22-448: Lanista is a genus of African bush-crickets ( Orthoptera : Tettigoniidae ) in the subfamily Conocephalinae . This article about a member of the insect family Tettigoniidae is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Orthoptera Suborder Ensifera Suborder Caelifera Orthoptera (from Ancient Greek ὀρθός ( orthós ) 'straight' and πτερά ( pterá ) 'wings')
44-498: A " stridulation ") by rubbing their wings against each other or their legs, the wings or legs containing rows of corrugated bumps. The tympanum , or ear , is located in the front tibia in crickets, mole crickets , and bush crickets or katydids, and on the first abdominal segment in the grasshoppers and locusts. These organisms use vibrations to locate other individuals. Grasshoppers and other orthopterans are able to fold their wings (i.e. they are members of Neoptera ). The name
66-1230: A division into two suborders – Caelifera and Ensifera – occurring 256 million years ago . The Orthoptera are divided into two suborders, Caelifera and Ensifera , that have been shown to be monophyletic . A recent comprehensive phylogeny based on analyses of data from transcriptomes and mitochondrial genomes found the following relationships within Orthoptera. Gryllotalpoidea (mole crickets and ant crickets) Grylloidea ("true crickets", scaly crickets, wood crickets, etc) [REDACTED] Rhaphidophoroidea (cave crickets, camel crickets, spider crickets and sand treaders) [REDACTED] Schizodactyloidea (dune crickets) [REDACTED] Stenopelmatoidea (Jerusalem crickets, king crickets, leaf-rolling crickets and Cooloola monsters) Hagloidea (grigs) Tettigonioidea (katydids or bush crickets) [REDACTED] Tridactyloidea [REDACTED] Tetrigoidea [REDACTED] Eumastacoidea [REDACTED] Proscopioidea Tanaoceroidea Trigonopterygoidea Pneumoroidea [REDACTED] Pyrgomorphoidea [REDACTED] Acridoidea [REDACTED] Taxonomists classify members of
88-589: A known pest in soybean fields and will likely feed on these crops once preferred food sources have become scarce. Most orthopterans are edible, making up 13% of all insects including some 80 species of grasshoppers being regularly consumed worldwide. In Madagascar and Oaxaca , grasshoppers and locusts are usually collected early in the morning when it is cooler as the orthopterans are less mobile due to being cold-blooded . In Thailand, house crickets are commonly reared and eaten; as of 2012, around 20,000 cricket farmers had farms in 53 of their 76 provinces . In
110-472: A predominantly tropical distribution (as with most Orthoptera) with fewer species known from temperate climate zones. Caelifera are divided into two infraorders: the more basal Tridactylidea and the Acrididea or grasshopper-like species. This latter name is derived from older sources, such as Imms , which placed the "short-horned grasshoppers" and locusts at the family level ( Acrididae ). The phylogeny of
132-404: A radically different coloration from the adults. Through successive moults , the nymphs develop wings until their final moult into a mature adult with fully developed wings. The number of moults varies between species; growth is also very variable and may take a few weeks to some months depending on food availability and weather conditions. This order evolved 300 million years ago with
154-402: A single day. Individuals gather in large groups called swarms, these swarms can range up to 80 million individuals that stretch 460 square miles. Grasshoppers can cause major agricultural damage but not to the documented extent as locust historically have. These insects mainly feed on weeds and grasses, however, during times of drought and high population density they will feed on crops. They are
176-469: Is an order of insects that comprises the grasshoppers , locusts , and crickets , including closely related insects, such as the bush crickets or katydids and wētā . The order is subdivided into two suborders: Caelifera – grasshoppers, locusts, and close relatives; and Ensifera – crickets and close relatives. More than 20,000 species are distributed worldwide. The insects in the order have incomplete metamorphosis , and produce sound (known as
198-536: Is derived from the Greek ὀρθός orthos meaning "straight" and πτερόν pteron meaning "wing". Orthopterans have a generally cylindrical body, with elongated hindlegs and musculature adapted for jumping . They have mandibulate mouthparts for biting and chewing and large compound eyes , and may or may not have ocelli , depending on the species. The antennae have multiple joints and filiform type, and are of variable length. The first and third segments on
220-421: The thorax are larger, while the second segment is much smaller. They have two pairs of wings , which are held overlapping the abdomen at rest. The forewings, or tegmina , are narrower than the hindwings and hardened at the base, while the hindwings are membranous, with straight veins and numerous cross-veins. At rest, the hindwings are held folded fan-like under the forewings. The final two to three segments of
242-469: The Caelifera and Ensifera into infraorders and superfamilies as follows: Several species of Orthoptera are considered pests of crops and rangelands or seeking warmth in homes by humans. The two groups of Orthoptera that cause the most damage are grasshoppers and locusts . Locust are historically known for wiping out fields of crops in a day. Locust have the ability to eat up to their own body weight in
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#1733115325998264-566: The Caelifera, based on mitochondrial ribosomal RNA of thirty-two taxa in six out of seven superfamilies, is shown as a cladogram . The Ensifera, Caelifera and all the superfamilies of grasshoppers except Pamphagoidea appear to be monophyletic . [6 superfamilies] [REDACTED] Tridactyloidea [REDACTED] Tetrigoidea [REDACTED] Eumastacidae [REDACTED] Proscopiidae [REDACTED] Pneumoridae [REDACTED] Pyrgomorphidae [REDACTED] Acrididae + Pamphagidae [REDACTED] In evolutionary terms,
286-545: The Caelifera, is described in detail for grasshoppers , with six out of eight extant superfamilies shown here as a cladogram . Like the Ensifera , Caelifera and all of its superfamilies appear to be monophyletic . [6 superfamilies] [REDACTED] Tridactyloidea [REDACTED] Tetrigoidea [REDACTED] Eumastacoidea [REDACTED] Pneumoroidea [REDACTED] Pyrgomorphoidea [REDACTED] Acridoidea etc. [REDACTED] The phylogeny of
308-691: The New World. The Ommexechidae and Tristiridae are South American, and the Lentulidae, Lithidiidae and Pamphagidae are mainly African. The Pauliniids are nocturnal and can swim or skate on water, and the Lentulids are wingless. Pneumoridae are native to Africa, particularly southern Africa, and are distinguished by the inflated abdomens of the males. A number of species, especially in the Acridoidea, are significant agricultural pests , but not all of them are locusts :
330-598: The Triassic and have remained important plant-eaters from that time to now. The first modern families such as the Eumastacidae, Tetrigidae and Tridactylidae appeared in the Cretaceous , though some insects that might belong to the last two of these groups are found in the early Jurassic . Morphological classification is difficult because many taxa have converged towards a common habitat type; recent taxonomists have concentrated on
352-438: The abdomen are reduced, and have single-segmented cerci . Orthopterans have a paurometabolous lifecycle or incomplete metamorphosis . The use of sound is generally crucial in courtship, and most species have distinct songs. Most grasshoppers lay their eggs in the ground or on vegetation. The eggs hatch and the young nymphs resemble adults, but lack wings and at this stage are often called 'hoppers'. They may often also have
374-512: The gut of insects, grasshoppers are one species of interest. The insect's ability to break down cellulose and lignin without producing greenhouse gases has aroused scientific interest. Caelifera The Caelifera are a suborder of orthopteran insects . They include the grasshoppers and grasshopper-like insects, as well as other superfamilies classified with them: the ground-hoppers ( Tetrigoidea ) and pygmy mole crickets ( Tridactyloidea ). The latter should not be confused with
396-477: The internal genitalia, especially those of the male. This information is not available from fossil specimens, and the paleontological taxonomy is founded principally on the venation of the hindwings. The Caelifera includes some 2,400 valid genera and about 11,000 known species. Many undescribed species probably exist, especially in tropical wet forests . The Caelifera have a predominantly tropical distribution with fewer species known from temperate zones, but most of
418-489: The mole crickets ( Gryllotalpidae ), which belong to the other Orthopteran sub-order Ensifera . The name of this suborder comes from Latin meaning chisel -bearing ("chisel" in Latin: caelum ), referring to the "stout" shape of its species' ovipositors . The Caelifera include some 2,400 valid genera and about 12,000 known species. Many undescribed species probably exist, especially in tropical forests . The Caelifera have
440-637: The second century BCE in Ancient Greece , Diodorus Siculus is known to have called people from Ethiopia Acridophagi , meaning "eaters of locusts." In Judaism , the Orthoptera include the only insects considered kosher . The list of dietary laws in the book of Leviticus forbids all flying insects that walk, but makes an exception for certain locusts . The Torah states the only kosher flying insects with four walking legs have knees that extend above their feet so that they hop. With new research showing promise in locating alternative biofuel sources in
462-612: The split between the Caelifera and the Ensifera is no more recent than the Permo-Triassic boundary ; the earliest insects that are certainly Caeliferans are Eolocustopsis of family Eolocustopsidae from the latest Permian ( Changhsingian ) of the Beaufort Group , South Africa, followed by Locustavidae and Dzhajloutshellidae from the mid-Triassic ( Ladinian age), roughly 242 to 237 million years ago. The group diversified during
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#1733115325998484-565: The superfamilies have representatives worldwide. They are almost exclusively herbivorous and are probably the oldest living group of chewing herbivorous insects. The most diverse superfamily is the Acridoidea , with around 8,000 species. The two main families in this are the Acrididae (grasshoppers and locusts) with a worldwide distribution, and the Romaleidae (lubber grasshoppers), found chiefly in
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