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42-651: Lamane or laman ( Serer : Laamaan or Lamaan, (Serer vocable : laam or lam (to inherit )) mean "master of the land" in Serer. The name was also sometimes the title of chiefs or kings of the Serer people of the Senegambia region which includes modern day Senegal and the Gambia . This title was also used by some kings of the Wolof kingdoms. The title is sometimes used interchangeably with

84-441: A digraph (combination of two consonants). While historically, there were single letter alternatives, these letters are no longer used. Prenasalized consonants are constructed using meem (م) or noon (ن) in combination with other consonants. The letter meem (م) appears in pairs with beh (ب), whereas the letter noon (ن) appears in pairs with dal (د), jeem (ج), qaf (ق), and geh (گ). Prenasalized consonants cannot take

126-664: A decree, as the effort by the Senegalese ministry of education was to be part of a multi-national standardization effort. The script is referred to as "Serer Ajami script " (In Serer: ajami seereer , اَجَمِ سࣹيرࣹيرْ ‎). There are 29 letters in Serer Ajami script. The list does not include consonants that are used exclusively in Arabic loanwords and do not occur in Serer words, nor does it include digraphs used for showing prenasalized consonants. Prenasalized consonants are written as

168-519: A digraph ⟨jh⟩ that represents [h] in words that correspond to [ʒ] in standard French. Similarly, Catalan has a digraph ⟨ix⟩ that represents [ʃ] in Eastern Catalan , but [jʃ] or [js] in Western Catalan – Valencian . The pair of letters making up a phoneme are not always adjacent. This is the case with English silent e . For example, the sequence a_e has

210-409: A digraph or a combination of letters. They are the most common combinations, but extreme regional differences exists, especially those of the eastern dialects . A noteworthy difference is the aspiration of ⟨rs⟩ in eastern dialects, where it corresponds to ⟨skj⟩ and ⟨sj⟩ . Among many young people, especially in the western regions of Norway and in or around

252-538: A doubled consonant serves to indicate that a preceding vowel is to be pronounced short. In modern English, for example, the ⟨pp⟩ of tapping differentiates the first vowel sound from that of taping . In rare cases, doubled consonant letters represent a true geminate consonant in modern English; this may occur when two instances of the same consonant come from different morphemes , for example ⟨nn⟩ in unnatural ( un + natural ) or ⟨tt⟩ in cattail ( cat + tail ). In some cases,

294-489: A specific place in the alphabet , separate from that of the sequence of characters that composes them, for purposes of orthography and collation : Most other languages, including most of the Romance languages, treat digraphs as combinations of separate letters for alphabetization purposes. English has both homogeneous digraphs (doubled letters) and heterogeneous digraphs (digraphs consisting of two different letters). Those of

336-528: Is a letter that represents a plosive most accurately pronounced by trying to say /g/ and /b/ at the same time. Modern Slavic languages written in the Cyrillic alphabet make little use of digraphs apart from ⟨дж⟩ for /dʐ/ , ⟨дз⟩ for /dz/ (in Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Bulgarian), and ⟨жж⟩ and ⟨зж⟩ for the uncommon Russian phoneme /ʑː/ . In Russian,

378-697: Is capitalized ⟨Kj⟩ , while ⟨ ij ⟩ in Dutch is capitalized ⟨IJ⟩ and word initial ⟨dt⟩ in Irish is capitalized ⟨dT⟩ . Digraphs may develop into ligatures , but this is a distinct concept: a ligature involves the graphical fusion of two characters into one, e.g. when ⟨o⟩ and ⟨e⟩ become ⟨œ⟩ , e.g. as in French cœur "heart". Digraphs may consist of two different characters (heterogeneous digraphs) or two instances of

420-549: Is that of Sapir (1971), which found that Serer was closest to Fulani . However, a widely cited misreading of the data by Wilson (1989) inadvertently exchanged Serer for Wolof . Dialects of Serer are Serer Sine (the prestige dialect ), Segum, Fadyut-Palmerin, Dyegueme (Gyegem), and Niominka . They are mutually intelligible except for the Sereer spoken in some of the areas surrounding the city of Thiès . Not all Serer people speak Serer. About 200,000 speak Cangin languages . Because

462-408: Is thus a matter of definition. Some letter pairs should not be interpreted as digraphs but appear because of compounding : hogshead and cooperate . They are often not marked in any way and so must be memorized as exceptions. Some authors, however, indicate it either by breaking up the digraph with a hyphen , as in hogs-head , co-operate , or with a trema mark , as in coöperate , but the use of

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504-408: Is very important in Sereer. For example, this exchange is only for when the household in question is not nearby. Certain grammatical changes would occur if the greetings were exchanged in a home that the greeter has just entered: In Senegalese Sereer culture like many cultures in that region, greetings are very important. Sometimes, people will spend several minutes greeting each other. Article 1 of

546-504: The Arabic script , and like other Ajami scripts , is an abjad . This means that only consonants are represented with letters. Vowels are shown with diacritics . As a matter of fact, writing of diacritics, including zero-vowel (sukun) diacritic as per the orthographic are mandatory. Arabic has 3 vowels, and thus 3 vowel diacritics. But in Serer, there are 5 vowels, and as all vowels are shown with diacritics in Serer. This means that on top of

588-591: The Armenian language , the digraph ու ⟨ou⟩ transcribes / u / , a convention that comes from Greek. The Georgian alphabet uses a few digraphs to write other languages. For example, in Svan , /ø/ is written ჳე ⟨we⟩ , and /y/ as ჳი ⟨wi⟩ . Modern Greek has the following digraphs: They are called "diphthongs" in Greek ; in classical times, most of them represented diphthongs , and

630-525: The Tatar Cyrillic alphabet , for example, the letter ю is used to write both /ju/ and /jy/ . Usually the difference is evident from the rest of the word, but when it is not, the sequence ю...ь is used for /jy/ , as in юнь /jyn/ 'cheap'. The Indic alphabets are distinctive for their discontinuous vowels, such as Thai เ...อ /ɤː/ in เกอ /kɤː/ . Technically, however, they may be considered diacritics , not full letters; whether they are digraphs

672-462: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights Digraph (orthography) A digraph (from Ancient Greek δίς ( dís )  'double' and γράφω ( gráphō )  'to write') or digram is a pair of characters used in the orthography of a language to write either a single phoneme (distinct sound), or a sequence of phonemes that does not correspond to

714-524: The alphabet and cannot be separated into their constituent places graphemes when sorting , abbreviating , or hyphenating words. Digraphs are used in some romanization schemes, e.g. ⟨ zh ⟩ as a romanisation of Russian ⟨ ж ⟩ . The capitalisation of digraphs can vary, e.g. ⟨sz⟩ in Polish is capitalized ⟨Sz⟩ and ⟨kj⟩ in Norwegian

756-447: The land-owning class. Though their power was somewhat diminished, their economic and political power was intricately linked to Serer custom, Serer history and Serer religion . As such, they were extremely powerful if not as true kings as guardians of Serer traditions and beliefs and could dethrone a reigning monarch if threatened. The lamanes were the guardians of Serer religion . They created sanctuaries and shrines in honour of

798-462: The 3 original diacritics, 2 additional ones have been created. Vowels in Wolof are also distinguished by length, short and long. Short vowels are only shown with a diacritic. Similar to Arabic, long vowels are indicated by writing alif (ا), waw (و), or yeh (ي). But unlike Arabic, this does not mean that the vowel diacritic can be dropped. It cannot, as there 5 vowels and not 3. When vowels appear at

840-654: The Pangool ( Serer ancestral spirits and Saints ). They are the predecessors of the Serer priestly class (the Saltigue ). The Seereer Resource Centre, "Seereer Lamans and the Lamanic Era" (2015) [in] The Seereer Resource Centre, URL: http://www.seereer.com/laman Serer language Serer is one of the Senegambian languages , which are characterized by consonant mutation . The traditional classification of Atlantic languages

882-415: The apostrophe is seen in pinyin where 嫦娥 is written Chang'e because the g belongs to the final (-ang) of the first syllable, not to the initial of the second syllable. Without the apostrophe, Change would be understood as the syllable chan (final -an) followed by the syllable ge (initial g-). In some languages, certain digraphs and trigraphs are counted as distinct letters in themselves, and assigned to

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924-503: The beginning of the word, an alif (ا) is used as the carrier of the vowel. If a long vowel is at the beginning of the word, an alif , an alif (ا) is used as the carrier of the vowel, followed by either waw (و) or yeh (ي) as appropriate. The exception is when a word starts with the long vowel "Aa". Instead of two alif s (اا) being used, an alif-maddah (آ) is used. The following greetings and responses are spoken in most regions of Senegal that have Serer speakers. Spatial awareness

966-454: The constituent sounds ( morae ) are usually indicated by digraphs, but some are indicated by a single letter, and some with a trigraph. The case of ambiguity is the syllabic ん , which is written as n (or sometimes m ), except before vowels or y where it is followed by an apostrophe as n’ . For example, the given name じゅんいちろう is romanized as Jun’ichirō, so that it is parsed as "Jun-i-chi-rou", rather than as "Ju-ni-chi-rou". A similar use of

1008-482: The diaeresis has declined in English within the last century. When it occurs in names such as Clapham , Townshend, and Hartshorne, it is never marked in any way. Positional alternative glyphs may help to disambiguate in certain cases: when round, ⟨s⟩ was used as a final variant of long ⟨ſ⟩ , and the English digraph for /ʃ/ would always be ⟨ſh⟩ . In romanization of Japanese ,

1050-586: The doubling of ⟨z⟩ , which corresponds to /ts/ , is replaced by the digraph ⟨tz⟩ . Some languages have a unified orthography with digraphs that represent distinct pronunciations in different dialects ( diaphonemes ). For example, in Breton there is a digraph ⟨zh⟩ that represents [z] in most dialects, but [h] in Vannetais. Similarly, the Saintongeais dialect of French has

1092-472: The language when the digraph had a different pronunciation, or may represent a distinction that is made only in certain dialects , like the English ⟨ wh ⟩ . Some such digraphs are used for purely etymological reasons, like ⟨ ph ⟩ in French. In some orthographies, digraphs (and occasionally trigraphs ) are considered individual letters , which means that they have their own place in

1134-467: The latest of which was issued in 2005. However, historically, similar to Wolof language , its first writing system was the adaption of the Arabic Script. The Arabic script is used today as well, albeit in a smaller scale, and only mostly limited to Islamic school teachers and students. The Arabic -based script of Serer was set by the government as well, between 1985 and 1990, although never adopted by

1176-571: The latter type include the following: Digraphs may also be composed of vowels. Some letters ⟨a, e, o⟩ are preferred for the first position, others for the second ⟨i, u⟩ . The latter have allographs ⟨y, w⟩ in English orthography . In Serbo-Croatian : Note that in the Cyrillic orthography , those sounds are represented by single letters (љ, њ, џ). In Czech and Slovak : In Danish and Norwegian : In Norwegian , several sounds can be represented only by

1218-537: The major cities, the difference between / ç / and / ʃ / has been completely wiped away and are now pronounced the same. In Catalan : In Dutch : In French : See also French phonology . In German : In Hungarian : In Italian : In Manx Gaelic , ⟨ch⟩ represents /χ/ , but ⟨çh⟩ represents /tʃ/ . In Polish : In Portuguese : In Spanish : In Welsh : The digraphs listed above represent distinct phonemes and are treated as separate letters for collation purposes. On

1260-511: The name has stuck. Ancient Greek also had the "diphthongs" listed above although their pronunciation in ancient times is disputed. In addition, Ancient Greek also used the letter γ combined with a velar stop to produce the following digraphs: Tsakonian has a few additional digraphs: In addition, palatal consonants are indicated with the vowel letter ι , which is, however, largely predictable. When /n/ and /l/ are not palatalized before ι , they are written νν and λλ . In Bactrian ,

1302-471: The normal values of the two characters combined. Some digraphs represent phonemes that cannot be represented with a single character in the writing system of a language, like ⟨ ch ⟩ in Spanish chico and ocho . Other digraphs represent phonemes that can also be represented by single characters. A digraph that shares its pronunciation with a single character may be a relic from an earlier period of

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1344-711: The old title Maad . After the Guelowars' migration to the Sine and the foundation of the Kingdom of Sine , "lamane" denotes a provincial chief answerable to the King of Sine and Saloum . Although the later lamanes were always descendants of the Serer village and town founders (the original lamanes), and their families ruled the Kingdoms of Sine, Saloum and Baol etc., the power they previously enjoyed as lamanes diminished, but they continued to make up

1386-538: The original ones. Doubled consonant letters can also be used to indicate a long or geminated consonant sound. In Italian , for example, consonants written double are pronounced longer than single ones. This was the original use of doubled consonant letters in Old English , but during the Middle English and Early Modern English period, phonemic consonant length was lost and a spelling convention developed in which

1428-559: The other hand, the digraphs ⟨ mh ⟩ , ⟨ nh ⟩ , and the trigraph ⟨ ngh ⟩ , which stand for voiceless consonants but occur only at the beginning of words as a result of the nasal mutation , are not treated as separate letters, and thus are not included in the alphabet. Daighi tongiong pingim , a transcription system used for Taiwanese Hokkien , includes or that represents /ə/ ( mid central vowel ) or /o/ ( close-mid back rounded vowel ), as well as other digraphs. In Yoruba , ⟨gb⟩

1470-462: The same character (homogeneous digraphs). In the latter case, they are generally called double (or doubled ) letters . Doubled vowel letters are commonly used to indicate a long vowel sound. This is the case in Finnish and Estonian , for instance, where ⟨uu⟩ represents a longer version of the vowel denoted by ⟨u⟩ , ⟨ää⟩ represents a longer version of

1512-489: The sequence sh could mean either ša or saha. However, digraphs are used for the aspirated and murmured consonants (those spelled with h- digraphs in Latin transcription) in languages of South Asia such as Urdu that are written in the Arabic script by a special form of the letter h , which is used only for aspiration digraphs, as can be seen with the following connecting (kh) and non-connecting (ḍh) consonants: In

1554-552: The sequences ⟨дж⟩ and ⟨дз⟩ do occur (mainly in loanwords) but are pronounced as combinations of an implosive (sometimes treated as an affricate) and a fricative; implosives are treated as allophones of the plosive /d̪/ and so those sequences are not considered to be digraphs. Cyrillic has few digraphs unless it is used to write non-Slavic languages, especially Caucasian languages . Because vowels are not generally written, digraphs are rare in abjads like Arabic. For example, if sh were used for š, then

1596-458: The sound /eɪ/ in English cake. This is the result of three historical sound changes: cake was originally /kakə/ , the open syllable /ka/ came to be pronounced with a long vowel , and later the final schwa dropped off, leaving /kaːk/ . Later still, the vowel /aː/ became /eɪ/ . There are six such digraphs in English, ⟨a_e, e_e, i_e, o_e, u_e, y_e⟩ . However, alphabets may also be designed with discontinuous digraphs. In

1638-454: The sound represented by a doubled consonant letter is distinguished in some other way than length from the sound of the corresponding single consonant letter: In several European writing systems, including the English one, the doubling of the letter ⟨c⟩ or ⟨k⟩ is represented as the heterogeneous digraph ⟨ck⟩ instead of ⟨cc⟩ or ⟨kk⟩ respectively. In native German words,

1680-410: The speakers are ethnically Serer, they are commonly thought to be Serer dialects. However, they are not closely related, and Serer is significantly closer to Fulani (also called Pulbe, Pulaar, or Fulbe) than it is to Cangin. The voiceless implosives are highly unusual sounds. Serer today is primarily written in Latin alphabet . The Latin alphabet has been standardized in various government decrees,

1722-470: The vowel denoted by ⟨ä⟩ , and so on. In Middle English , the sequences ⟨ee⟩ and ⟨oo⟩ were used in a similar way, to represent lengthened "e" and "o" sounds respectively; both spellings have been retained in modern English orthography , but the Great Vowel Shift and other historical sound changes mean that the modern pronunciations are quite different from

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1764-475: The zero-vowel diacritic sukun (◌ْ). If they are at the end of the word and have no vowels, they will take the gemination diacritic shadda (◌ّ). In prenasalized consonants, the first letter of the digraph, namely either meem (م) or noon (ن), is written with no diacritic. This is what distinguishes them from consonant sequences. Some Serer-speaking authors treat these digraphs as their own independent letters. Serer Ajami script, like its parent system,

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