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92-598: Eduardo Guerrero Jr. (December 24, 1916 – March 17, 2005), known as Lalo Guerrero , was an American guitarist, singer and farm labor activist best known for his strong influence on later Latin musical artists. Eduardo Guerrero Jr., nicknamed "Lalo", was born in Tucson, Arizona , one of 21 siblings (although only nine survived). His father worked for the Southern Pacific Railroad . Guerrero left his hometown to pursue his dream in music. He says that he gives his mother all
184-894: A Wells Fargo float in the Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena, California . The band was a recipient of a 2021 National Heritage Fellowship awarded by the National Endowment for the Arts , which is the United States government's highest honor in the folk and traditional arts. On July 30, 2021, Los Lobos released their 18th album, Native Sons , on New West Records. It is a collection of 12 songs written or performed by California based musicians (including Jackson Browne , The Beach Boys , The Blasters , Thee Midniters , Willie Bobo , and Lalo Guerrero ) with one song written by Hidalgo and Pérez,
276-474: A basalt-covered hill now known as Sentinel Peak . Tucson is sometimes referred to as the Old Pueblo and Optics Valley, the latter referring to its optical science and telescopes known worldwide. [REDACTED] Spanish Empire 1775–1821 [REDACTED] First Mexican Empire 1821–1823 [REDACTED] United Mexican States 1823–1854 [REDACTED] United States 1854–present The Tucson area
368-498: A biennial election. With the tricolor scheme, some observers complain the shape of the A is hard to distinguish from the background of the peak. Since 1993, the A has been painted green for St. Patrick's Day. It has also been given other color schemes for different causes. North Tucson includes the urban neighborhoods of Amphitheater and Flowing Wells . Usually considered the area north of Fort Lowell Road, North Tucson includes some of Tucson's primary commercial zones ( Tucson Mall and
460-509: A megaphone. He also wrote children's songs presented via his "Las Ardillitas," or "Three Little Squirrels", with his voice sped up. Ross Bagdasarian, Sr. , creator of Alvin and the Chipmunks , threatened lawsuit over alleged similarities between the Chipmunks and Las Ardillitas, until Guerrero provided evidence that he had conceived Las Ardillitas first. In 1995 he recorded a children's album Papa's Dream with Los Lobos . In 2005, Guerrero
552-450: A number one single for the band plus "Come On Let's Go" and "Donna" which also charted. In 1988, they followed with another album, La pistola y el corazón , featuring original and traditional Mexican songs. The album never peaked above #189 in the pop charts, but it did garner Los Lobos their second Grammy Award for Best Mexican American Album in 1990. Also in 1988 they contributed their cover of " I Wan'na Be Like You (The Monkey Song) ", to
644-485: A parody of the popular 1950s hit " The Ballad of Davy Crockett ". Guerrero used the Davy Crockett melody and wrote his own lyrics, telling the story of a legendary Mexican character. Due to criticism he received over this song, he never performed it publicly, not wanting to contribute to an inappropriate stereotype. He went on to record several more parody songs, including "Pancho Claus," "Elvis Perez", "Tacos For Two" (to
736-450: A positive reaction from audiences, leading the band to switch genres, performing at hundreds of weddings and dances between 1974 and 1980. "If you were married between 1973 and 1980 in East L.A., we probably played your wedding," said Louie Perez. "They would pay us like $ 400 for the four of us, a case of beer, and all the mole we could eat..." said David Hidalgo. However, Los Lobos took notice of
828-641: A punk/new wave group, and they later opened for a Los Angeles band the Blasters , with influences in rhythm and blues and rockabilly. Steve Berlin, who was born in Philadelphia, played saxophone for the Blasters then left the group to join Los Lobos. When he joined the band, Berlin spoke about his similar record collection to the other members of Los Lobos, where they shared loves for George Jones and Hank Williams . The film Colors includes "One Time, One Night" in
920-631: A sold out performance at the high school's auditorium. Two shows earlier that week in Los Angeles also sold out immediately: The Whisky a Go Go in West Hollywood and The Paramount Theatre in Boyle Heights. In February 2024, Los Lobos were inducted into the California Hall of Fame . In April 2024, the 157-second trailer for a Los Lobos documentary titled Native Sons was released on YouTube. Among
1012-529: A special agent and future Pima County sheriff, to investigate. The US Army established Fort Lowell, then east of Tucson, to help protect settlers and travelers from Apache attacks. In 1882, Morgan Earp was fatally shot, in what was later referred to in the press as the "Earp–Clanton Tragedy". Marietta Spence, wife of Pete Spence , one of the Cochise County Cowboys , testified at the coroner's inquest on Earp's killing and implicated Frank Stilwell in
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#17328511858211104-479: A studio when he knew all the band members could get off work that night. Most of the songs were recorded at a studio on Melrose Avenue, located next to the Paramount studios at the time, and a low-priced studio on Sunset Boulevard. The band members were unsatisfied with playing only American Top 40 songs and began experimenting with the traditional Mexican music they listened to as children. This style of music received
1196-407: A traditional Mexican song in tribute. Guerrero is known as the father of Chicano music. He recorded and wrote many songs in all sorts of genres. He recorded over 700 songs since his first record in 1939 with Los Carlistas on Vocalion Records. As a songwriter Guerrero wrote songs for El Trio los Panchos , Lola Beltrán , and many other famous artists. His first American hit was " Pancho López ",
1288-524: Is 116 mi (187 km) southeast of Phoenix and 69 mi (111 km) north of the United States–Mexico border . The 2020 United States census puts the city's population at 542,629 with a metropolitan area population at 1,043,433. In 2020, Tucson ranked as the 33rd-largest city and 53rd-largest metropolitan area in the United States. A major city in the Arizona Sun Corridor, Tucson is
1380-529: Is a collection of Guerrero's best "Zoot Suit" compositions of Latin swing "Pachuco" music. Guerrero was officially declared a national folk treasure by the Smithsonian Institution in 1980 and was presented with the National Medal of Arts in 1996 by then United States President Bill Clinton . In 1991 Guerrero received a National Heritage Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts , which
1472-602: Is also in the Foothills. The DeGrazia Gallery of the Sun is near the intersection of Swan Road and Skyline Drive. Built by artist Ted DeGrazia starting in 1951, the 10-acre (4.0 ha) property is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and features an eclectic chapel, an art gallery, and a museum. The expansive area northwest of the city limits is diverse, ranging from the rural communities of Catalina and parts of
1564-504: Is also on the Northwest side, with the distinction of being Tucson's first suburb, established in the late 1940s. Casas Adobes is centered on the historic Casas Adobes Plaza (built in 1948). Casas Adobes is also home to Tohono Chul Park , which is now within the town of Oro Valley, (a nature preserve) near the intersection of North Oracle Road and West Ina Road. The attempted assassination of Representative Gabby Giffords , which resulted in
1656-538: Is in midtown and includes Arizona Stadium and McKale Center (named for J.F. "Pop" McKale , a prominent coach and athletics administrator at the university). The historic Tucson High School (designed by Roy Place in 1924) was featured in the 1987 film Can't Buy Me Love . The Arizona Inn (built in 1930) and the Tucson Botanical Gardens are also in Central Tucson. Tucson's largest park, Reid Park ,
1748-517: Is in midtown and includes Reid Park Zoo and Hi Corbett Field . Speedway Boulevard, a major east–west arterial road in central Tucson, was named the "ugliest street in America" by Life in the early 1970s, quoting Tucson Mayor James Corbett . In the late 1990s, Speedway Boulevard was awarded "Street of the Year" by Arizona Highways . Speedway Boulevard was named after an historic horse racetrack, known as
1840-667: Is influenced by rock and roll , Tex-Mex , country , zydeco , folk , R&B , blues , brown-eyed soul , and traditional music such as cumbia , boleros and norteños . The band rose to international stardom in 1987, when their version of " La Bamba " peaked at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 , and also topped the charts in the United Kingdom, and several other countries. Songs by Los Lobos have been recorded by Elvis Costello , Waylon Jennings , Frankie Yankovic , and Robert Plant . In 2015, they were nominated for induction into
1932-477: Is surrounded by the City of Tucson and was incorporated in 1936 and reincorporated in 1940. The population is about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American, as residents self-identify in the census. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and architectural styles. Bright murals have been painted on some walls, but city policy discourages this and many have been painted over. The south side of
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#17328511858212024-656: Is the United States government's highest honor in the folk and traditional arts. In late 2005 Guerrero was posthumously inducted into the Arizona Music and Entertainment Hall of Fame. Along with that he was also inducted into the Tejano Hall of Fame and the Mariachi Hall of Fame. Guerrero's contributions have resulted in Las Glorias, a restaurant in central Phoenix, Arizona displaying a poster of him with his signature on it on
2116-549: The AIDS benefit album Silencio=Muerte: Red Hot + Latin , produced by the Red Hot Organization , on which they performed "Pepe and Irene." Los Lobos signed to Mammoth Records (a music division of The Walt Disney Company) in 1997 and released This Time in 1999. Mammoth also reissued 1977's Del Este de Los Angeles . In November 2000, Rhino / Warner Archives released the boxed set Cancionero: Mas y Mas . In 2001, Los Lobos
2208-573: The Altar Valley , rural residential development predominates. Attractions include Saguaro National Park West , and movie set/theme park developed at the Old Tucson Studios . On Sentinel Peak, just west of downtown, a giant "A" was installed in honor of the University of Arizona, resulting in the nickname "A" Mountain. Starting in about 1915, an annual tradition developed for freshmen to whitewash
2300-662: The California Gold Rush of 1849. The US acquired those portions of modern-day Arizona that lay south of the Gila River by treaty from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase on June 8, 1854. Under this treaty and purchase, Tucsón became a part of the United States of America. The American military did not formally take over control until March 1856. In time, the name of the town became standardized in English in its current form, where
2392-694: The Experience Hendrix Tour . On August 3, 2010, the group released their first album in four years, Tin Can Trust . In 2011, the group was nominated for two Grammy Awards for Tin Can Trust in the categories of Best Rock Instrumental Performance and Best Americana Album . In 2011, the group was awarded the Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . In 2013, the group toured Europe supporting Neil Young and Crazy Horse . On September 25, 2015, their album Gates of Gold
2484-510: The Gadsden Purchase in 1853. Tucson served as the capital of the Arizona Territory from 1867 to 1877. Tucson was Arizona's largest city by population during the territorial period and early statehood, until it was surpassed by Phoenix by 1920. Nevertheless, its population growth remained strong during the late 20th century. Tucson was the first American city to be designated a "City of Gastronomy" by UNESCO in 2015. The Spanish name of
2576-525: The Harlem River Speedway , and more commonly called "The Speedway", in New York City. The Tucson street was called "The Speedway" from 1904 to about 1906, when "The" was removed from the title. As of the early 21st century, Central Tucson is considered bicycle-friendly . To the east of the University of Arizona, Third Street is bike-only except for local traffic; it passes by the historic homes of
2668-511: The Hispanic in this country a lot better than anyone." During WWII, Mexican-American women known as Pachucas began to challenge societal norms in relation to gender, labor, communication and representation. Guerrero's music simultaneously evolved into the Zoot Suit (Pachuca/o) music of the 1940s and 1950s. His songs infused with Pachuco slang, a combination of informal Spanish and English, acted as
2760-593: The Mexican–American War in 1846–1848, Tucsón was captured by Philip St. George Cooke with the Mormon Battalion , but it soon returned to Mexican control as Cooke proceeded to the west, establishing Cooke's Wagon Road to California. Tucsón was not included in the Mexican Cession to the United States following the war. Cooke's road through Tucsón became one of the important routes into California during
2852-623: The Rialto Theatre opened in 1920, and St. Augustine Cathedral completed in 1896. Included on the National Register of Historic Places is the old Pima County Courthouse , designed by Roy Place in 1928. El Charro Café , Tucson's oldest restaurant, operates its main location downtown. As one of the oldest parts of town, Central Tucson is anchored by the Broadway Village shopping center, designed by local architect Josias Joesler at
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2944-762: The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . In 2018, they were inducted into the Austin City Limits Hall of Fame. They are also known for performing the theme song for Handy Manny . As of 2024, they have been nominated for twelve Grammy Awards and have won four. Vocalist and guitarist David Hidalgo and drummer Louie Pérez met at Garfield High School in East Los Angeles, California , and bonded over their mutual affinity for musical acts such as Fairport Convention , Randy Newman and Ry Cooder . Pérez recalls, "We're looking at each other, 'You like this stuff? I thought I
3036-770: The Santa Catalina Mountains and the Tortolita Mountains to the north, the Santa Rita Mountains to the south, the Rincon Mountains to the east, and the Tucson Mountains to the west. Tucson Mountains include 4,687 ft (1,429 m) Wasson Peak. The highest point in the area is Mount Wrightson , found in the Santa Rita Mountains at 9,453 ft (2,881 m) above sea level. Tucson
3128-554: The Tucson Convention Center (TCC), include: Other historical neighborhoods near downtown include: At the end of the 2010s, city planners and the business community worked to redevelop downtown Tucson. The primary project was Rio Nuevo, a large retail and community center that had been stalled in planning for more than a decade. One Rio Nuevo project that was successful is Mission Garden . Related to Tucson's City of Gastronomy designation, this living agricultural museum at
3220-547: The A, which was visible for miles. After the September 11 terrorist attacks, the A was painted red, white, and blue. At the beginning of the Iraq War in 2003, antiwar activists painted the A black. Competition ensued, with various sides repainting the A in different colors until the city council intervened and made the red, white, and blue colors official. In 2013, the color scheme changed back to white. Another color may be decided by
3312-537: The Disney tribute album Stay Awake: Various Interpretations of Music from Vintage Disney Films . In the late 1980s and early 1990s the band toured extensively throughout the world, opening for such acts as Bob Dylan , U2 and the Grateful Dead . Los Lobos returned with The Neighborhood in 1990, and the more experimental Kiko (produced by Mitchell Froom ) in 1992. Kiko sold more units (over 400,000 sold) than
3404-544: The Fillmore in 2004. The DVD captures the band's act over a two-day period in July at the famed San Francisco venue. In September 2006, Los Lobos released The Town and the City ( Mammoth Records ) to much critical acclaim. The album's lyrics deal with Louis Perez's childhood in East Los Angeles , while the music provides complex and original soundscapes reminiscent of their previous release Kiko . Cartoonist Jaime Hernandez did
3496-713: The Mexican border, but after hearing of Leavy's exploits as a gunfighter, Murphy decided to ambush Leavy instead. Together with two of his friends, Murphy ambushed Leavy as he was leaving the Palace Hotel, killing him. According to Wright, the three co-defendants in Leavy's murder later escaped from the Pima County Jail, but were later recaptured. Murphy and Gibson were found in Fenner, California, living under assumed names; they were retried for
3588-608: The Oracle Road Corridor). Many of the city's most upscale boutiques , restaurants, and art galleries are also on the north side, including St. Philip's Plaza. The plaza is directly adjacent to the historic St. Philip's in the Hills Episcopal Church (built in 1936). The north side also is home to the suburban community of Catalina Foothills , in the foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains just north of
3680-837: The Sam Hughes neighborhood. To the west, East University Boulevard leads to the Fourth Avenue Shopping District. To the North, North Mountain Avenue has a full bike-only lane for half of the 3.5 miles (5.6 km) to the Rillito River Park bike and walk multi-use path. To the south, North Highland Avenue leads to the Barraza-Aviation Parkway bicycle path. South Tucson is the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km ) south of downtown. It
3772-780: The Trio Imperial. He also formed his own orchestra and toured throughout the Southwest. He performed at the La Bamba club in Hollywood, a place frequented by the biggest stars in the movie business. During the 1960s, he bought a night club in Los Angeles and renamed it "Lalo's". During the 1940s, he became a friend of the Ronstadt family of Arizona , in particular Gilbert Ronstadt, father of popular vocalist Linda Ronstadt , who recalled childhood memories of Guerrero serenading her. At his funeral, she sang
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3864-453: The Tucson station and killed Stilwell on the tracks. After killing Stilwell, Wyatt deputized others and conducted a vendetta , killing three more cowboys over the next few days before leaving the territory. Jim Leavy had built a reputation of having fought in at least 16 gunfights. On June 5, 1882, Leavy had an argument with faro dealer John Murphy in Tucson. The two agreed to have a duel on
3956-654: The Western US, Tucson was developed by European Americans on a grid plan starting in the late 19th century, with the city center at Stone Avenue and Broadway Boulevard. While this intersection was initially near the geographic center of Tucson, the center has shifted as the city has expanded far to the east. Development to the west was effectively blocked by the Tucson Mountains. Covering a large geographic area, Tucson has many distinct neighborhoods. Tucson's earliest neighborhoods, some of which were redeveloped and covered by
4048-455: The area west of I-10. Western Tucson encompasses the banks of the Santa Cruz River and the foothills of the Tucson Mountains . Area attractions include the International Wildlife Museum and Sentinel Peak. The Marriott Starr Pass Resort and Spa serves travelers and residents. As travelers pass the Tucson Mountains, they enter the area commonly referred to as "west of" Tucson or "Old West Tucson". In this large, undulating plain extending south into
4140-441: The artwork for the album. The album is told in the first person, with each song serving as an episodic step. In 2007, Los Lobos performed a cover of Bob Dylan 's "Billy 1" (from Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid ) for the soundtrack to Todd Haynes 's film I'm Not There . Also in 2007, they participated in Goin' Home: A Tribute to Fats Domino ( Vanguard ), contributing their version of Domino's " The Fat Man ." In 2009,
4232-438: The band's twentieth anniversary in 1993, they released a two-CD collection of singles, outtakes, live recordings and hits, entitled Just Another Band from East L.A. In 1995, Los Lobos released the prestigious and bestselling record Papa's Dream on Music for Little People Records along with veteran guitarist and singer Lalo Guerrero . The album garnered a Grammy nomination for Best Children's Album . The band also scored
4324-410: The base of Sentinel Peak west of downtown grows heritage crops and heirloom trees that represent people who have lived in the area for thousands of years. Downtown is generally regarded as the area bordered by 17th Street to the south, I-10 to the west, and 6th Street to the north, and Toole Avenue and the Union Pacific (formerly Southern Pacific ) railroad tracks, site of the historic train depot on
4416-469: The belt holding the 100Ib weight that powered the 1924 cutting lathe broke and Jack White had to rush to an upholstery shop to repair it. Los Lobos was inducted into the Austin City Limits Hall of Fame in 2018. On October 4, 2019, Los Lobos released Llegó Navidad , an album of Christmas music from Central America and South America with Mexican folk songs, as well as an original song by Hidalgo and Pérez. On January 1, 2020, Los Lobos performed on
4508-456: The city limits. This community includes many of the area's most expensive homes, sometimes multimillion-dollar estates. The Foothills area is generally defined as north of River Road, east of Oracle Road and west of Sabino Creek . Some of the Tucson area's major resorts are in the Catalina Foothills, including Hacienda Del Sol , Westin La Paloma Resort, Loews Ventana Canyon Resort and Canyon Ranch Resort . La Encantada , an outdoor shopping mall,
4600-410: The city of Tucson is generally considered to be the area around 25 sq mi (65 km ) south of 22nd Street, east of I-19, west of Davis Monthan Air Force Base and southwest of Aviation Parkway, and north of Los Reales Road. The Tucson International Airport and Tucson Electric Park are located here. The West Side has areas of both urban and suburban development. It is generally defined as
4692-525: The city's population. They were predominantly Chinese men who had been recruited as workers on the railroads. By 1900, 7,531 people lived in Tucson. By 1910, the population increased to 13,913. About this time, the U.S. Veterans Administration had begun construction of the present Veterans Hospital. The city's clean, dry air made it a destination for many veterans who had been gassed in World War I and needed respiratory therapy . In addition, these dry and high-altitude conditions were thought to be ideal for
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#17328511858214784-413: The city, Tucsón ( Spanish pronunciation: [tuɣˈson] ), is derived from the O'odham Cuk Ṣon ( O'odham pronunciation: [tʃʊk ʂɔːn] ). Cuk is a stative verb meaning "(be) black, (be) dark". Ṣon is (in this usage) a noun referring to the base or foundation of something. The name is commonly translated into English as "the base [of the hill] is black", a reference to
4876-417: The city, Sahuarita south of the city, and South Tucson in an enclave south of downtown. Communities in the vicinity of Tucson (some within or overlapping the city limits) include Casas Adobes , Catalina Foothills , Flowing Wells , Midvale Park , Tanque Verde , Tortolita , and Vail . Towns outside the Tucson metropolitan area include Three Points , Benson to the southeast, Catalina and Oracle to
4968-399: The credit for his musical talent, and Guerrero said she taught him to "embrace the spirit of being Chicano". Lalo's mother, Concepción, taught him some basic musical skills and encouraged him to hone them during adolescence. She was no professional musician but had taught herself to play guitar. His relationship with his mother greatly influenced his music; one of the major themes of his work
5060-435: The east side. Downtown is divided into the Presidio District, the Barrio Viejo, and the Congress Street Arts and Entertainment District. Some authorities include the 4th Avenue shopping district, northeast of the rest of downtown and connected by an underpass beneath the UPRR tracks. Historic attractions downtown with rich architecture include the Hotel Congress designed in 1919, the Art Deco Fox Theatre designed in 1929,
5152-432: The entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area (MSA) is 1,043,433. The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area . Both Tucson and Phoenix anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor . The city is 108 miles (174 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (100 km) north of the United States–Mexico border . Major incorporated suburbs of Tucson include Oro Valley and Marana northwest of
5244-415: The film Desperado . The album track "Mariachi Suite" won a Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance and was their 3rd Grammy Award. In 1996, they released Colossal Head . In spite of the fact that the album was critically acclaimed, Warner Brothers decided to drop the band from their label. Los Lobos spent the next few years on side projects. The band contributed along with Money Mark to
5336-434: The first extensive use of pottery vessels for cooking and storage. The groups designated as the Hohokam lived in the area from AD 600 to 1450 and are known for their vast irrigation canal systems and their red-on-brown pottery. Italian Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino first visited the Santa Cruz River valley in 1692. He founded the Mission San Xavier del Bac in 1700, about 7 mi (11 km) upstream from
5428-522: The group under contract to Disney Music released an album of Disney covers, Los Lobos Goes Disney (Disney Sound/Walt Disney Records) and participated in a tribute album to the late Doug Sahm , Keep Your Soul: A Tribute to Doug Sahm (Vanguard). The same year, on October 13, they also played on the South Lawn of the White House during the "In Performance at the White House: Fiesta Latina" concert, celebrating Hispanic musical heritage. In 2010, Cesar Rosas and David Hidalgo were featured artists in
5520-443: The group's lineup, in 1973. Their first album, Los Lobos del Este de Los Angeles , was recorded at two studios in Hollywood in 1977 over a period of about four months. At that time, they all had regular jobs, and it was hard to get together for the sessions. To accommodate that situation, their producer Luis Torres would call the engineer, Mark Fleisher, who owned and operated a high-speed tape duplicating studio in Hollywood, to find
5612-427: The highest growth rates of any jurisdiction in the United States. According to the United States Census Bureau , as of 2010, the City of Tucson has a land area of 226.71 square miles (587.2 km ). The city's elevation is 2,643 ft (806 m) above sea level (as measured at the Tucson International Airport). Tucson is on an alluvial plain in the Sonoran Desert , surrounded by five minor ranges of mountains:
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#17328511858215704-469: The intersection of Broadway Boulevard and Country Club Road. The 4th Avenue Shopping District between downtown, the university, and the Lost Barrio just east of downtown, also has many unique and popular stores. Local retail business in Central Tucson is densely concentrated along Fourth Avenue and the Main Gate Square on University Boulevard near the UA campus. El Con Mall is also in the eastern part of midtown. The University of Arizona , chartered in 1885,
5796-497: The largest city in southern Arizona, and the second-largest in the state after Phoenix. It is also the largest city in the area of the historic Gadsden Purchase. As of 2015, the Greater Tucson Metro area has exceeded a population of 1 million. The city is built along the Santa Cruz River , formerly a perennial river. Now a dry riverbed for much of the year, it regularly floods during significant seasonal rains. Interstate 10 runs northwest through town, connecting Tucson to Phoenix to
5888-410: The murder before being found not guilty. Moyer was captured in Denver and sentenced to life in Yuma Territorial Prison, but was pardoned in 1888. As other settlers tried to overcome violent frontier society, in 1885, the territorial legislature founded the University of Arizona as a land-grant college on what was overgrazed ranchland between Tucson and Fort Lowell. In 1890, Asians made up 4.2% of
5980-413: The murder. The coroner 's jury concluded Pete Spence, Stilwell, Frederick Bode, and Florentino "Indian Charlie" Cruz were the prime suspects in the assassination of Morgan Earp. Deputy U.S. Marshal Wyatt Earp gathered a few trusted friends and accompanied Virgil Earp and his family as they traveled to Benson to take a train to California. They found Stilwell apparently lying in wait for Virgil Earp at
6072-430: The murders of chief judge for the U.S. District Court for Arizona , John Roll , and five other people on January 8, 2011, occurred at the La Toscana Village in Casas Adobes. The Foothills Mall is also on the northwest side in Casas Adobes. Los Lobos Los Lobos ( pronounced [los ˈloβos] , Spanish for "the Wolves") is a Mexican-American rock band from East Los Angeles, California . Their music
6164-455: The north, and Green Valley to the south. Tucson was founded as a military fort by the Spanish when Hugo O'Conor authorized the construction of Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón in 1775. It was included in the state of Sonora after Mexico gained independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821. The United States acquired a 29,670 square miles (76,840 km ) region of present-day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico from Mexico under
6256-483: The northwest (on the way to its western terminus in Santa Monica, California ), and to Las Cruces, New Mexico and El Paso, Texas to the southeast. (Its eastern terminus is in Jacksonville, Florida ). I-19 runs south from Tucson toward Nogales and the U.S.–Mexico border. I-19 is the only Interstate highway that uses "kilometer posts" instead of " mileposts ". However, speed limits are marked in miles per hour and kilometers per hour. Similar to many other cities in
6348-583: The number of flags that had been flown over Tucson to five: Spanish, Mexican, United States, Confederate, and the State of Arizona. During the territorial and early statehood periods, Tucson was Arizona's largest city and commercial center, while Phoenix was the seat of state government (beginning in 1889) and agriculture. The development of Tucson Municipal Airport increased the city's prominence. Between 1910 and 1920, though, Phoenix surpassed Tucson in population, and has continued to outpace Tucson in growth. In recent years, both Tucson and Phoenix have had some of
6440-409: The opening credits, although the song was not included on the soundtrack album. In 1986, members of Los Lobos appeared alongside Tomata du Plenty in the punk rock musical Population: 1 . In 1987, they released a second album, By the Light of the Moon . In the same year, they recorded some Ritchie Valens covers for the soundtrack of the film La Bamba , including the title track , which became
6532-416: The popular groups on the Hollywood music scene and added influences of rock to its sound. Originally, they called themselves Los Lobos del Este (de Los Angeles), which translates to The Wolves of the East (of Los Angeles), a play on the name of the norteño band Los Tigres del Norte . There was another conjunto band at the time named "Los Lobos Del Norte", which had released several albums already. The name
6624-687: The previous two albums and was voted 'Album of the year' by the Los Angeles Times and Chicago Sun-Times . The band contributed a lively cover of "Bertha", a song which they often performed live, to the Grateful Dead tribute–rain forest benefit album Deadicated . In 1994 they also contributed a track, "Down Where the Drunkards Roll", to the Richard Thompson tribute album Beat the Retreat . On
6716-481: The site of the settlement of Tucson. A separate Convento settlement was founded downstream along the Santa Cruz River, near the base of what is now known as "A" mountain . Hugo Oconór (Hugo O'Conor), the founding father of the city of Tucson, Arizona, authorized the construction of a military fort in that location, Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón , on August 20, 1775 (the present downtown Pima County Courthouse
6808-640: The stations and coaches ended operations in August 1861. Tucson was incorporated in 1877, making it the oldest incorporated city in Arizona. From 1877 to 1878, the area suffered a rash of stagecoach robberies. Most notable were the two holdups committed by masked road agent William Whitney Brazelton . Brazelton held up two stages in the summer of 1878 near Point of Mountain Station, about 17 mi (27 km) northwest of Tucson. John Clum , of Tombstone, Arizona , fame,
6900-681: The stress is on the first syllable, the "u" is long, and the "c" is silent. In 1857, Tucson was established as a stage station on the San Antonio–San Diego Mail Line . In 1858, it became third division headquarters of the Butterfield Overland Mail and operated until the line was shut down in March 1861. The Overland Mail Corporation attempted to continue running, but following the Bascom Affair , devastating Apache attacks on
6992-487: The summer of 1984 to record its first major-label album, How Will the Wolf Survive? The album's title and the title song were inspired by a National Geographic article entitled "Where Can the Wolf Survive," which the band members related to their own struggle to gain success in the United States while maintaining their Mexican roots. Los Lobos were exposed to Rock and Roll audiences when they opened for The Clash ,
7084-747: The title track "Native Sons". The group's co-founder and former band member Francisco González died on March 30, 2022, at the age of 68. On April 3, 2022, at the 64th Annual Grammy Awards which was held at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas , Los Lobos won their fourth Grammy Award for Native Sons , this time in the Best Americana Album category. On November 25, 2023, Los Lobos celebrated their 50th Anniversary at their alma mater, James Garfield High School in East Los Angeles with
7176-458: The town of Marana , the small suburb of Picture Rocks , the town of Oro Valley in the western foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains, and residential areas in the northeastern foothills of the Tucson Mountains. Continental Ranch (Marana), Dove Mountain (Marana), and Rancho Vistoso (Oro Valley), and Saddlebrooke (North Oro Valley) are all master planned communities in the northwest that have thousands of residents. The community of Casas Adobes
7268-420: The treatment of tuberculosis, for which no cures were known before antibiotics were developed against it. The city continued to grow, with the population increasing to 20,292 in 1920 and 36,818 in 1940. In 2006, the estimated population of Pima County , in which Tucson is located, passed one million, while the City of Tucson's population was 535,000. In 1912, Arizona was admitted as a state. This increased
7360-506: The tune of "Cocktails For Two"), and "There's No Tortillas" (to the tune of "O Sole Mio"). His earliest Pachuco compositions of the 1940s and 1950s were the basis of the Luis Valdez stage musical, Zoot Suit . He also wrote songs about Cesar Chavez, other farm workers and braceros. Chavez said at tribute to Guerrero in 1992 in Palm Desert, California : "Lalo has chronicled the events of
7452-795: The wall for everyone to see in loving memory of him. He also has a blown-up, candid photograph of him as a young man on the wall of a major underpass in Tucson. In Cathedral City, California , the main street in front of the Civic Center is named for him: Avenida Lalo Guerrero. In 1994, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars dedicated to him. Guerrero was married for over 34 years to his wife Lidia Guerrero. They both lived in Cathedral City, California for over 28 years. Guerrero died on March 17, 2005, in Rancho Mirage, California . He
7544-457: Was 88 years old. Tucson, Arizona Tucson ( / ˈ t uː s ɒ n / ; O'odham : Cuk Ṣon ; Spanish : Tucsón ) is a city in and the county seat of Pima County, Arizona , United States, and is home to the University of Arizona . It is the second-largest city in Arizona behind Phoenix , with a population of 542,629 in the 2020 United States census , while the population of
7636-620: Was awarded the El Premio Billboard Award. The band released their Mammoth Records debut, Good Morning Aztlan in 2002. They released The Ride in 2004 as an unofficial 30th Anniversary album. The Ride featured Tom Waits , Mavis Staples , Bobby Womack , Elvis Costello and others covering Los Lobos music with the band. They did a follow-up album in 2005, Ride This – The Covers EP featuring Los Lobos covers of songs by Dave Alvin , Waits, Costello and others. Los Lobos released its first full-length live-show DVD Live at
7728-603: Was built near this site). During the Spanish period of the presidio, attacks such as the Second Battle of Tucson were repeatedly mounted by the Apache . Eventually, the town came to be called Tucsón, a Spanish version of the O'odham word for the area. It was included in the state of Sonora after Mexico gained independence from the Kingdom of Spain and its Spanish Empire in 1821. During
7820-451: Was not confident enough in Los Lobos to release a standard 10-song LP. So they released a 7-song debut LP. Seven months after the release, the group won a Grammy Award for Best Mexican American Song in 1984 However, the sales of the EP earned the group enough money to purchase a Dodge van, enabling the band to tour throughout the United States for the first time. Los Lobos returned to the studio in
7912-464: Was one of several Chicano musicians who collaborated with Ry Cooder on Cooder's Chávez Ravine album, for which he provided vocals on three songs ("Corrido de Boxeo", "Los Chucos Suaves", and "Barrio Viejo") which helped bring him, at the twilight of his life, to the attention of a wider Anglo audience. Guerrero recorded his last full CD on Break Records, a Los Angeles-based record label, this at age 83. This would become his last music CD. The recording
8004-573: Was one of the passengers. Pima County Sheriff Charles A. Shibell and his citizen posse killed Brazelton on August 19, 1878, in a mesquite bosque along the Santa Cruz River 3 miles (5 km) south of Tucson. Brazelton had been suspected of highway robbery in the Tucson area, the Prescott region, and the Silver City, New Mexico area. Because of the crimes and threats to his business, John J. Valentine Sr. of Wells, Fargo & Co. had sent Bob Paul ,
8096-662: Was probably first visited by Paleo-Indians , who were known to have been in southern Arizona about 12,000 years ago. Recent archaeological excavations near the Santa Cruz River found a village site dating from 2100 BC. The floodplain of the Santa Cruz River was extensively farmed during the Early Agricultural Period , c. 1200 BC to AD 150. These people hunted, gathered wild plants and nuts, and ate corn, beans, and other crops grown using irrigation canals they constructed. The Early Ceramic period occupation of Tucson had
8188-550: Was quickly shortened to Los Lobos. The band's first noteworthy public appearance occurred in 1980 at the Olympic Auditorium in Los Angeles , when they were hired by David Ferguson and CD Presents to open for Public Image Ltd. On September 28, 1983, the band released an extended play entitled ...And a Time to Dance , which was well received by critics but sold only about 50,000 copies. Slash Records/Warner Bros Records
8280-417: Was released. On October 9, 2015, Los Lobos was nominated for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for the first time. In 2017, Los Lobos appeared in the multi award-winning documentary film The American Epic Sessions directed by Bernard MacMahon , where they recorded "El Cascabel", live direct-to-disc on the first electrical sound recording system from the 1920s. During their session ,
8372-413: Was the only weird one.' So I went over to his house one day for about a year, which we spent listening to records, playing guitars, and starting to write songs." The two borrowed reel-to-reel recorders from a friend and created multitrack recordings of music spanning from parody songs to free-form jazz . They later enlisted fellow students Frank González , Cesar Rosas and Conrad Lozano to complete
8464-580: Was the visibility of the Chicana struggle for dignity. His first group, Los Carlistas (the quartet included Greg "Goyo" Escalante, Chole Salaz and Joe Salaz), represented Arizona at the 1939 New York World's Fair , and performed on the Major Bowes Amateur Hour on radio. He moved to Los Angeles in the 1940s, and had a few uncredited roles in movies, including Boots and Saddles and His Kind of Woman . He recorded for Imperial Records and fronted
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