82-586: Lamy ( /ˈlɑːmi, ˈlæmi/ ) is a German pen manufacturing company founded in 1930 by Josef Lamy, a former sales representative for Parker Pen . The company acquired the Orthos pen manufacturer to begin production. Lamy offers a variety of writing products, including fountain pens . Manfred Lamy, son of Josef Lamy, managed the company until his retirement in 2006. Bernhard M. Rösner then took over as CEO. Lamy's product range includes fountain pens , ballpoint pens , mechanical pencils , and ink . In February 2024, Lamy
164-450: A half-life of 6.5 million years (found in nature), Pd with 17 days, and Pd with 3.63 days. Eighteen other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weights ranging from 90.94948(64) u ( Pd) to 122.93426(64) u ( Pd). These have half-lives of less than thirty minutes, except Pd (half-life: 8.47 hours), Pd (half-life: 13.7 hours), and Pd (half-life: 21 hours). For isotopes with atomic mass unit values less than that of
246-584: A status symbol . Palladium Palladium is a chemical element ; it has symbol Pd and atomic number 46. It is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal discovered in 1802 by the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston . He named it after the asteroid Pallas (formally 2 Pallas), which was itself named after the epithet of the Greek goddess Athena , acquired by her when she slew Pallas . Palladium, platinum , rhodium , ruthenium , iridium and osmium form
328-473: A ballpoint and another feature within the one pen, such as the Pickup, which integrates a ballpoint and a highlighter into one body. The highlighter is released from the body of the pen by depressing a button on the body of the pen, and can be reinserted into the body of the pen. The Pickup was also designed by Wolfgang Fabian, and has won the red dot award for product design. Lamy produces mechanical pencils. Some of
410-849: A corresponding increase in staff to nearly 400. In 1989, turnover increased to approximately 62 million DM. Lamy had begun taking on employees as sleeping partners . Approximately one third of the then 400-person workforce became sleeping partners. In that year, Lamy established contacts with East Germany and planned to do business there as well as in West Germany. 1991 held an increase in staff and turnover again, this time to 85 million DM and five hundred staff. Lamy invested in their "innovation workshop" in Heidelberg, in 1996, along with approximate expected turnover being 113 million DM. 1999 showed Lamy reporting stable turnover of approximately 120 million DM, though domestic demand has fallen. In February 2024, Lamy
492-459: A fountain pen that used a quill as an ink reservoir. The French Government patented this in May 1827. Fountain pen patents and production then increased in the 1850s. The first patent on a ballpoint pen was issued on October 30, 1888, to John J Loud. In 1938, László Bíró , a Hungarian newspaper editor, with the help of his brother George, a chemist, began to design new types of pens, including one with
574-505: A group of elements referred to as the platinum group metals (PGMs). They have similar chemical properties, but palladium has the lowest melting point and is the least dense of them. More than half the supply of palladium and its congener platinum is used in catalytic converters , which convert as much as 90% of the harmful gases in automobile exhaust ( hydrocarbons , carbon monoxide , and nitrogen dioxide ) into nontoxic substances ( nitrogen , carbon dioxide and water vapor ). Palladium
656-441: A layer of palladium(II) oxide (PdO). It may slowly develop a slight brownish coloration over time, likely due to the formation of a surface layer of its monoxide. Palladium films with defects produced by alpha particle bombardment at low temperature exhibit superconductivity having T c = 3.2 K. Naturally occurring palladium is composed of seven isotopes , six of which are stable. The most stable radioisotopes are Pd with
738-753: A needle for cleaning graphite jams. Its point has a chrome conical shape and contains a retractable tip. The LAMY Scribble has a chrome clip that can be removed if necessary. This writing tool is great for sketching and note-taking and can be used by students, designers and architects. Lamy produces fountain pen ink in bottles and proprietary ink cartridges. Lamy provide the widest range of colours in what it designates as T10 cartridges, with black, blue, blue-black, red, green, turquoise and violet. The T10 cartridge has approximately 1.15 ml ink capacity. For using bottled fountain pen ink Lamy offers several proprietary piston operated converters. The ABC, AL-star, Joy, Nexx, Nexx M, Safari and Vista fountain pens can be fitted with
820-466: A pen with a reservoir dates back to the 10th century AD. In 953, Ma'ād al-Mu'izz , the Fatimid Caliph of Egypt , demanded a pen which would not stain his hands or clothes, and was provided with a pen which held ink in a reservoir and delivered it to the nib. This pen may have been a fountain pen, but its mechanism remains unknown, and only one record mentioning it has been found. A later reservoir pen
902-505: A point made of some porous material such as felt or ceramic. A high quality drafting pen will usually have a ceramic tip, since this wears well and does not broaden when pressure is applied while writing. Although the invention of the typewriter and personal computer with the keyboard input method has offered another way to write, the pen is still the main means of writing. Many people like to use expensive types and brands of pens, including fountain pens, and these are sometimes regarded as
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#1732851419640984-479: A semi hooded nib and is a piston fill pen offering 1.35 ml ink capacity, so thus only takes bottled ink. In addition to normal production mechanical pencil , ballpoint and four-color ballpoint versions, a commemorative fountain pen version was produced for the new millennium called the Edition 2000 , which features an inverse design of the original: a stainless steel body with Makrolon ring and polished clip. The Pico
1066-494: A slightly radioactive long-lived fission product . Depending on end use, the radioactivity contributed by the Pd might make the recovered palladium unusable without a costly step of isotope separation . The largest use of palladium today is in catalytic converters. Palladium is also used in jewelry, dentistry , watch making, blood sugar test strips, aircraft spark plugs , surgical instruments , and electrical contacts . Palladium
1148-414: A slim silhouette, provide an ergonomic grip, and come in a variety of vibrant colors. This brand has an eraser under the cap. Underneath the cap, it contains a cleaning needle for graphite jams. Both the eraser and the pin are replaceable. The drawing instrument accepts leads of 0.5 mm and features a chrome spring clip. The LAMY 2000 is identical in its form with this brand's fountain pen . It features
1230-507: A strategic resource during World War II, many jewelry bands were made out of palladium. Palladium was little used in jewelry because of the technical difficulty of casting . With the casting problem resolved the use of palladium in jewelry increased, originally because platinum increased in price while the price of palladium decreased. In early 2004, when gold and platinum prices rose steeply, China began fabricating volumes of palladium jewelry, consuming 37 tonnes in 2005. Subsequent changes in
1312-689: A surface, usually paper , for writing or drawing . Early pens such as reed pens , quill pens, dip pens and ruling pens held a small amount of ink on a nib or in a small void or cavity that had to be periodically recharged by dipping the tip of the pen into an inkwell . Today, such pens find only a small number of specialized uses, such as in illustration and calligraphy . Reed pens, quill pens and dip pens, which were used for writing, have been replaced by ballpoint pens, rollerball pens, fountain pens and felt or ceramic tip pens. Ruling pens, which were used for technical drawing and cartography , have been replaced by technical pens such as
1394-423: A thin needle for cleaning graphite jams. The pencil has a rounded clip and comes in two lead sizes – 0.7 and 0.5 mm. The Lamy Scribble has a plastic matte black barrel that ensures a convenient grip. The body of this pencil is lightweight and well-balanced. It uses 0.7 mm lead. The drawing instrument features a cap which indicates the lead size on its top. Underneath the cap, it has an integrated eraser and
1476-470: A tiny ball in its tip that was free to turn in a socket. As the pen moved along the paper, the ball rotated, picking up ink from the ink cartridge and leaving it on the paper. Bíró filed a British patent on June 15, 1938. In 1940, the Bíró brothers and a friend, Juan Jorge Meyne, moved to Argentina , fleeing Nazi Germany . On June 17, 1943, they filed for another patent. They formed "Bíró Pens of Argentina", and by
1558-453: A uniquely high absorption capacity and does not lose its ductility until x approaches 1. This property has been investigated in designing an efficient and safe hydrogen fuel storage medium, though palladium itself is currently prohibitively expensive for this purpose. The content of hydrogen in palladium can be linked to magnetic susceptibility , which decreases with the increase of hydrogen and becomes zero for PdH 0.62 . At any higher ratio,
1640-525: Is a cartridge/converter premium line model. The metal body and cap are offered in various coloured painted or metal surface finishes. Most versions have chromed round grip sections. The palladium plated version Studio version grip section has a deviating palladium plated grip section. The brushed stainless steel bodied and capped Studio version grip section has a deviating non-slip black grip section. The piano black and palladium Studio versions are more expensive as they feature nibs containing gold. In addition to
1722-560: Is a pocket telescoping ballpoint pen designed by Franco Clivio. It comes in chrome, red, blue, orange (known as "Flame"), white, and black finishes. Like some other Lamy pens, the Pico features a small protrusion to stop the pen from rolling. Lamy also produces a leather carrying case for this pen. The pen has also won a red dot award for product design Other designs such as the Safari and Studio come in rollerball form too, though certain designs such as
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#17328514196401804-747: Is a specific reference to quills in the writings of St. Isidore of Seville in the 7th century. Quill pens were still widely used in the eighteenth century, and were used to write and sign the Constitution of the United States in 1787. A copper nib was found in the ruins of Pompeii , showing that metal nibs were used in the year 79. There is also a reference to 'a silver pen to carry ink in', in Samuel Pepys ' diary for August 1663. 'New invented' metal pens are advertised in The Times in 1792. A metal pen point
1886-507: Is a white nib with a fluid that makes ink 'disappear', the other end has a nib that writes in blue ink which is not affected by the ink eraser so that one can write on top of what was just erased. However, after this is done, one can not rub it out again. Earlier Lamy designs includes the Lady and the Persona; "vintage" designs are varied but have numerical suffixes instead of descriptive names. The Lady
1968-479: Is affected. High doses of palladium could be poisonous; tests on rodents suggest it may be carcinogenic , though until the recent research cited above, no clear evidence indicated that the element harms humans. Like other platinum-group metals , bulk Pd is quite inert. Although contact dermatitis has been reported, data on the effects are limited. It has been shown that people with an allergic reaction to palladium also react to nickel, making it advisable to avoid
2050-399: Is also produced in nuclear fission reactors and can be extracted from spent nuclear fuel (see synthesis of precious metals ), though this source for palladium is not used. None of the existing nuclear reprocessing facilities are equipped to extract palladium from the high-level radioactive waste . A complication for the recovery of palladium in spent fuel is the presence of Pd ,
2132-492: Is also used in electronics, dentistry , medicine , hydrogen purification , chemical applications, groundwater treatment , and jewelry. Palladium is a key component of fuel cells , in which hydrogen and oxygen react to produce electricity, heat, and water. Ore deposits of palladium and other PGMs are rare. The most extensive deposits have been found in the norite belt of the Bushveld Igneous Complex covering
2214-404: Is also used to make some professional transverse (concert or classical) flutes . As a commodity, palladium bullion has ISO currency codes of XPD and 964. Palladium is one of only four metals to have such codes, the others being gold , silver and platinum. Because it adsorbs hydrogen, palladium was a key component of the controversial cold fusion experiments of the late 1980s. When it
2296-477: Is an effective catalyst for carbon–fluorine bonds . Palladium catalysis is primarily employed in organic chemistry and industrial applications, although its use is growing as a tool for synthetic biology ; in 2017, effective in vivo catalytic activity of palladium nanoparticles was demonstrated in mammals to treat disease. The primary application of palladium in electronics is in multi-layer ceramic capacitors in which palladium (and palladium-silver alloy)
2378-567: Is an excellent electrocatalyst for oxidation of primary alcohols in alkaline media. Palladium is also a versatile metal for homogeneous catalysis , used in combination with a broad variety of ligands for highly selective chemical transformations. In 2010 the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded "for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis" to Richard F. Heck , Ei-ichi Negishi and Akira Suzuki . A 2008 study showed that palladium
2460-529: Is finely divided, as with palladium on carbon , palladium forms a versatile catalyst ; it speeds heterogeneous catalytic processes like hydrogenation , dehydrogenation , and petroleum cracking . Palladium is also essential to the Lindlar catalyst , also called Lindlar's Palladium. A large number of carbon–carbon bonding reactions in organic chemistry are facilitated by palladium compound catalysts. For example: When dispersed on conductive materials, palladium
2542-415: Is heated under controlled conditions. Prior to 2004, the principal use of palladium in jewelry was the manufacture of white gold. Palladium is one of the three most popular alloying metals in white gold ( nickel and silver can also be used). Palladium-gold is more expensive than nickel-gold, but seldom causes allergic reactions (though certain cross-allergies with nickel may occur). When platinum became
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2624-433: Is not very mobile in the environment and has a relatively low decay energy , Pd is usually considered to be among the less concerning of the long-lived fission products . Palladium compounds exist primarily in the 0 and +2 oxidation state. Other less common states are also recognized. Generally the compounds of palladium are more similar to those of platinum than those of any other element. Palladium(II) chloride
2706-411: Is prepared by reducing sodium tetrachloropalladate in the presence of dibenzylideneacetone . Palladium(0), as well as palladium(II), are catalysts in coupling reactions , as has been recognized by the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Richard F. Heck , Ei-ichi Negishi , and Akira Suzuki . Such reactions are widely practiced for the synthesis of fine chemicals. Prominent coupling reactions include
2788-681: Is still used in some parts of Pakistan by young students and is used to write on small wooden boards. The reed pen survived until papyrus was replaced as a writing surface by animal skins, vellum and parchment. The smoother surface of skin allowed finer, smaller writing with a quill pen, derived from the flight feather. The quill pen was used in Qumran, Judea to write some of the Dead Sea Scrolls , which date back to around 100 BC. The scrolls were written in Hebrew dialects with bird feathers or quills. There
2870-459: Is the principal starting material for other palladium compounds. It arises by the reaction of palladium with chlorine. It is used to prepare heterogeneous palladium catalysts such as palladium on barium sulfate, palladium on carbon, and palladium chloride on carbon. Solutions of PdCl 2 in nitric acid react with acetic acid to give palladium(II) acetate , also a versatile reagent. PdCl 2 reacts with ligands (L) to give square planar complexes of
2952-419: Is used for electrodes. Palladium (sometimes alloyed with nickel) is or can be used for component and connector plating in consumer electronics and in soldering materials. The electronic sector consumed 33 tonnes (1.07 million troy ounces) of palladium in 2006, according to a Johnson Matthey report. Hydrogen easily diffuses through heated palladium, and membrane reactors with Pd membranes are used in
3034-580: The Juncus maritimus or sea rush. In his book A History of Writing , Steven Roger Fischer suggests, on the basis of finds at Saqqara , that the reed pen might well have been used for writing on parchment as long ago as the First Dynasty, or around 3000 BC. Reed pens continued to be used until the Middle Ages , but were slowly replaced by quills from about the 7th century. The reed pen, made from reed or bamboo,
3116-574: The Heck , Suzuki , Sonogashira coupling , Stille reactions , and the Kumada coupling . Palladium(II) acetate , tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 ), and tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (Pd 2 (dba) 3 ) serve either as catalysts or precatalysts. Although Pd(IV) compounds are comparatively rare, one example is sodium hexachloropalladate(IV) , Na 2 [PdCl 6 ]. A few compounds of palladium(III) are also known. Palladium(VI)
3198-899: The Norilsk–Talnakh deposits in Siberia . The other large deposit is the Merensky Reef platinum group metals deposit within the Bushveld Igneous Complex South Africa . The Stillwater igneous complex of Montana and the Roby zone ore body of the Lac des Îles igneous complex of Ontario are the two other sources of palladium in Canada and the United States. Palladium is found in the rare minerals cooperite and polarite . Many more Pd minerals are known, but all of them are very rare. Palladium
3280-556: The Rapidograph . All of these modern pens contain internal ink reservoirs, such that they do not need to be dipped in ink while writing. Pens commonly used today can be categorized based on the mechanism of the writing tip and the type of ink: These historic types of pens are no longer in common use as writing instruments, but may be used by calligraphers and other artists: Ancient Egyptians had developed writing on papyrus scrolls when scribes used thin reed brushes or reed pens from
3362-794: The Transvaal Basin in South Africa; the Stillwater Complex in Montana , United States; the Sudbury Basin and Thunder Bay District of Ontario , Canada; and the Norilsk Complex in Russia. Recycling is also a source, mostly from scrapped catalytic converters. The numerous applications and limited supply sources result in considerable investment interest. Palladium belongs to group 10 in
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3444-662: The discovery of a new noble metal in July 1802 in his lab book and named it palladium in August of the same year. He named the element after the asteroid 2 Pallas , which had been discovered two months earlier (and which was previously considered a planet ). Wollaston purified a quantity of the material and offered it, without naming the discoverer, in a small shop in Soho in April 1803. After harsh criticism from Richard Chenevix , who claimed that palladium
3526-399: The platinotype printing process, photographers make fine-art black-and-white prints using platinum or palladium salts. Often used with platinum, palladium provides an alternative to silver. Palladium is a metal with low toxicity as conventionally measured (e.g. LD 50 ). Recent research on the mechanism of palladium toxicity suggests high toxicity if measured on a longer timeframe and at
3608-411: The solid solution becomes diamagnetic . Palladium is used for purification of hydrogen on a laboratory but not industrial scale. Palladium is used in small amounts (about 0.5%) in some alloys of dental amalgam to decrease corrosion and increase the metallic lustre of the final restoration. Palladium has been used as a precious metal in jewelry since 1939 as an alternative to platinum in
3690-403: The stoichiometry RPd 3 exist where R is scandium , yttrium , or any of the lanthanides . As overall mine production of palladium reached 210,000 kilograms in 2022, Russia was the top producer with 88,000 kilograms, followed by South Africa, Canada, the U.S., and Zimbabwe. Russia's company Norilsk Nickel ranks first among the largest palladium producers globally, accounting for 39% of
3772-631: The Croatian entrepreneur Edmund Moster , he started the Penkala-Moster Company and built a pen-and-pencil factory that was one of the biggest in the world at the time. This company, now called TOZ-Penkala , still exists today. "TOZ" stands for " Tvornica olovaka Zagreb ", meaning " Zagreb Pencil Factory". In the 1960s, the fiber- or felt-tipped pen was invented by Yukio Horie of the Tokyo Stationery Company, Japan . Paper Mate's Flair
3854-543: The Lamy abc they all feature a non-rounded grip section optimized to be held with a 'tripod pen grip'. The Vista line is a transparent demonstrator version and the AL-star features an anodized aluminum body and cap with a semi-transparent grip section. In 2016, Lamy released a more expensive variant of their AL-star line called the LX that comes in five colors all named after precious metals, with
3936-489: The Swift are uniquely rollerball pens. The distinguishing design feature of the Swift is the retractable clip. When the point is extended, the Swift's clip retracts to be flush with the body of the pen, which helps the pen sit in the hand more comfortably, and also serves as a preventative reminder not to reinsert the pen into one's pocket with the point extended, which may cause staining. Lamy produces multisystem pens, which combine
4018-425: The alloy. Fountain pen nibs made from gold are sometimes plated with palladium when a silver (rather than gold) appearance is desired. Sheaffer has used palladium plating for decades, either as an accent on otherwise gold nibs or covering the gold completely. Palladium is also used by the luxury brand Hermès as one of the metals plating the hardware on their handbags, most famous of which being Birkin. In
4100-496: The alloys called " white gold ", where the naturally white color of palladium does not require rhodium plating . Palladium, being much less dense than platinum, is similar to gold in that it can be beaten into leaf as thin as 100 nm ( 1 ⁄ 250,000 in). Unlike platinum, palladium may discolor at temperatures above 400 °C (752 °F) due to oxidation, making it more brittle and thus less suitable for use in jewelry; to prevent this, palladium intended for jewelry
4182-542: The cap to assist in identifying each student's pen. The pen features a non round grip section optimized to be held with a 'tripod pen grip'. The Lamy Safari was designed by Wolfgang Fabian and Bernt Spiegel of the Entwicklungsgruppe Mannheim which remains in production from 1980. The Safari and the derived AL-star and Vista lines are all cartridge/converter filled and are intended for students and young writers. The pens are made primarily of ABS plastic and like
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#17328514196404264-496: The cellular level in the liver and kidney. Mitochondria appear to have a key role in palladium toxicity via mitochondrial membrane potential collapse and depletion of the cellular glutathione (GSH) level. Until that recent work, it had been thought that palladium was poorly absorbed by the human body when ingested . Plants such as the water hyacinth are killed by low levels of palladium salts, but most other plants tolerate it, although tests show that, at levels above 0.0003%, growth
4346-482: The coalescence and differentiation of iron-cored small planets may have occurred 10 million years after a nucleosynthetic event. Pd versus Ag correlations observed in bodies, which have been melted since accretion of the Solar System , must reflect the presence of short-lived nuclides in the early Solar System. Pd is also produced as a fission product in spontaneous or induced fission of U . As it
4428-460: The exception of the Marron special edition. In addition to the fountain pen, the Safari, AL-star, LX and Vista lines are also available in a ballpoint, rollerball, and mechanical pencil configurations. The Dialog is a cap-less fountain pen with twist action to expose the 14 carat gold nib. Twisting also causes the pen's clip to retract into the barrel. When closed, a ball valve seals the barrel to protect
4510-411: The feed surface and ink channels. This roughening optimizes ink flow characteristics over the feed surface. The 2000 fountain pen model uses nibs of another type which is incompatible with Lamy's other fountain pen models. Lamy's abc beginner's fountain pen was designed by Bernt Spiegel to be used by children while learning to write. The body is normally made from maple wood and includes a name sticker in
4592-481: The fountain pen the Studio line is also available in a ballpoint and rollerball pen configuration. Lamy's flagship fountain pen is the 2000. Designed by Gerd Alfred Müller and released in 1966, it remains in production today. The 2000 uses a special polycarbonate resin produced by Bayer , Makrolon that became commercially available in 1958, for the body of the pen. It is the only contemporary Lamy fountain pen that has
4674-731: The heaviest element having only one incomplete electron shell , with all shells above it empty. Palladium has the appearance of a soft silver-white metal that resembles platinum. It is the least dense and has the lowest melting point of the platinum group metals. It is soft and ductile when annealed and is greatly increased in strength and hardness when cold-worked. Palladium dissolves slowly in concentrated nitric acid , in hot, concentrated sulfuric acid , and when finely ground, in hydrochloric acid . It dissolves readily at room temperature in aqua regia . Palladium does not react with oxygen at standard temperature (and thus does not tarnish in air ). Palladium heated to 800 °C will produce
4756-492: The most abundant stable isotope, Pd, the primary decay mode is electron capture with the primary decay product being rhodium. The primary mode of decay for those isotopes of Pd with atomic mass greater than 106 is beta decay with the primary product of this decay being silver . Radiogenic Ag is a decay product of Pd and was first discovered in 1978 in the Santa Clara meteorite of 1976. The discoverers suggest that
4838-423: The nib. The Dialog was designed by Franco Clivio. The Accent is a design from Andreas Haug. The pen comes in a variety of barrel materials and features a grip section that can be swapped for a customized appearance. The Accent's cap has a hinged clip and posts with clicking tabs. The Accent also appears in Lamy's ball-point, rollerball, and mechanical pencil platforms. The Studio is a design by Hannes Wettstein. It
4920-506: The ore in aqua regia , neutralizing the solution with sodium hydroxide , and precipitating platinum as ammonium chloroplatinate with ammonium chloride . He added mercuric cyanide to form the compound palladium(II) cyanide , which was heated to extract palladium metal. Palladium chloride was at one time prescribed as a tuberculosis treatment at the rate of 0.065 g per day (approximately one milligram per kilogram of body weight). This treatment had many negative side-effects , and
5002-524: The other Lamy designs exist in mechanical pencil form, such as the 2000 and the Safari. The Scribble, also designed by Hannes Wettstein, is a large-bodied pencil with triangular shapes on the body to help the grip. The LAMY Safari was launched on the market in the 1980s and fascinated people with its avant-garde design. Initially, these writing tools were supposed to be used by students, but they became appreciated by users of all ages. This line exhibits high-quality pencils made of durable ABS plastic. They have
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#17328514196405084-455: The periodic table, but the configuration in the outermost electrons is in accordance with Hund's rule . Electrons that by the Madelung rule would be expected to occupy the 5 s instead fill the 4 d orbitals , as it is more energetically favorable to have a completely filled 4d shell instead of the 5s 4d configuration. This 5s configuration, unique in period 5 , makes palladium
5166-550: The price to an all-time high of $ 1,340 per troy ounce ($ 43/ g ) in January 2001. Around that time, the Ford Motor Company , fearing that automobile production would be disrupted by a palladium shortage, stockpiled the metal. When prices fell in early 2001, Ford lost nearly US$ 1 billion. World demand for palladium increased from 100 tons in 1990 to nearly 300 tons in 2000. The global production of palladium from mines
5248-439: The production of high purity hydrogen. Palladium is used in palladium-hydrogen electrodes in electrochemical studies. Palladium(II) chloride readily catalyzes carbon monoxide gas to carbon dioxide and is useful in carbon monoxide detectors . Palladium readily adsorbs hydrogen at room temperatures, forming palladium hydride PdH x with x less than 1. While this property is common to many transition metals, palladium has
5330-572: The proprietary Z 24 or Z 28 converter that has approximately 0.7 ml ink capacity. The converters for the school/young writing line of fountain pens feature two protrusions that form fit into two arresting recesses in the grip sections of these pens. The Accent, Aion, CP 1, Dialog 3, Imporium, Linea, Logo, ST and Studio fountain pens can be fitted with the proprietary Z 27 converter for the premium line of fountain pens that has approximately 0.7 ml ink capacity. Lamy also makes double-ended pens that allow one to edit what they have written in ink before. One end
5412-541: The relative price of platinum lowered demand for palladium to 17.4 tonnes in 2009. Demand for palladium as a catalyst has increased the price of palladium to about 50% higher than that of platinum in January 2019. In January 2010, hallmarks for palladium were introduced by assay offices in the United Kingdom, and hallmarking became mandatory for all jewelry advertising pure or alloyed palladium. Articles can be marked as 500, 950, or 999 parts of palladium per thousand of
5494-407: The same elegant and classic design and has a black matte finish and a high-quality writing mechanism. The pencil is made of fiberglass and stainless steel, which makes it light and well balanced. The writing tool is developed with a conical and retractable tip and has a texturized grip made of Macrolon resin. Under the top of the push button, there is a replaceable eraser. The interior container holds
5576-466: The summer of 1943, the first commercial models were available. Erasable ballpoint pens were introduced by Paper Mate in 1979, when the Erasermate was put on the market. Slavoljub Eduard Penkala , a Croatian engineer and inventor, became renowned for further development of the mechanical pencil (1906) – then called an "automatic pencil" – and the first solid-ink fountain pen (1907). Collaborating with
5658-531: The type PdCl 2 L 2 . One example of such complexes is the benzonitrile derivative PdCl 2 (PhCN) 2 . The complex bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride is a useful catalyst. Palladium forms a range of zerovalent complexes with the formula PdL 4 , PdL 3 and PdL 2 . For example, reduction of a mixture of PdCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 and PPh 3 gives tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) : Another major palladium(0) complex, tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (Pd 2 (dba) 3 ),
5740-467: The uptake of palladium is estimated to be less than 15 μg per person per day. People working with palladium or its compounds might have a considerably greater uptake. For soluble compounds such as palladium chloride , 99% is eliminated from the body within three days. The median lethal dose (LD 50 ) of soluble palladium compounds in mice is 200 mg/kg for oral and 5 mg/kg for intravenous administration . William Hyde Wollaston noted
5822-404: The use of dental alloys containing palladium on those so allergic. Some palladium is emitted with the exhaust gases of cars with catalytic converters . Between 4 and 108 ng/km of palladium particulate is released by such cars, while the total uptake from food is estimated to be less than 2 μg per person a day. The second possible source of palladium is dental restoration, from which
5904-460: The world's production. Palladium can be found as a free metal alloyed with gold and other platinum-group metals in placer deposits of the Ural Mountains , Australia , Ethiopia , North and South America . For the production of palladium, these deposits play only a minor role. The most important commercial sources are nickel - copper deposits found in the Sudbury Basin , Ontario , and
5986-566: Was 222 tonnes in 2006 according to the United States Geological Survey . Many were concerned about a steady supply of palladium in the wake of Russia's annexation of Crimea , partly as sanctions could hamper Russian palladium exports; any restrictions on Russian palladium exports could have exacerbated what was already expected to be a large palladium deficit in 2014. Those concerns pushed palladium prices to their highest level since 2001. In September 2014 they soared above
6068-445: Was a design intended to appeal to women; the Lady is manufactured out of painted, hardened, porcelain and does not feature a clip as it was thought that women do not normally make use of the clip—a small protrusion prevents the pen from rolling on a flat surface. The Lady was designed by Wolfgang Fabian and Sharon Jodjaja was responsible for the barrel designs. Pen A pen is a common writing instrument that applies ink to
6150-467: Was among the first felt-tip pens to hit the U.S. market in the 1960s, and it has been the leader ever since. Marker pens and highlighters, both similar to felt pens, have become popular in recent times. Rollerball pens were introduced in the early 1970s. They use a mobile ball and liquid ink to produce a smoother line. Technological advances during the late 1980s and early 1990s have improved the roller ball's overall performance. A porous point pen contains
6232-545: Was an alloy of platinum and mercury, Wollaston anonymously offered a reward of £20 for 20 grains of synthetic palladium alloy . Chenevix received the Copley Medal in 1803 after he published his experiments on palladium. Wollaston published the discovery of rhodium in 1804 and mentions some of his work on palladium. He disclosed that he was the discoverer of palladium in a publication in 1805. Wollaston found palladium in crude platinum ore from South America by dissolving
6314-680: Was bought by the Japanese Mitsubishi Pencil Company . The company refers to their products by prefixing "Lamy" in front of the descriptive name, such as "Lamy Scribble" (to avoid repetition, here only the descriptive name is used). Many Lamy fountain pen models share the same type of feed and nib . Most use Fe - Ni - Cr stainless steel alloy Z 50 nibs which can be interchanged by the user. The feeds are made of ABS plastic and after injection molding are chemically etched with polyethylene glycol (PEG). The etching process causes micro surface scratches by removing styrene from
6396-765: Was bought by the Japanese Mitsubishi Pencil Company . In 1984, newspapers reported that Lamy's export share increased to 33 percent of turnover. In 1986, Lamy, Montblanc , and Parker held among them 70–80 percent of the West German market. Export markets then consisted of the United States , Japan , and Austria . Lamy hoped to expand that export share to 50 percent of turnover, which stood at approximately 40 million Deutschmark (DM) for 1985. Turnover for Lamy increased to 48 million DM for 1987, then employing 350 people, increasing to 54 million DM in 1988 and
6478-448: Was claimed in 2002, but subsequently disproven. Mixed valence palladium complexes exist, e.g. Pd 4 (CO) 4 (OAc) 4 Pd(acac) 2 forms an infinite Pd chain structure, with alternatively interconnected Pd 4 (CO) 4 (OAc) 4 and Pd(acac) 2 units. When alloyed with a more electropositive element, palladium can acquire a negative charge. Such compounds are known as palladides, such as gallium palladide . Palladides with
6560-568: Was developed in 1636. In his Deliciae Physico-Mathematicae (1636), German inventor Daniel Schwenter described a pen made from two quills. One quill served as a reservoir for ink inside the other quill. The ink was sealed inside the quill with cork . Ink was squeezed through a small hole to the writing point. In 1809, Bartholomew Folsch received a patent in England for a pen with an ink reservoir. A student in Paris , Romanian Petrache Poenaru invented
6642-490: Was later replaced by more effective drugs. Most palladium is used for catalytic converters in the automobile industry. Catalytic converters are targets for thieves because they contain palladium and other rare metals. In the run up to year 2000, the Russian supply of palladium to the global market was repeatedly delayed and disrupted; for political reasons, the export quota was not granted on time. The ensuing market panic drove
6724-400: Was patented in 1803, but the patent was not commercially exploited. A patent for the manufacture of metal pens was advertised for sale by Bryan Donkin in 1811. John Mitchell of Birmingham started to mass-produce pens with metal nibs in 1822, and after that, the quality of steel nibs improved enough so that dip pens with metal nibs came into general use. The earliest historical record of
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