earlier watchtower. To populate the place, he granted a charter franchise. In 1345, Gaston III of Foix-Béarn bought Lannemezan from Géraud II of Aure-Larboust for price of 1,700 livres tournois and attaches

315-755: A steep overhang and residual hills ( Capvern , Mauvezin , etc.) facing the Pyrenees. The natural vegetation of Lannemezan and its small region is characterised by a heathland landscape, although moisture of soils is highly variable depending on their location (particularly in relation to their proximity to water courses). Thus, in wet areas near the rivers extend many bogs characterised by dwarf gorse ( Ulex minor ), St. John's wort ( Hypericum elodes L. ) marshes or wet meadows which extend Medusa's trumpets ( Narcissus bulbocodium L. ), of oatgrass ( Arrhenatherum longifolium ) or alder ( Alnus ). In drier areas grow more woody species such as Pyrenean oak, also known under

378-487: Is 647 metres (2,123 ft). The average elevation is 545 metres (1,788 ft), and the Town Hall lies Meanwhile, 580 metres (1,900 ft). Tarbes-Ossun weather station 'normals' reveal a rather cool climate , rainy in winter and hot and stormy in summer. The average annual temperature 12 °C (54 °F) is relatively low for such latitude, with a fairly low seasonal amplitude, 6 °C (43 °F) on average during

441-563: Is no longer in service. The different types of train currently serving Lannemezan station are: A proposed central crossing of the Pyrenees, linking Toulouse to Zaragoza , is currently under development. This line would use the current Toulouse/Bayonne route, as far as Lannemezan. Lannemezan station would be a railway junction, from which a new line would join Spain, through a tunnel dug in the Aure Valley (at Hèches). This new line would bring relief to

504-511: Is of limestone origin with a topsoil up to 20 centimetres (7.9 in) deep. Peat moor is exploited near La Barthe-de-Neste . Analysis of the soil in the commune of Lannemezan shows the results presented in the following table. The plateau rises to over 600 metres (2,000 ft) above sea level in the vicinity of Lannemezan. The top of the foothills face the Pyrenean part of the Neste Valley,

567-416: Is one example at Tournay with a size of 70 metres (230 ft) by 72 m (236 ft)). Single-axis: The single-axis design of the bastide makes all roads run in one direction and are parallel. Here and there, there are alleys cut between the roads. The square is placed between two roads. These squares are usually 50 m (164 ft) to 55 m (180 ft) on each side. Grid-layout; usually based on

630-704: Is the change from "f" to "h". Where a word originally began with [f] in Latin, such as festa 'party/feast', this sound was weakened to aspirated [h] and then, in some areas, lost altogether; according to the substrate theory, this is due to the Basque dialects' lack of an equivalent /f/ phoneme , causing Gascon hèsta [ˈhɛsto] or [ˈɛsto] . A similar change took place in Spanish . Thus, Latin facere gives Spanish hacer ( [aˈθer] ) (or, in some parts of southwestern Andalusia , [haˈsɛɾ] ). Another phonological effect resulting from

693-516: Is the vernacular Romance variety spoken mainly in the region of Gascony , France . It is often considered a variety of Occitan , although some authors consider it a different language. Gascon is mostly spoken in Gascony and Béarn ( Béarnese dialect ) in southwestern France (in parts of the following French départements : Pyrénées-Atlantiques , Hautes-Pyrénées , Landes , Gers , Gironde , Lot-et-Garonne , Haute-Garonne , and Ariège ) and in

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756-621: The Petite Baïse . Between the Atlantic and Mediterranean , at the outlet of the valleys of the Pyrenees , Lannemezan imposes itself as a privileged strategic its geographical position city. Lannemezan is located at the east of the department of the Hautes-Pyrénées, 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) from the border with Haute-Garonne to the east, 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the border with Gers in

819-465: The Treaty of Paris (1229) . Fortifications were added later and were paid for through a special tax or carried out through a law that required the people of the city to help build the walls. A good example is Libourne. Ten years after the city was founded, the people asked for money to build city walls. Once they had received the money, they spent it on making their city prettier, rather than building walls. At

882-579: The Val d'Aran of Catalonia. Aranese , a southern Gascon variety, is spoken in Catalonia alongside Catalan and Spanish . Most people in the region are trilingual in all three languages, causing some influence from Spanish and Catalan. Both these influences tend to differentiate it more and more from the dialects of Gascon spoken in France. Most linguists now consider Aranese a distinct dialect of Occitan and Gascon. Since

945-498: The 11th century over the coastal fringe of Gipuzkoa extending from Hondarribia to San Sebastian , where Gascon was spoken up to the early 18th century and often used in formal documents until the 16th century, with evidence of its continued occurrence in Pasaia in the 1870s. A minor focus of influence was the Way of St James and the establishment of ethnic boroughs in several towns based on

1008-584: The 2006 adoption of the new statute of Catalonia , Aranese is co-official with Catalan and Spanish in all of Catalonia (before, this status was valid for the Aran Valley only). It was also one of the mother tongues of the English kings Richard the Lionheart and his younger brother John Lackland . While many scholars accept that Occitan may constitute a single language, some authors reject this opinion and even

1071-425: The Basque substrate may have been Gascon's reluctance to pronounce a /r/ at the beginning of words, resolved by means of a prothetical vowel. Although some linguists deny the plausibility of the Basque substrate theory, it is widely assumed that Basque, the "Circumpyrenean" language (as put by Basque linguist Alfonso Irigoyen and defended by Koldo Mitxelena , 1982), is the underlying language spreading around

1134-507: The Capetian Alphonse of Poitiers inherited, under a marriage stipulated by the treaty, this " bastide founder of unparalleled energy" consolidated his regional control in part through the founding of bastides . Landowners supported development of bastides to generate revenues from taxes on trade rather than tithes (taxes on production). Farmers who elected to move their families to bastides were no longer vassals of

1197-528: The Clos des Moulins, delivered in 2007, presents 44 units spread across four-storey buildings, close to the college and the stadium. Always close to the college, the cité des familles consists of 16 moderate-rent housing. In 2008, two other residences were opened near the Des Bourtoulets Quarter, Boulevard des Tilleuls and the station: The Villalodge du Parc , consisting of 16 villas and 54 apartments, and

1260-601: The French influence over the Hispanic Mark on medieval times, shared similar and singular features are noticeable between Gascon and other Latin languages on the other side of the border: Aragonese and far-western Catalan (Catalan of La Franja ). Gascon is also (with Spanish, Navarro-Aragonese and French) one of the Romance influences on the Basque language . Bastide Some of

1323-755: The King of France. At the head of a Protestant army of 3,000 men, Montgomery set upon taking the Pyrenean country. At Lannemezan, the St. John the Baptist Church and the houses of the priests were burned. In 1607, Henri IV linked the Viscount of Nébouzan to the Kingdom of France and in 1630, the city had 130 feus . During the Revolution, Lannemezan was attached to the department of the Hautes-Pyrénées . Its first mayor, Dominique Lagleize,

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1386-507: The Plateau de Lannemezan or pass through the territory of the commune. The main are listed in the following table. The commune is placed under supervision in relation to some possible natural and technological hazards: Recent natural disasters on the commune are as follows, since 1980 (from most recent to oldest): General location: Lannemezan is a bastide situated in the centre of the Plateau de Lannemezan between Tarbes and Toulouse on

1449-746: The Pyrenees onto the banks of the Garonne River, maybe as far east as the Mediterranean in Roman times ( niska cited by Joan Coromines as the name of each nymph taking care of the Roman spa Arles de Tech in Roussillon , etc.). Basque gradually eroded across Gascony in the High Middle Ages (Basques from the Val d'Aran cited still circa 1000), with vulgar Latin and Basque interacting and mingling, but eventually with

1512-437: The bastide's lands. The bastide hall and the church were often first constructed of wood. After the bastide was established, they were replaced by structures of stone. Scholarly debate has taken place over the definition of a bastide. They are now generally described as any town planned and built as a unit, by one founder. Most bastides were developed with a grid layout of intersecting streets, with wide thoroughfares that divide

1575-408: The bastide. Feudal rights were invested in the sovereign, with the local lord retaining some duties as enforcer of local justice and intermediary between the new inhabitants— required to build houses within a specified time, often a year, and the representatives of the sovereign. Residents were granted a houselot, a kitchen garden lot ( casale ), and a cultivable lot ( arpent ) on the periphery of

1638-584: The beginning of the Hundred Years' War , many bastides that had no city walls were destroyed. Some of the others quickly built stone walls to protect the city. Ease of tax collection was another reason for the grid layout, as the village was taxable module by module, and the organized central area. The bastides' forms resulted from "the friction engendered by interaction, expedience, pragmatism, legal compromise, and profit," Adrian Randolph observed in 1995. More rarely, such planned cities were developed according to

1701-454: The center and in the east, Eastern Gascon; to the north-west, Western Gascon). A poll conducted in Béarn in 1982 indicated that 51% of the population could speak Gascon, 70% understood it, and 85% expressed a favourable opinion regarding the protection of the language. However, use of the language has declined dramatically over recent years as a result of the Francization taking place during

1764-561: The cluster of its deposits and thus forms the Plateau de Lannemezan , head of a gigantic piémont  [ fr ] which puts its mark upon much of the southwest, up the Garonne at more than 100 kilometres (62 mi) to the north. High up and submitted to the four winds, the site already assigns itself an identity that would assist in its history and reputation. The soil is composed of uncultivated and barren land, dotted with woodlands , coppicing , cut of marshes and heath . The terrain

1827-473: The commune. Lannemezan is around 30 kilometres (19 mi) east of Tarbes , and around 100 km south-west of Toulouse . Over 50 million years, driven by movements of compression, low relief which constitutes the Pre- Pyrenees has risen. Glaciers and streams that cascade down its slopes subject to mountain erosion which flows off from the foot of it. While continuing to rise, the mountain has erected

1890-463: The concerned region. It is mainly in Béarn that the population uses concurrently the term "Béarnais" to designate its Gascon forms. This is because of the political past of Béarn, which was independent and then part of a sovereign state (the shrinking Kingdom of Navarre ) from 1347 to 1620. In fact, there is no unified Béarnais dialect, as the language differs considerably throughout the province. Many of

1953-495: The consequence of strong accumulations of snow at altitude until mid-May. Summer is mild but stormy, autumn is generally sunny and pleasant, usually followed by a relatively mild winter on the plains and cold above 300–400 metres (980–1,310 ft). Records of temperatures and precipitation are collected in the following table: Sunshine and precipitation values are visible in the following table: Records of temperatures and precipitation amounts, between 1999 and 2011, are listed in

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2016-499: The department. In the mountains the sun shines frequently above a sea of clouds and the wind blows stronger and more often than on the plain (breezes and sometimes very strong winds from the south). The climate of the Hautes-Pyrenees  [ fr ] is characterised by a rainy and cool springtime, especially snowy at altitude; weather from the northwest is blocked by the relief and a phenomenon of precipitation at altitude has

2079-435: The differences in pronunciation can be divided into east, west, and south (the mountainous regions). For example, an 'a' at the end of words is pronounced "ah" in the west, "o" in the east, and "œ" in the south. Because of Béarn's specific political past, Béarnais has been distinguished from Gascon since the 16th century, not for linguistic reasons. Probably as a consequence of the linguistic continuum of western Romania and

2142-409: The façades of the houses. Alleys run between streets, these are usually only 5–6 m (16–20 ft) wide. Sometimes, they are only 2–2.5 m (6 ft 7 in – 8 ft 2 in) wide. In a bastide there were usually between one and eight streets. When bastides were founded, most had no city walls or fortifications because it was a peaceful time in history, and walls were prohibited by

2205-494: The façades, had to line up. Also, there had to be a small space between the houses. The different housing lots were all alike, 8 m (26 ft) by 24 m (79 ft) being a common size. There were only a limited number of lots. This varied between ten and several thousand (3,000 in Grenade-sur-Garonne) The streets were usually 6–10 m (20–33 ft) wide, so a chariot could pass through. They ran alongside

2268-597: The first bastides were built under Raymond VII of Toulouse to replace villages destroyed in the Albigensian Crusade . He encouraged the construction of others to colonize the wilderness, especially of southwest France. Almost 700 bastides were built between 1222 ( Cordes-sur-Ciel , Tarn) and 1372 (La Bastide d'Anjou, Tarn). Bastides were developed in number under the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1229) , which permitted Raymond VII of Toulouse to build new towns in his shattered domains but not to fortify them. When

2331-449: The following table: According to the Köppen classification , the town of Lannemezan is located in the "Cfb" category: The C (1st letter) expresses the climate: A temperate climate: The f (2nd letter) expresses the rainfall: The b (3rd letter) expresses the temperature variations: been temperate: Lannemezan is a town in transition, served by many roads. The majority of these are in

2394-574: The former replacing the latter north of the east and middle Pyrenees and developing into Gascon. However, modern Basque has had lexical influence from Gascon in words like beira ("glass"), which is also seen in Galician-Portuguese . One way for the introduction of Gascon influence into Basque came about through language contact in bordering areas of the Northern Basque Country , acting as adstrate. The other one has taken place since

2457-564: The last centuries, as Gascon is rarely transmitted to young generations any longer (outside of schools, such as the Calandretas ). By April 2011, the Endangered Languages Project estimated that there were only 250,000 native speakers of the language. The usual term for Gascon is "patois", a word designating in France a non-official and usually devaluated dialect (such as Gallo ) or language (such as Occitan ), regardless of

2520-416: The local lord and became free men and the development of bastides contributed to the waning of feudalism . The new inhabitants were encouraged to cultivate the land around the bastide, which, in turn, attracted trade in the form of merchants and markets. The lord taxed dwellings in the bastides and all trade in the market. The legal footing on which the bastides were set was that of paréage with

2583-402: The local ruling power, based on a formal written contractual agreement between the landholder and a count of Toulouse , a king of France , or a king of England . The landholder might be a cartel of local lords or the abbot of a local monastery. Responsibilities and benefits were carefully framed in a charter , which delineated the franchises ('liberties') and coutumes ('customs') of

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2646-605: The mayor's office, has been organized. Lastly, the construction of buildings in the Place du Château , scheduled for 2010, will be used to completely close the place to give it a more urban character. The town of Lannemezan bought the 110 hectares (270 acres) of military land from the Centre Mobilisateur No. 10 to the State in 2009, for the sum of €930,000. On this land, three areas will be delineated: The first zone of trade and crafts,

2709-407: The name Occitan : instead, they argue that the latter is a cover term for a family of distinct lengas d'òc rather than dialects of a single language. Gascon, in particular, is distinct enough linguistically to have been described as a language in its own right. The language spoken in Gascony before Roman rule was part of the Basque dialectal continuum (see Aquitanian language ); the fact that

2772-409: The name of tauzin oak ( Quercus pyrenaica ), as well as pedunculated oak ( Quercus robur ) or chestnut ( Castanea sativa Mill ). In all cases, the soils are rather acidic type with adjustable humidity, which imposes certain constraints for the development of plant species. These development constraints are represented on the adjoining humidity/acidity chart. Eighteen rivers have their sources on

2835-424: The north and 75 kilometres (47 mi) from the border with Spain to the south ( Aragnouet-Bielsa Tunnel  [ fr ] ). Spatially, Lannemezan is wedged between the following nine communes: Campistrous to the northwest, Clarens in the northeast, Capvern to the west, Uglas and Pinas to the east, Avezac-Prat-Lahitte in the southwest, La Barthe-de-Neste and Escala to the south, and Cantaous to

2898-404: The north of the department, but with more fog in winter, and warmer daytime temperatures and lower precipitation in the summer. Conversely on the closer terrain the average quantities of precipitation increase. This varies greatly depending on exposure and slopes, but become abundant near the border ridges. The area between plain and mountain has a more humid climate and less sunny than the rest of

2961-533: The north/south and east/west directions. Here are the details: Lannemezan is located on the Toulouse-Bayonne line. The SNCF Gare de Lannemezan is situated on Avenue de la Gare , and is on the line from Toulouse to Bayonne , 1.7 kilometres (1.1 mi) from the city centre. The previous station is that of Montréjeau-Gourdan-Polignan coming from Toulouse , the next station is that of Capvern . Another line ran from Lannemezan to Arreau-Cadéac station, but it

3024-483: The other two traditional routes (by Hendaye in the Basque country and Cerbère on the border with Catalonia ), while reducing the isolation of the central Pyrenees and the Aran Valley in Spain. Three international airports are located within 150 kilometres (93 mi) of Lannemezan: The town of Lannemezan has a general north/south orientation, and consists of the following main areas: The statistics for housing in

3087-550: The privileges bestowed on the Francs by the Kingdom of Navarre from the 12th to the early 14th centuries, but the variant spoken and used in written records is mainly the Occitan of Toulouse. The énonciatif (Occitan: enunciatiu ) system of Gascon, a system that is more colloquial than characteristic of normative written Gascon and governs the use of certain preverbal particles (including

3150-471: The residence of la Cheneraie, consisting of 62 apartments spread over four-storey buildings. Finally, north of the town, on the road to Galan , the Bastide de Piquegrue was created in 2009. It contains 34 semi-detached villas. At the level of the rehabilitation of the city centre, the majority of the streets and squares have been remade for nine to 15 years. A renovation project of the façades, in association with

3213-403: The river which then turns east at the foot of the plateau. Other rivers (Gers, Baïse, etc.), flow radially from this point to the northwest, north and northeast, and the altitude of the plateau decreases gradually. On the south side, this plateau is still connected to the Pyrenean massif by a narrow tongue of land between Izaux and Avezac . Otherwise, it ends to the southwest and the southeast by

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3276-564: The second will be used for the construction of a tertiary residence and finally the last area will be a space of inter-communal development. Located halfway between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, it is based on the Plateau de Lannemezan, the Gascon Occitan word Lanamesa : The "heath of the middle". Lannemezan is also made up of the lande de Boc (lande du bouc), former den of witches and bandouliers (highwaymen) which gradually declined as

3339-463: The sometimes emphatic affirmative que , the occasionally mitigating or dubitative e , the exclamatory be , and the even more emphatic ja / ye , and the "polite" se ) has also been attributed to the Basque substrate. Gascon is divided into three varieties or dialect sub-groups: The Jews of Gascony, who resided in Bordeaux , Bayonne and other cities, spoke until the beginning of the 20th century

3402-411: The southeast. The orientation and location of Lannemezan, compared to some large French cities, is given in the following table (distances are given as the fastest route by road): The city of Lannemezan has an area of 1,903 hectares (4,700 acres), which is ranked: Changes in altitude are important on the territory of the commune. The minimum altitude is 442 metres (1,450 ft), the maximum altitude

3465-458: The square in Montauban. Generally the flattest place in the bastide was used for the square. The church was almost never on the central square but usually at an angle, facing the square diagonally. One of the rare exceptions is Villefranche-de-Rouergue but this one was built two centuries after the square. There were clear rules how houses could be built inside the bastide. The front of the houses,

3528-478: The town are grouped in the following table: A shuttle was set up two days a week (Wednesday and Friday), with special access for seniors. Three services are available with stops on the following roads: Very many real estate projects have been launched in the city, to improve habitation in Lannemezan, as well as to increase the housing capacity, to limit the effect of the Lannemezan population decrease. Among these,

3591-411: The town plan into insulae , or blocks, through which a narrow lane often runs. They included a central market square surrounded by arcades ( couverts ) through which the axes of thoroughfares passed, with a covered weighing and measuring area. The market square often provided the module into which the bastide is subdivided. The Roman model, the castrum with its grid plan and central forum ,

3654-451: The village to the Viscount of Nébouzan . In 1388, the chronicler Jean Froissart passes by "the Châtel of Lamesen". In 1500, Catherine of Navarre , heir of the property of Foix-Béarn, granted Lannemezan the right to hold a market every Wednesday, as well as a fair four times a year. In 1569, his granddaughter Jeanne d'Albret charged Gabriel I of Montgomery to regain the land confiscated by

3717-462: The winter and 19 °C (66 °F) during the summer. However, the winter temperature has reached a record low of −21 °C (−6 °F) in January 1985 and has also exceeded 39 °C (102 °F) in midsummer. These high temperatures are typical of the foehn wind , due to the relief of the Pyrenees . In Tarbes, fog and strong winds are rare. These climate characteristics of Tarbes are found in

3780-414: The word 'Gascon' comes from the Latin root vasco / vasconem , which is the same root that gives us 'Basque', implies that the speakers identified themselves at some point as Basque. There is a proven Basque substrate in the development of Gascon. This explains some of the major differences that exist between Gascon and other Occitan dialects. A typically Gascon feature that may arise from this substrate

3843-472: Was appointed in 1790. The last lord, Marc II Bertrand François de Lassus, was sentenced to death by the Revolutionary Court of Paris, and was sent to the guillotine in 1794. Throughout the 19th century, Lannemezan acquired various pieces of infrastructure. Gascon language Gascon ( English: / ˈ ɡ æ s k ə n / ; Gascon: [ɡasˈku(ŋ)] , French: [ɡaskɔ̃] )

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3906-467: Was inescapable in a region since Roman planning precedents survived in medieval cities such as Béziers , Narbonne , Toulouse , Orange and Arles . The region of the bastides had been one of the last outposts of Late Antiquity in the West. The main feature of all bastides is a central, open place, or square. It was used for markets, but also used for political and social gatherings. A typical square, (which

3969-478: Was probably a model for other bastides), can be found in Montauban. Generally, there is just one square. Saint-Lys and Albias are different because they have two squares, one for the market and one square for the church. The square is also used to divide the city into quarters. Generally, it lies outside the main street (the axis) which carried the traffic. There are three possible layouts: Completely closed: The square does not touch any street. These are very rare; there

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