67-493: Agaraceae Akkesiphycaceae Alariaceae Aureophycaceae Chordaceae Laminariaceae Lessoniaceae Pseudochordaceae Kelps are large brown algae or seaweeds that make up the order Laminariales . There are about 30 different genera . Despite its appearance, kelp is not a plant but a stramenopile (a group containing many protists ). Kelp grows in "underwater forests " ( kelp forests ) in shallow oceans. Kelps were previously thought to have appeared in
134-757: A diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte stage. The haploid phase begins when the mature organism releases many spores, which then germinate to become male or female gametophytes. Sexual reproduction then results in the beginning of the diploid sporophyte stage, which will develop into a mature individual. The parenchymatous thalli are generally covered with a mucilage layer, rather than cuticle. Seaweed were generally considered homologues of terrestrial plants , but are only very distantly related to plants, and have evolved plant-like structures through convergent evolution . Where plants have leaves, stems, and reproductive organs, kelp have independently evolved blades, stipes, and sporangia . With radiometric dating and
201-566: A basal meristem, with as many as 60 stalks in older well protected individuals. Blades develop at irregular intervals along the stipe, with a single pneumatocyst (gas bladder) at the base of each blade. At the base of each stalk is a cluster of blades that lack pneumatocysts; instead they develop small sacks on the blade that release the biflagellated zoospores : these are the sporophylls. The smaller morphs, formerly identified as Macrocystis integrifolia , have deep brown color on flattened rhizomes which are profusely dichotomously branched. Each
268-454: A food additive, it may be used to reduce fat absorption and thus obesity. Kelp in its natural form has not yet been demonstrated to have such effects. Kelp's rich iron content can help prevent iron deficiency. Commercial production of kelp harvested from its natural habitat has taken place in Japan for over a century. Many countries today produce and consume laminaria products; the largest producer
335-462: A food source for the Aboriginal Tasmanians for thousands of years. These changes have also affected the oyster farming industry. By saving oysters that have survived disease outbreaks, they have been able to continue their way of life. It was estimated that by 2019, 95 per cent of the giant kelp forests along Tasmania's east coast had been lost within just a few decades. Some of this loss
402-476: A food source; it also contains many compounds such as iodine , potassium , other minerals vitamins and carbohydrates and thus has also been used as a dietary supplement. In the beginning of the 20th century California kelp beds were harvested as a source for soda ash . With commercial interest increasing significantly during the 1970s and the 1980s this was primarily due to the production of alginates , and also for biomass production for animal feed due to
469-750: A genetic plasticity for blade shapes for different water flow habitats. So individuals of the same species will have differences to other individuals of the same species due to what habitat they grow in. Many species have different morphologies for different wave disturbance regimes but giant kelp Macrocystis integrifolia has been found to have plasticity allowing for 4 distinct types of blade morphology depending on habitat. Where many species only have two or three different blade shapes for maximizing efficiency in only two or three habitats. These different blade shapes were found to decrease breakage and increase ability to photosynthesize . Blade adaptations like these are how kelp have evolved for efficiency in structure in
536-511: A linear dispersal corridor entirely at sea level, with few obstacles to maritime peoples. Archaeological evidence from California's Channel Islands confirms that islanders were harvesting kelp forest shellfish and fish, beginning as much as 12,000 years ago. During the Highland Clearances , many Scottish Highlanders were moved on to areas of estates known as crofts , and went to industries such as fishing and kelping (producing soda ash from
603-516: A metre a day, ultimately reaching 30 to 80 metres (100 to 260 ft). Through the 19th century, the word "kelp" was closely associated with seaweeds that could be burned to obtain soda ash (primarily sodium carbonate). The seaweeds used included species from both the orders Laminariales and Fucales . The word "kelp" was also used directly to refer to these processed ashes. The thallus (or body) consists of flat or leaf-like structures known as blades that originate from elongated stem-like structures,
670-425: A plant fertilizer, increasing bean yields up to 24% and chemical studies indicate presence of phytohormone-like substances. Macrocystis pyrifera is one of the fastest-growing organisms on Earth. They can grow at a rate of 60 cm (2 ft) a day to reach over 45 m (150 ft) long in one growing season. Juvenile giant kelp grow directly upon their parent female gametophyte . To establish itself,
737-402: A savory garnish ( tororo konbu ) for rice and other dishes, as a vegetable, and a primary ingredient in popular snacks (such as tsukudani ). Transparent sheets of kelp ( oboro konbu ) are used as an edible decorative wrapping for rice and other foods. Kombu can be used to soften beans during cooking, and to help convert indigestible sugars and thus reduce flatulence. In Russia, especially in
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#1732855464025804-531: A study done with genomic analysis . Studies of kelp structure evolution have helped in the understanding of the adaptations that have allowed for kelp to not only be extremely successful as a group of organisms but also successful as an ecosystem engineer of kelp forests , some of the most diverse and dynamic ecosystems on earth. Species of Laminaria in the British Isles; Species of Laminaria worldwide, listing of species at AlgaeBase : Other species in
871-412: A turbulent ocean environment, to the point where their stability can shape entire habitats. Apart from these structural adaptations, the evolution of dispersal methods relating to structure have been important for the success of kelp as well. Kelp have had to adapt dispersal methods that can make successful use of ocean currents . Buoyancy of certain kelp structures allows for species to disperse with
938-431: A wave disturbance gradient, many of these convergently evolved traits for structural reinforcement also correlate with distribution along that gradient. The wave disturbance gradient that this study refers to is the environments that this kelp inhabit have a varied level of perturbation from the tide and waves that pull at the kelp. It can be assumed from these results that niche partitioning along wave disturbance gradients
1005-403: A young kelp produces one or two primary blades, and begins a rudimentary holdfast, which serves to anchor the plant to the rocky bottom. As the kelp grows, additional blades develop from the growing tip, while the holdfast enlarges and may entirely cover the rock to which it is attached. Growth occurs with lengthening of the stipe (central stalk), and splitting of the blades. At the growing tip
1072-606: Is China. Laminaria japonica , the important commercial seaweed, was first introduced into China in the late 1920s from Hokkaido, Japan. Yet mariculture of this alga on a very large commercial scale was realized in China only in the 1950s. Between the 1950s and the 1980s, kelp production in China increased from about 60 to over 250,000 dry weight metric tons annually. Some of the earliest evidence for human use of marine resources, coming from Middle Stone Age sites in South Africa, includes
1139-474: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Giant kelp Heterotypic synonyms C. Agardh Macrocystis is a monospecific genus of kelp (large brown algae ) with all species now synonymous with Macrocystis pyrifera . It is commonly known as giant kelp or bladder kelp . This genus contains the largest of all the Phaeophyceae or brown algae . Macrocystis has pneumatocysts at
1206-549: Is a key driver of divergence between closely related kelp. Due to the often varied and turbulent habitat that kelp inhabit, plasticity of certain structural traits has been a key for the evolutionary history of the phyla. Plasticity helps with a very important aspect of kelp adaptations to ocean environments, and that is the unusually high levels of morphological homoplasy between lineages. This in fact has made classifying brown algae difficult. Kelp often have similar morphological features to other species within its own area since
1273-431: Is a single blade, at the base of which develop small gas bladders along one side. As the bladders and stipe grow, small tears develop in the attached blade. Once the tears have completed, each bladder supports a single separate blade along the stipe, with the bladders and their blades attached at irregular intervals. Macrocystis typically grow forming extensive beds, large "floating canopies", on rocky substrata between
1340-481: Is also found near Tristan da Cunha in the Mid-South Atlantic Ocean. Where the bottom is rocky and affords places for it to anchor, giant kelp forms extensive kelp beds with large "floating canopies". When present in large numbers, giant kelp forms kelp forests that are home to many marine species that depend upon the kelp directly for food and shelter, or indirectly as a hunting ground for prey. Both
1407-448: Is also homophonic with another word (simplified Chinese: 海归 ; traditional Chinese: 海歸 ; pinyin: hǎi gūi , literally "sea return"). Alariaceae See text Alariaceae are a family of brown algae in the order Laminariales . The distribution of Alariaceae includes the northeastern Pacific Ocean , South Africa , southern Australia , and New Zealand coasts. This Phaeophyceae (or brown alga) article
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#17328554640251474-496: Is attached by branched root-like structures coming out of the sides of the rhizomes. Slender main stipes (about 1 centimetre (0.39 in) wide to 30 metres (98 ft) long) come from the rhizome which is up to 0.1 metres (3.9 in) at the widest. Periodically 5 centimetres (2.0 in) wide and 35 centimetres (14 in) long flattened leaf-like branches derive from the stipe. They have furrowed surfaces and taper gradually, but then have an oval or rounded float where attached to
1541-408: Is current research going into utilizing M. pyrifera as feed for other aquaculture species such as shrimps. Recently, M. pyrifera has been examined as a possible feedstock for conversion into ethanol for biofuel use. In recent years, the kelp forests have decreased dramatically throughout Japan, Chile, Korea, Australia and North America. Harvesting of kelp as a food source and other uses may be
1608-610: Is currently accepted by the phycological community (see AlgaeBase). Although Macrocystis is a monospecific genus, some split it into the four morphs, or sub-species, described below, following pre-2010 taxonomy: Macrocystis is distributed along the eastern Pacific coast from Alaska to Mexico and from Peru and along the Argentinian coast as well as in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and most sub-Antarctic islands to 60°S. Macrocystis pyrifera has been utilized for many years as
1675-539: Is found in the subtidal zone of southern North Island, the South Island, Chatham, Stewart, Bounty, Antipodes, Auckland and Campbell Islands. The species can be found on rock and on sheltered open coasts. The macroscopic sporophyte has many specialized blades growing near the holdfast. These blades bear various sori containing sporangia , which release haploid spores , which will grow into microscopic female and male gametophytes . These gametophytes, after reaching
1742-512: Is found on intertidal rocks or shallow subtidal rocks along the Pacific coast of North America from British Columbia to California . It prefers water about 7 metres (23 ft) to 10 metres (33 ft) deep and exposed to the open sea and normal salinities, yet sheltered from full wave action. Macrocystis integrifolia alternates heteromorphic phases from a macroscopic sporophyte to dioecious microscopic gametophytes. It has been studied as
1809-508: Is not a plant ; it is a heterokont . Giant kelp is common along the coast of the northeastern Pacific Ocean , from Baja California north to southeast Alaska , and is also found in the southern oceans near South America , South Africa , Australia , and New Zealand . Individual algae may grow to more than 45 metres (150 feet) long at a rate of as much as 60 cm (2 ft) per day. Giant kelp grows in dense stands known as kelp forests , which are home to many marine animals that depend on
1876-438: Is not yet fully in place. Translocation also moves nutrients downward from light-exposed surface fronds to sporophylls (reproductive fronds) at the base of the kelp, where there is little light and thus little photosynthesis to produce food. Initially, 17 species were described within the genus Macrocystis . In 1874, Hooker, following blade morphology, put them all under the same taxon, Macrocystis pyrifera . In modern times,
1943-424: Is the largest of all algae . The stage of the life cycle that is usually seen is the sporophyte , which is perennial and individuals persist for many years. Individuals may grow to up to 50 m (160 ft) long or more. The kelp often grows even longer than the distance from the bottom to the surface as it will grow in a diagonal direction due to the ocean current pushing against the kelp. The stalks arise from
2010-438: Is used to describe an unemployed returnee. It has negative overtones, implying the person is drifting aimlessly, and is also a homophonic expression (Chinese: 海待 ; pinyin: hǎidài , literally "sea waiting"). This expression is contrasted with the employed returnee, having a dynamic ability to travel across the ocean: the "sea turtle" (simplified Chinese: 海龟 ; traditional Chinese: 海龜 ; pinyin: hǎi gūi ) and
2077-579: The Laminariales that may be considered as kelp: Non-Laminariales species that may be considered as kelp: Kelp may develop dense forests with high production, biodiversity and ecological function. Along the Norwegian coast these forests cover 5,800 km, and they support large numbers of animals. Numerous sessile animals (sponges, bryozoans and ascidians) are found on kelp stipes and mobile invertebrate fauna are found in high densities on epiphytic algae on
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2144-576: The Miocene , 5 to 23 million years ago based on fossils from California. New fossils of kelp holdfasts from early Oligocene rocks in Washington State show that kelps were present in the northeastern Pacific Ocean by at least 32 million years ago. The organisms require nutrient-rich water with temperatures between 6 and 14 °C (43 and 57 °F). They are known for their high growth rate—the genera Macrocystis and Nereocystis can grow as fast as half
2211-618: The Russian Far East , and former Soviet Union countries several types of kelp are of commercial importance: Saccharina latissima , Laminaria digitata , Saccharina japonica . Known locally as "Sea Cabbage" (Морская капуста in Russian), it comes in retail trade in dried or frozen, as well as in canned form and used as filler in different types of salads, soups and pastries. Because of its high concentration of iodine, brown kelp ( Laminaria ) has been used to treat goiter , an enlargement of
2278-402: The subantarctic region. Dispersal by rafts from buoyant species also explains some evolutionary history for non-buoyant species of kelp. Since these rafts commonly have hitchhikers of other diverse species, they provide a mechanism for dispersal for species that lack buoyancy. This mechanism has been recently confirmed to be the cause of some dispersal and evolutionary history for kelp species in
2345-544: The North Pacific Ocean. In California, El Niño also brought along a population bloom of purple sea urchins which feed on the giant kelp. Off the coast of Tasmania , kelp forests have been significantly affected by several factors, including warming waters, shifting of the East Australian current (EAC), and invasion of long-spine sea urchins . Locals have noticed significant effects on the population of abalone ,
2412-412: The algae for food or shelter. The primary commercial product obtained from giant kelp is alginate , but humans also harvest this species on a limited basis for use directly as food. It is rich in iodine , potassium , and other minerals. It can be used in cooking in many of the ways other sea vegetables are used, and particularly serves to add flavor to bean dishes. Macrocystis is a monospecific genus;
2479-474: The appropriate substrata, grow mitotically to eventually produce gametes. Females release their eggs ( oogonia ) along with a pheromone , the lamoxirene . This compound triggers sperm release by males. The Macrocystis sperm consists of biflagellate non- synthetic antherozoids , which find their way to the oogonia following the lamoxirene. The egg is then fertilized to form the zygote , which, through mitosis, begins growth. Macrocystis integrifolia
2546-577: The ashes of kelp). At least until the 1840s, when there were steep falls in the price of kelp, landlords wanted to create pools of cheap or virtually free labour, supplied by families subsisting in new crofting townships. Kelp collection and processing was a very profitable way of using this labour, and landlords petitioned successfully for legislation designed to stop emigration. The profitability of kelp harvesting meant that landlords began to subdivide their land for small tenant kelpers, who could now afford higher rent than their gentleman farmer counterparts. But
2613-479: The average rate globally. The EAC brings warmer waters, which are also nutrient-poor compared to the previously usual cold water around the coast. Common kelp ( Ecklonia radiata ) is better at nitrogen storage than giant kelp, so has been taking over the areas formerly occupied by giant kelp. Macrocystis pyrifera has become Australia’s first federally-listed endangered marine community . Scientists and conservationists are continuously looking into ways to restore
2680-524: The base of its blades . Sporophytes are perennial and the individual may live for up to three years; stipes/fronds within a whole individual undergo senescence , where each frond may persist for approximately 100 days. The genus is found widely in subtropical , temperate, and sub-Antarctic oceans of the Southern Hemisphere and in the northeast Pacific. Macrocystis is often a major component of temperate kelp forests . Despite its appearance, it
2747-587: The early 19th century, burning of kelp in Scotland was one of the principal industrial sources of soda ash (predominantly sodium carbonate ). Around 23 tons of seaweed was required to produce 1 ton of kelp ash. The kelp ash would consist of around 5% sodium carbonate. Once the Leblanc Process became commercially viable in Britain during the 1820s, common salt replaced kelp ash as raw material for sodium carbonate. Though
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2814-485: The economic collapse of the kelp industry in northern Scotland during the 1820s led to further emigration, especially to North America . Natives of the Falkland Islands are sometimes nicknamed " Kelpers ". This designation is primarily applied by outsiders rather than the natives themselves . In Chinese slang , "kelp" ( simplified Chinese : 海带 ; traditional Chinese : 海帶 ; pinyin : hǎi dài ),
2881-490: The efficiency of giant kelp ( Macrocystis pyrifera ) transport anatomy looked at 6 different laminariales species to see if they had typical vascular plant allometric relationships (if SEs had a correlation with the size of an organism). Researchers expected to find the kelp’s phloem to work similarly to a plant's xylem and therefore display similar allometric trends to minimize pressure gradient . The study found no universal allometric scaling between all tested structures of
2948-434: The energy crisis during that period. However the commercial production of M. pyrifera never became reality. With the end of the energy crisis and the decline in prices of alginates, the research into farming Macrocystis also declined. The demand for M. pyrifera is increasing due to the newfound uses of these plants such as fertilizers , cultivation for bioremediation purposes, abalone and sea urchin feed. There
3015-412: The flow of water. Certain kelp form kelp rafts, which can travel great distances away from the source population and colonize other areas. The bull kelp genus Durvillaea includes six species, some that have adapted buoyancy and others that have not. Those that have adapted buoyancy have done so thanks to the evolution of a gas filled structure called the pneumatocysts which is an adaptation that allows
3082-420: The form of amino acids is translocated up the stipe through sieve elements that very much resemble the phloem of vascular plants . Translocation of nutrients along the stipe may be as rapid as 60 cm (24 in) per hour. Most translocation occurs to move carbon -rich photosynthate, and typically transfers material from mature regions to actively growing regions where the machinery of photosynthesis
3149-780: The harvesting of foods such as abalone , limpets , and mussels associated with kelp forest habitats. In 2007, Erlandson et al. suggested that kelp forests around the Pacific Rim may have facilitated the dispersal of anatomically modern humans following a coastal route from Northeast Asia to the Americas. This "kelp highway hypothesis" suggested that highly productive kelp forests supported rich and diverse marine food webs in nearshore waters, including many types of fish, shellfish, birds, marine mammals, and seaweeds that were similar from Japan to California, Erlandson and his colleagues also argued that coastal kelp forests reduced wave energy and provided
3216-432: The kelp stipes and on kelp holdfasts. More than 100,000 mobile invertebrates per square meter are found on kelp stipes and holdfasts in well-developed kelp forests. While larger invertebrates and in particular sea urchins ( Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis ) are important secondary consumers controlling large barren ground areas on the Norwegian coast, they are scarce inside dense kelp forests. Some animals are named after
3283-419: The kelp to float higher towards the surface to photosynthesize and also aids in dispersal by floating kelp rafts. For Macrocystis pyrifera , adaptation of pneumatocysts and raft forming have made the species dispersal method so successful that the immense spread of coast in which the species can be found has been found to actually be very recently colonized . This can be observed by the low genetic diversity in
3350-464: The kelp, either because they inhabit the same habitat as kelp or because they feed on kelp. These include: Overfishing nearshore ecosystems leads to the degradation of kelp forests. Herbivores are released from their usual population regulation, leading to over-grazing of kelp and other algae. This can quickly result in barren landscapes where only a small number of species can thrive. Other major factors which threaten kelp include marine pollution and
3417-819: The laminariales species which implies that the transport network of brown algae is only just beginning to evolve to efficiently fit their current niches. Apart from undergoing convergent evolution with plants, species of kelp have undergone convergent evolution within their own phylogeny that has led to niche conservatism . This niche conservatism means that some species of kelp have convergently evolved to share similar niches, as opposed to all species diverging into distinct niches through adaptive radiation . A 2020 study looked at functional traits (blade mass per area, stiffness, strength, etc.) of 14 species of kelp and found that many of these traits evolved convergently across kelp phylogeny. With different species of kelp filling slightly different environmental niches, specifically along
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#17328554640253484-427: The large number of species were re-classified based on the holdfast morphology, which distinguished three species ( M. angustifolia , M. integrifolia , and M. pyrifera ) and on blade morphology, which added a fourth species ( M. laevis ) in 1986. In 2009 and 2010, however, two studies that used both morphological and molecular assessments demonstrate that Macrocystis is monospecific (as M. pyrifera ), which
3551-478: The large size of the kelp and the large number of individuals significantly alter the availability of light, the flow of ocean currents, and the chemistry of the ocean water in the area where they grow. In high-density populations, giant kelp individuals compete with other individuals of the species for space and resources. Giant kelp may also compete with Pterygophora californica in these circumstances. Where surface waters are poor in nutrients, nitrogen in
3618-515: The least concerning aspect to its depletion. In the Northwest Pacific kelp forests in waters near large population centres may be most affected by the sewer/stormwater discharge. The natural phenomenon known as El Niño cycles warm, tropical water from the South Pacific to Northern waters. This has been known to kill off M. pyrifera, due to its need for cold waters it would usually find in
3685-470: The low intertidal. It was harvested by barges which used large blades to harvest up to 300 tons a day along the coast of California . Macrocystis pyrifera is found in North America ( Alaska to California ), South America , South Africa , New Zealand , and southern Australia . It thrives in cooler waters where the ocean water temperature remains mostly below 21 °C (70 °F). The species
3752-799: The measure Ma “unequivocal minimum constraint for total group Pinaceae ” vascular plants have been measured as having evolved around 419–454 Ma while the ancestors of Laminariales are much younger at 189 Ma. Although these groups are distantly related as well as different in evolutionary age, there are still comparisons that can be made between the structures of terrestrial plants and kelp but in terms of evolutionary history, most of these similarities come from convergent evolution. Some kelp species including giant kelp, have evolved transport mechanisms for organic as well as inorganic compounds , similar to mechanisms of transport in trees and other vascular plants . In kelp this transportation network uses trumpet-shaped sieve elements (SEs). A 2015 study aimed to evaluate
3819-454: The price of kelp ash went into steep decline, seaweed remained the only commercial source of iodine. To supply the new industry in iodine synthesis, kelp ash production continued in some parts of West and North Scotland, North West Ireland and Guernsey. The species Saccharina latissima yielded the greatest amount of iodine (between 10 and 15 lbs per ton) and was most abundant in Guernsey. Iodine
3886-492: The quality of water, climate changes and certain invasive species. Kelp forests are some of the most productive ecosystems in the world - they are home to a great diversity of species. Many groups, like those at the Seattle Aquarium , are studying the health, habitat, and population trends in order to understand why certain kelp (like bull kelp ) thrives in some areas and not others. Remotely Operated Vehicles are used in
3953-559: The roughness of the wave disturbance regime, but can look fairly different from other members of its own species that are found in different wave disturbance regimes. Plasticity in kelps most often involves blade morphology such as the width, ruffle, and thickness of blades. Just one example is the giant bull kelp Nereocystis luetkeana , which have evolved to change blade shape in order to increase drag in water and interception of light when exposed to certain environments. Bull kelp are not unique in this adaptation; many kelp species have evolved
4020-424: The sole species is M. pyrifera . Some individuals are so huge that the thallus may grow to up to 60 m (200 ft). The stipes arise from a holdfast and branch three or four times from near the base. Blades develop at irregular intervals along the stipe. M. pyrifera grows to over 45 m (150 ft) long. The stipes are unbranched and each blade has a gas bladder at its base. Macrocystis pyrifera
4087-403: The stipe. The blade-like branches have notched denticulate edges leading to the terminal blade at the tip of the stipe, which is separated by several smaller branches. It grows to only 6 m (20 ft) long. It is found on intertidal rocks or shallow subtidal rocks along the Pacific coast of North America ( British Columbia to California ) and South America. In New Zealand M. pyrifera
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#17328554640254154-509: The stipes. A root-like structure, the holdfast , anchors the kelp to the substrate of the ocean. Gas-filled bladders ( pneumatocysts ) form at the base of blades of American species, such as Nereocystis lueteana, (Mert. & Post & Rupr.) to hold the kelp blades close to the surface. Growth occurs at the base of the meristem , where the blades and stipe meet. Growth may be limited by grazing. Sea urchins , for example, can reduce entire areas to urchin barrens . The kelp life cycle involves
4221-459: The surveying of sites and the data extracted is used to learn about which conditions are best suited for kelp restoration. Giant kelp can be harvested fairly easily because of its surface canopy and growth habit of staying in deeper water. Kelp ash is rich in iodine and alkali . In great amount, kelp ash can be used in soap and glass production. Until the Leblanc process was commercialized in
4288-427: The thyroid gland caused by a lack of iodine, since medieval times. An intake of roughly 150 micrograms of iodine per day is beneficial for preventing hypothyroidism. Overconsumption can lead to kelp-induced thyrotoxicosis . In 2010, researchers found that alginate , the soluble fibre substance in sea kelp, was better at preventing fat absorption than most over-the-counter slimming treatments in laboratory trials. As
4355-506: The upper and lower arches. Kelp polysaccharides are used in skin care as gelling ingredients and because of the benefits provided by fucoidan . Kombu (昆布 in Japanese, and 海带 in Chinese, Saccharina japonica and others), several Pacific species of kelp, is a very important ingredient in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean cuisines. Kombu is used to flavor broths and stews (especially dashi ), as
4422-420: Was attributed by locals to the harvesting of the forests by Alginates Australia, which opened its factory near Triabunna in 1963, shutting down operations 10 years later as uneconomical. However, expert in marine ecosystems Craig Johnson says that the loss of the forests "is almost certainly the result of climate change ". Water temperatures along the east coast of Tasmania have been rising at nearly four times
4489-474: Was extracted from kelp ash using a lixiviation process. As with sodium carbonate however, mineral sources eventually supplanted seaweed in iodine production. Alginate , a kelp-derived carbohydrate, is used to thicken products such as ice cream , jelly , salad dressing , and toothpaste , as well as an ingredient in exotic dog food and in manufactured goods. Alginate powder is also used frequently in general dentistry and orthodontics for making impressions of
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