Misplaced Pages

#303696

56-467: The Landesarchiv Nordrhein-Westfalen (abbreviated as Landesarchiv NRW ) is the state archive of the state of North Rhine Westphalia , in the city of Duisburg , Germany. It is notable for containing a windowless building converted from a former granary, combined with a new, equally windowless, purpose-built archive building. 51°26′14″N 6°45′29″E  /  51.4372°N 6.7581°E  / 51.4372; 6.7581 This article about

112-654: A sovereign state and since 1707 as a constituent part of the United Kingdom ) are held in the National Archives of Scotland , established under its present name in 1999, but with roots dating back to the 13th century. Similarly archives relating exclusively to Northern Ireland are held in the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland , established in 1923. There is no national archives as such for Wales , but some important series of records relating exclusively to

168-510: A Bag, a Cold War Comedy in December 1992. The play was written and directed by Baņuta Rubess , who also played Gouzenko. "Rubess, effectively abetted by Oliver Dennis's fumbling performance in the lead role, portrays Gouzenko as a hapless bungler who barely succeeds in rifling the telltale documents," Toronto Star theatre critic Vit Wagner wrote in a review of the production. The volume which contained entries from November 10 to December 31, 1945

224-500: A German building or structure is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . State archive From the Middle Ages into the Early modern period archives generated by royal and clerical institutions retained proofs of political and genealogical claims as a "bastion of authenticity." The emerging Enlightenment concept of studying history as a science rather than as literature

280-692: A fit inmate for a National Archive Establishment." He characterized the combination like a melange of the Manuscripts Commission and the Public Record Office, a merger which would happen in the UK some 90 years later. The various national archives of Latin American countries were founded in the 19th and 20th centuries. Much of those archives benefited from the Spanish and Portuguese colonial practice of keeping

336-546: A function of substantiating historical narratives, national archives were purposed towards telling their respective nation's story. For example, the National Historical Archive of Spain as created excluded contemporary records in favor of documenting defunct institutions as a matter of national heritage. Historian Nicholas Dirks has said that national archives are the "primary site of state monumentality." The 19th-century centralization of archives, precursor to

392-631: A headstone. In 2002 federal Heritage Minister Sheila Copps designated "The Gouzenko Affair (1945–46)" an event of national historic significance. In June 2003, the city of Ottawa and in April 2004, the Canadian federal government put up memorial plaques in Dundonald Park commemorating the Soviet defector. It was from this park that Ottawa police and RCMP agents monitored Gouzenko's apartment across Somerset Street

448-617: A job in the village of Verkhne-Spasskoe, after which she moved to Moscow, and after some time, she took all the children. Igor Gouzenko entered the fifth grade in the school named after Maxim Gorky near the Automotive Factory No. 2 Zavod Imeni Stalina . Gouzenko spent a lot of time in the Lenin Library , where he prepared for admission to the university and then entered the Moscow Architectural Institute . While at

504-503: A network of Canadian spies under control of the Soviet Union had been passing classified information to the Soviet government. Much of the information taken then is public knowledge now, and the Canadian government was less concerned with the information stolen, but more of the potential of real secrets coming into the hands of future enemies. Canada played an important part in the early research with nuclear bomb technology, being part of

560-682: A record on hand of outgoing correspondence. Copies of orders from the monarchy were kept in the General Archive of the Indies or the Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino while the message itself would be sent to the New World and then archived by the respective viceroy in the Americas. The colonial offices would likewise keep a copy of their outgoing message locally while sending the original note to

616-526: A single volume for November 10 to December 31, 1945, according to Library and Archives Canada. Robertson told the Prime Minister that Gouzenko was threatening suicide, but King was adamant that his government not get involved, even if Gouzenko was apprehended by Soviet authorities. Robertson ignored King's wishes and authorized the granting of asylum to Gouzenko and his family, on the basis that their lives were in danger. In February 1946, news spread that

SECTION 10

#1732856132304

672-544: A total of 109 documents. In a later statement, Gouzenko described how he first wanted to go to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) because he knew that there were no Soviet military agents there, but he was not sure that there were no NKVD agents. He then went to the Ottawa Journal , but when he reached the editor-in-chief, he hesitated to make a statement. When he returned later, the editor-in-chief

728-454: Is known about his life afterwards, but it is understood that he and his wife settled down to a middle-class existence in the Mississauga suburb of Port Credit. They raised eight children together. His children thought the language their parents spoke at home was Czech and supported Czechoslovakia in hockey games. They eventually learned the truth about their family's history from their parents at

784-637: The 73rd United States Congress just as the construction of the National Archives Building (started in 1931) was nearing completion. The National Archives and Records Administration has been advertised as an agency of narrative; the archives' façade claims "The Glory and Romance of Our History are Here Preserved." Allen Weinstein said in 2005 that archive employees are "the designated custodians of America's national memory." Igor Gouzenko Igor Sergeyevich Gouzenko ( Ukrainian : Ігор Сергійович Гузенко ; January 26, 1919 – June 25, 1982)

840-642: The American Historical Association (AHA) voiced concern over the lack of a national archive, especially in light of continued losses of records. Led by J. Franklin Jameson , the AHA's goal in the establishment of a national archives was the collection of germane documents to substantiate conceptions of national history. After a series of further delays, the National Archives Act of 1934 was passed by

896-604: The Burning of Washington . Although the reconstruction after the fire did not include the creation of a national archive, an archive at the State Department 's passport office had been in existence as early as the 1820s. There was no serious interest in establishing a national "hall of records" until the late 19th Century and despite some 43 fires in various federal buildings between 1880 and 1915, legislation to create such an archive could not pass Congress. Since its founding in 1884,

952-512: The French National School of Paleography and Archival Studies were charged with maintaining records as a factor of accountability to the public. Jenkinson, a luminary of British archival practice, specifically criticized the French and Belgian accessions of isolated private documents into national archives, saying "we cannot think that a stray paper from some dispersed family collection... is

1008-626: The National Library of New Zealand , reflect the 20th-century influence of biculturalism on the interpretation of much older archival material for the purposes of legitimating the nation in view of shared Anglo-Māori history . Although the imperial records donated by Alexander Turnbull were not originally collected to write a national history they have been reinterpreted to explain cultural conflicts in an era of empire-building. Anecdotes from former Soviet Republics such as Uzbekistan evince this mentality of politicization of national archives; that

1064-608: The Russian Civil War on the side of the Bolsheviks , dying early of typhoid . His mother was a school mathematics teacher. Faced with the prospect of her second child dying of starvation, Gouzenko's mother decided to place him in the care of her mother, Ekaterina A. Filkova, in the village of Semion, Ryazan Oblast , Russia , where he lived for seven years. Later his mother took Igor to her relatives in Rostov-on-Don , and she got

1120-415: The provenance of their records while driven by the local narratives of their benefactors. The 11th United States Congress investigated the state of government records in 1810, finding the records on hand were "in a state of great disorder and exposure; and in a situation neither safe nor convenient nor honorable to the nation." The committee recommended fireproofing and safe storage only four years before

1176-556: The 'total archives' concept collecting all manner of Canadiana in contrast to Hilary Jenkinson 's 'organic whole' concept. The mandate of the archive shifted from pure documentation toward social memory. Canada's National Archive (then called the Public Archives) was not created until 1912. The national library was created in 1952 and became a component of the archives with the Library and Archives of Canada Act in 2004. Regardless of

SECTION 20

#1732856132304

1232-465: The 20th century's nationalism, has been opposed by some. Historian Craig Robertson posits that "archives do not neutrally store documents; rather, objects captured through archival practices are transformed into knowledge." He goes on to say that the "historicization of state archives can make explicit how archives create national narratives and, more importantly, national characters, prioritizing and privileging specific stories and peoples." The concept of

1288-500: The RCMP expressed interest in Gouzenko, Prime Minister of Canada William Lyon Mackenzie King initially wanted nothing to do with him. Even with Gouzenko in hiding and under RCMP protection, King reportedly pushed for a diplomatic solution to avoid upsetting the Soviet Union, still a wartime ally and ostensible friend. Documents reveal that King, then 70 and weary from six years of war leadership,

1344-514: The RCMP who were willing to examine the documents he had removed from the Soviet embassy. Gouzenko was transported by the RCMP to the secret World War II " Camp X ", comfortably distant from Ottawa. While there, Gouzenko was interviewed by investigators from Britain's internal security service, MI5 (rather than MI6 , as Canada was within the British Commonwealth ) and by investigators from the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation . Although

1400-548: The Soviet Union, he decided to defect. As an example of the freedoms Gouzenko recalls in his testimony, he mentions the elections in Canada in 1945 , whereas in the USSR, according to him, there were no free elections and one had to choose from a single candidate. On September 5, 1945, three days after the end of World War II, the 26-year-old Gouzenko walked out of the embassy carrying a briefcase with Soviet code books and decryption materials,

1456-632: The Soviet Union. A clerk at External Affairs , a Canadian Army captain, and a radar engineer working at the National Research Council were arrested for espionage. A spy ring of up to 20 people passing information to the Soviets led by Fred Rose was also exposed. In the United Kingdom, British nuclear scientist Alan Nunn May was arrested in March 1946 after being implicated in Gouzenko's documents. In

1512-771: The United States the FBI tracked down a Soviet spy, Ignacy Witczak , at the University of Southern California (USC) in Los Angeles. Gouzenko's mother died in the NKVD prison at Lubyanka under investigation. Gouzenko always assumed that his sister Irina, who worked as an architect, also died as a result of his defection. However, according to 1956 records, she married and lived in Chelyabinsk. His brother, Vsevolod, who Igor believed had been lost in

1568-465: The administration of archives has been common in both dictatorships and democracies. "Canadian Archives are the foundation of Canadian Studies." Thomas Symons The Dominion Archives were created in 1872. Having been created so soon after confederation , the new nation had few records to archive since most colonial records had been taken back to Europe. The first Dominion Archivist, Douglas Brymner , and his successor, Arthur Doughty , practiced

1624-516: The age of 16–18. Gouzenko was involved in a defamation case against Maclean's for a libellous article written about him. The case was heard by the Supreme Court of Canada. He remained in the public eye, writing two books, This Was My Choice , a non-fiction account of his defection, and the novel The Fall of a Titan , which won a Governor General's Award in 1954. In 1955 professor Eugene Hudson Long and writer Gerald Warner Brace nominated

1680-539: The apartment across the hall for the night. Shortly before midnight, four men from the Soviet Embassy (Pavlov, Rogov, Angelov and Farafontov) broke into an apartment on Somerset Street looking for Gouzenko and his documents. The Ottawa Police quickly arrived, followed by the RCMP and officials from the Canadian Department of External Affairs. The following day, September 7, Gouzenko was able to find contacts in

1736-723: The archives may contain dangerous truth the regime must contain. The National Archives were formed in 2003, as a merger of the much older Public Record Office (created in 1838) and the Historical Manuscripts Commission . The records of England originate in the Chancery Archives and the tax accounting records of the Pipe rolls , the Memoranda Rolls of the Exchequer , and the feet of fines dating back to 1163. Without

Landesarchiv Nordrhein-Westfalen - Misplaced Pages Continue

1792-453: The archivist as a custodian of records originated in the late 19th century and was championed by Hilary Jenkinson . His concept, that "the Archivist is not and ought not be an Historian" and that the archivist "is the servant of his Archives first and afterwards of the student Public" reflect the idea that archivists should primarily serve as objective custodians of records. This contrasted with

1848-574: The central apparatus of the GRU (April, 1942 — summer of 1943). His position gave him knowledge of Soviet espionage activities in the West. Gouzenko worked under the leadership of Colonel Nikolai Zabotin. In June 1943 Gouzenko arrived in Ottawa, Canada, to work at the Soviet Embassy, his first overseas mission. In October, his pregnant wife joined him. Gouzenko's family was given the uncommon opportunity to live outside

1904-572: The constitution of the kingdom, the rights of its public, its laws" ( ergo a new public record). Thus the National Archives served to house practical documents from the First Republic onwards while the National Library of France became the center of historical study. The changing view of the 19th Century began merging the two concepts of the "historically important" records and the "bureaucratic transactional" records. Archivists trained at

1960-404: The embassy compound where most of the staff's families lived. Gouzenko was allowed to live in an apartment in the city with Canadian families. In September 1944, Gouzenko learned that he and his family were being recalled to the Soviet Union. His supervisor, Zabotin, asked for a reprieve. Unwilling to return to the Soviet Union, due to being dissatisfied with the quality of life and the policies of

2016-495: The funding to archive this mass of records, many were destroyed in the early 19th century. The English Public Record Office Act 1877 specified the arbitrary date of 1715, for records too old to be discarded thereby describing contemporaneous constructions of historical importance. The Office of Public Sector Information (successor to Her Majesty's Stationery Office) was merged into the archives in 2006. In addition, archives relating exclusively to Scotland (both historically as

2072-581: The government of Wales (for example, those of the Court of Great Sessions ) have been transferred to the custody of the National Library of Wales . Although the U.S. National Archives Establishment was not created until 1934, it was preceded by numerous private and state archives, including the Massachusetts Historical Society , the first organized collection of American records created in 1791. The value of United States state archives centered on

2128-625: The home office in Europe. Roscoe R. Hill opined in 1945 that although very old records had been kept in Latin American archives, the archives themselves were mismanaged and the climate damaged many documents. The retention of records by so many government agencies as well as provincial offices has resulted, in Hill's words, that "in no country is the national archive really national in scope." The national archives of New Zealand and its sister organization,

2184-587: The institute he met his future wife Svetlana (Anna) Gouseva in the Lenin Library; the couple married soon after meeting. Due to his high academic performance, he was sent to the Military Engineering Academy named after V.V. Kuybyshev , where he was trained for a year as a cipher clerk, graduating with the rank of lieutenant. At the start of World War II he was drafted into the Red Army . He served in

2240-419: The magnitude and the danger of Soviet espionage". Gouzenko was born on January 26, 1919, in the village of Rogachev near Dmitrov , Moscow Governorate (now Moscow Oblast ), 100 kilometres north-west of Moscow. He was of Ukrainian heritage, the youngest of four children. His older brother (also Igor, Gouzenko is named in memory of him), born in 1917, died at age 1 from malnutrition. His father fought in

2296-426: The naturalization bureau. Later that day, Gouzenko applied for Canadian citizenship. By noon that day, Prime Minister of Canada William Lyon Mackenzie King was informed of the incident, which later led him to convene a Royal Commission to investigate espionage in Canada. Terrified that the Soviets had discovered his duplicity, Gouzenko went back to his apartment at 511 Somerset Street West and hid with his family in

Landesarchiv Nordrhein-Westfalen - Misplaced Pages Continue

2352-610: The night men from the Soviet embassy came looking for Gouzenko. The story of the process of lobbying the two levels of government to unveil the historic plaques is told in the book Remembering Gouzenko: The Struggle to Honour a Cold War Hero by Andrew Kavchak (2019). The story of the Gouzenko Affair was made into the film The Iron Curtain in 1948, directed by William Wellman , with screenplay by Milton Krims, and starring Dana Andrews and Gene Tierney as Igor and Anna Gouzenko, produced by Twentieth Century Fox . The film's release

2408-607: The novel for the Nobel Prize in Literature . Gouzenko also painted and sold paintings. Gouzenko also appeared on television to promote his books and air grievances with the RCMP , always with a hood over his head. Gouzenko died of a heart attack in 1982 in Mississauga. Svetlana died in September 2001, and she was buried next to him. His grave was unmarked until 2002 when family members erected

2464-452: The prior practice of archives serving to embellish the histories of politicians and other wealthy patrons. The retention of records in a national archive would then become a universal bureaucratic norm rather than the retention of a select few records for a predetermined purpose. Jenkinson also specified that rather than holding source documents piecemeal, that the integrity of an organic archive group must be maintained. Political impact on

2520-416: The relative newness of the archive, Canadians reacted to the 1945 disappearance of papers from the archives about Igor Gouzenko as if it were a disturbing case of collective memory -loss. Public response to reportage from The Halifax Herald indicated that the archives were already seen as both a matter of government accountability and as an element of national identity. The National Archives of France

2576-526: The technique of planting sleeper agents . The " Gouzenko Affair " is often credited as a triggering event of the Cold War , with historian Jack Granatstein stating it was "the beginning of the Cold War for public opinion" and journalist Robert Fulford writing he was "absolutely certain the Cold War began in Ottawa". Granville Hicks described Gouzenko's actions as having "awakened the people of North America to

2632-412: The war, was also in this city. Svetlana Gouzenko's father, mother, and sister each received five years in prison. The sister's daughter, Tatiana, was sent to an orphanage. Gouzenko and his family were given another identity by the Canadian government out of fear of Soviet reprisals. Gouzenko, as assigned by the Canadian government, lived the rest of his life under the assumed name of George Brown. Little

2688-523: The wartime Manhattan Project along with the US and UK. That kind of vital information could be dangerous to Canadian interests in the hands of other nations. According to Canadian Security Intelligence Service director Reid Morden , Gouzenko's defection "ushered in the modern era of Canadian security intelligence". The evidence provided by Gouzenko led to the arrest of a number of suspects, including Agatha Chapman , whose apartment at 282 Somerset Street West

2744-676: Was a cipher clerk for the Soviet embassy to Canada in Ottawa, Ontario, and a lieutenant of the Soviet Main Intelligence Directorate ( GRU ). He defected on September 5, 1945, three days after the end of World War II, with 109 documents on the USSR 's espionage activities in the West. In response, Canada's Prime Minister, Mackenzie King , called a royal commission to investigate espionage in Canada. Gouzenko exposed Soviet intelligence 's efforts to steal nuclear secrets as well as

2800-643: Was a favourite evening rendezvous. Among those convicted were Fred Rose , who was the only Communist Member of Parliament in the Canadian House of Commons; Sam Carr , the Communist Party's national organizer; and scientist Raymond Boyer. Chapman was later acquitted; the judge in her case announced that "No case has been made out and, as far as this trial is concerned, the accused is dismissed." A Royal Commission of Inquiry to investigate espionage , headed by Justices Robert Taschereau and Roy Kellock ,

2856-494: Was accompanied by criticism from the USSR. On February 21, 1948, the propaganda newspaper Culture and Life published a critical article by Ilya Ehrenburg . Another film version of the Gouzenko Affair was made as Operation Manhunt in 1954, directed by Jack Alexander, with screenplay by Paul Monash , and starring Harry Townes and Irja Jensen, released by United Artists . Theatre Passe Muraille in Toronto produced Head in

SECTION 50

#1732856132304

2912-484: Was aghast when Norman Robertson , his undersecretary for external affairs, and his assistant, H.H. Wrong , informed him on the morning of September 6, 1945, that a "terrible thing" had happened. Gouzenko and his wife Svetlana, they told him, had appeared at the office of Justice Minister Louis St. Laurent with documents unmasking Soviet perfidy on Canadian soil. "It was like a bomb on top of everything else", King wrote. King's diaries assembled after his death were missing

2968-516: Was conducted into the Gouzenko Affair and his evidence of a Soviet spy ring in Canada. It also alerted other countries around the world, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, that Soviet agents had almost certainly infiltrated their nations as well. Gouzenko provided many vital leads which assisted greatly with ongoing espionage investigations in Britain and North America. The documents he handed over exposed numerous Canadians who were spying for

3024-471: Was created informally on July 29, 1789 by the Revolutionaries to document the prior Ancien Régime . The crown's Treasury of Charters as well as private records from the clergy were collected for historical value as those parties were deemed irrelevant to French society. Separately, as of September 9, 1790, the new regime collected contemporaneous documents as "the depository of all acts that establish

3080-411: Was influenced by Leopold von Ranke and brought archives into the limelight of serious historical study. In the late 18th century, the storage of old records was divided. Business records in the archives courantes went the way of records management while documents of cultural import in the archives historiques formed the core of Western-conceived archives. As the popularity of archives increased as

3136-586: Was no longer at work, and the paper's night editor did not venture to take responsibility, and suggested he go to the Department of Justice but nobody was on duty when he arrived there. The next morning, September 6, he returned with his wife and child to the Department of Justice and asked to see the minister; after waiting several hours, he was denied an appointment. Then he returned to the newspaper and spoke with reporter Elizabeth Fraser, who advised him to contact

#303696