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36-679: The Lake Tahoe Shakespeare Festival began in 1972 at Sugar Pine Point State Park on the west shore of Lake Tahoe . During its run from 1972-1974, productions were performed on the lawn in front of the Ehrman Mansion until maintenance issues made the venue unsuitable. Under the auspices of the North Tahoe Fine Arts Council (NTFAC), performances were moved to Skylandia Park in Tahoe City , until attendance growth surpassed capacity. In 1978, NTFAC and Nevada State Parks agreed to move

72-423: A crenate margin and an acute tip, and reticulate venation. The petiole is reddish. The buds are conical, long, narrow, and sticky, with a strong balsam scent in spring when they open. P. trichocarpa has an extensive and aggressive root system, which can invade and damage drainage systems. Sometimes, the roots can even damage the foundations of buildings by drying out the soil. In 2016, the first direct evidence

108-409: A good model species for trees: For these reasons, the species has been extensively studied. Its genome sequence was published in 2006. More than 121,000 expressed sequence tags have been sequenced from it. The wide range of topics studied by using P. trichocarpa include the effects of ethylene , lignin biosynthesis , drought tolerance, and wood formation. The Chehalis believed that

144-523: A month. This can be increased with cold storage. Moist seedbeds are essential for high germination, and seedling survival depends on continuously favorable conditions during the first month. Wet bottomlands of rivers and major streams frequently provide such conditions, particularly where bare soil has been exposed or new soil laid down. Germination is epigeal (above ground). P. trichocarpa seedlings do not usually become established in abundance after logging unless special measures are taken to prepare

180-454: A state-of-the-art amphitheater called "Warren Edward Trepp Stage" was constructed and then was dedicated in the year 2000. The Lake Tahoe Shakespeare Festival produces the "D.G. Menchetti Young Shakespeare Programs," which are educational programs named to honor the legacy of founding Board member Geno Menchetti. These programs reach over 8,500 young people each year in the Tahoe region. In

216-483: Is also excellent for production of plywood . Living trees are used as windbreaks . This species grows very quickly; trees in plantations in Great Britain have reached 18 m (59 ft) tall in 11 years, and 34 m (112 ft) tall in 28 years. It can reach suitable size for pulp production in 10–15 years and about 25 years for timber production. Populus trichocarpa has several qualities that makes it

252-593: Is bisected by General Creek, a stream about 15 kilometers long which runs from the Desolation Wilderness into Lake Tahoe. On the General Creek Trail along the stream there are lakes, mountain meadows with wildflowers, and two large moraines . The trail leaves the park and enters Eldorado National Forest . In the summer, the high temperature is about 80 °F (27 °C) and the low is near 40 °F (4 °C). Winter highs reach about 40 °F and

288-504: Is disseminated by late May to late June in Oregon and Washington, but frequently not until mid-July in Idaho and Montana. Abundant seed crops are usually produced every year. Attached to its cotton, the seed is light and buoyant and can be transported long distances by wind and water. Although highly viable, longevity of P. trichocarpa seed under natural conditions may be as short as two weeks to

324-589: Is notable as a model organism in plant biology . It is a large tree, growing to a height of 30 to 50 m (98 to 164 ft) and a trunk diameter over 2 m ( 6 + 1 ⁄ 2  ft). It ranks 3rd in poplar species in the American Forests Champion Tree Registry. It is normally fairly short-lived, but some trees may live up to 400 years. A cottonwood in Willamette Mission State Park near Salem, Oregon , holds

360-461: Is relatively weak and waterlogged, often splitting during freezes. It is susceptible to rot as well. Woodpeckers create cavities which various animals can use for nests. Larger birds nest in the large upper branches. Beavers use the trees as food and dam-building material. It is grown as an ornamental tree , valued for its fast growth and scented foliage in spring, detectable from over 100 m distance. The roots are however invasive, and it can damage

396-413: Is the first woody plant genome to be sequenced. Considering the economic importance of wood and wood products, the availability of a tree genome was necessary. The sequence also allows evolutionary comparisons and the elucidation of basic molecular differences between herbaceous and woody plants. Genome-wide analysis of 11 clumps of P. trichocarpa trees reveals significant genetic differences between

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432-543: Is usually roughly conical and quite dense. In large trees, the lower branches droop downwards. Spur shoots are common. The wood has a light coloring and a straight grain. The leaves are usually 7–20 centimetres ( 2 + 3 ⁄ 4 – 7 + 3 ⁄ 4  in) long with a glossy, dark green upper side and glaucous, light grey-green underside; larger leaves may be up to 30 cm ( 11 + 3 ⁄ 4  in) long and may be produced on stump sprouts and very vigorous young trees. The leaves are alternate, elliptical with

468-796: The Reno Philharmonic Orchestra , Chautauqua , Reno Jazz Orchestra, Pacific Mambo Orchestra and the Sierra Nevada Ballet. Ed Z%27berg Sugar Pine Point State Park Ed Z'berg Sugar Pine Point State Park is a state park in California in the United States . It occupies nearly two miles of the western shore of Lake Tahoe and a total of about 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres) of forested mountains in El Dorado County . Originally called Sugar Pine Point State Park , its name

504-676: The shotgun method. The depth of the sequencing was about 7.5 x (meaning that each base pair was sequenced on average 7.5 times). Genome annotation was done primarily by the Joint Genome Institute, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory , the Umeå Plant Science Centre, and Genome Canada . Prior to the publication of P. trichocarpa genome the only available plant genomes were those of thale cress and rice , both of which are herbaceous . P. trichocarpa

540-614: The Lake Tahoe Shakespeare Festival was incorporated as an independent not-for-profit organization. In May of 1999, the not-for-profit Parasol Tahoe Community Foundation invited the Lake Tahoe Shakespeare Festival to share space in the Donald W. Reynolds Not-For-Profit Center , a center designed for the needs of not-for-profit and volunteer organizations in the North Lake Tahoe region. At a cost of nearly $ 2 million dollars,

576-632: The Pacific Coast, west of the Cascade Range. In eastern Washington and other dry areas, it is restricted to protected valleys and canyon bottoms, along streambanks, and edges of ponds and meadows. It grows on a variety of soils from moist silts, gravels, and sands to rich humus, loams, and occasionally clays. Black cottonwood is a pioneer species that grows best in full sunlight and commonly establishes on recently disturbed alluvium. Seeds are numerous and widely dispersed because of their cottony tufts, enabling

612-584: The ability to abscise shoots complete with green leaves. These shoots drop to the ground and may root where they fall or may be dispersed by water transport. In some situations, abscission may be one means of colonizing exposed sandbars . " Trichocarpa " is Greek for "hairy fruits". These scientific names are now considered synonymous with P. trichocarpa : The native range of P. trichocarpa covers large sections of western North America . It extends from Southeast Alaska 's Kodiak Island and Cook Inlet to latitude 62° 30° N., through British Columbia and

648-499: The bare, moist seedbeds required for initial establishment. Where seedlings become established in great numbers, they thin out naturally by age five because the weaker seedlings of this shade-intolerant species are suppressed. Due to its high levels of rooting hormones, P. trichocarpa sprouts readily. After logging operations, it sometimes regenerates naturally from rooting of partially buried fragments of branches or from stumps. Sprouting from roots also occurs. The species also has

684-501: The buds for an eye treatment. For the Quinault, they extracted gum from the burls and applied it to cuts on the skin. Commercial extracts are produced from the fragrant buds for use as a perfume in cosmetics . P. trichocarpa wood is light-weight and although not particularly strong, is strong for its weight. The wood material has short, fine cellulose fibres that are used in pulp for high-quality book and magazine paper . The wood

720-498: The coolest lows are below 0 °F (−18 °C). The park receives about 32 inches (810 mm) of precipitation in an average year, mostly in the form of snow in the winter. The area was inhabited by the Washoe people , who made a summer home on the lakeshore. Their stone mortars can be found in the park. The trapper William "General" Phipps was the first white settler on the land. The cabin he built in 1860 still stands. In 1903

756-489: The estate for decades, and sold it to the state in 1965 when the park was established. The family still provides funds for the upkeep of the mansion and property. The 1960 Winter Olympics were held in and around the nearby Squaw Valley Ski Resort . The biathlon and cross-country skiing events took place in what is now the state park. The park and the communities of the western shore of Lake Tahoe hold an annual Olympic Heritage Celebration Week every January to commemorate

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792-546: The events. This is the only California state park in the Sierra Nevada that operates recreational facilities during the winter. There are 11 miles (18 km) of skiing and snowshoeing trails for public use, some of which were sites of the Olympic events in 1960. Some snow paths are machine groomed . Park rangers lead occasional snowshoeing tours of the park. Winter camping is available, with many more sites opening for

828-833: The forested areas of Washington and Oregon, to the mountains in southern California and northern Baja California (31°N). It is also found inland, generally on the west side of the Rocky Mountains , in British Columbia, southwestern Alberta , western Montana, and north-to-central Idaho. Scattered small populations have been noted in southeastern Alberta, eastern Montana, western North Dakota , western Wyoming , Utah , and Nevada . Black cottonwood grows on alluvial sites, riparian habitats, and moist woods on mountain slopes, from sea level to elevations of 2,100–2,750 m (6,890–9,020 ft). It often forms extensive stands on bottomlands of major streams and rivers at low elevations along

864-550: The foundations of buildings on shrinkable clay soils if planted nearby (Mitchel 1996). Branches can be added to potted plants to stimulate rooting. The tree was and is significant for many Native American tribes of the Western United States. Some Native Americans consumed cottonwood inner bark and sap, feeding their horses the inner bark and foliage. The wood, roots and bark have been used for firewood, canoe making, rope, fish traps, baskets and structures. The gum-like sap

900-465: The local fall foliage display. This forest is not pristine, having been subjected to heavy logging in the late 1800s. Wood was used by miners in the Comstock Lode and other great mineral deposits. Long-term fire suppression and periods of drought and bark beetle infestation have altered the fire regime . Controlled burns are used to help prevent very destructive wildfires . The park

936-497: The national and world records. Last measured in April 2008, this black cottonwood was found to be standing at 47 m (155 ft) tall, 8.8 m (29 ft) around, with 527 points. The bark is grey and covered with lenticels , becoming thick and deeply fissured on old trees. The bark can become hard enough to cause sparks when cut with a chainsaw. The stem is grey in the older parts and light brown in younger parts. The crown

972-637: The otherwise almost treeless Faroe Islands . The species was imported from Alaska to Iceland in 1944 and has since become one of the most widespread trees in the country. Although the most populous cottonwood of the Pacific Northwest , it hybridizes with the region's three other species: balsam poplar , plains cottonwood , and narrowleaf cottonwood ; all four have similar appearances and provide habitats for various animals. Cottonwoods are shade intolerant . Black cottonwood thrives by colonizing disturbed sites, but can be replaced by conifers. The wood

1008-411: The species to colonize even burn sites, if conditions for establishment are met. Seral communities dominated or codominated by cottonwood are maintained by periodic flooding or other types of soil disturbance. Black cottonwood has low drought tolerance; it is flood-tolerant but cannot tolerate brackish water or stagnant pools. P. trichocarpa has been one of the most successful introductions of trees to

1044-474: The summer, the festival presents "Young Shakespeare," an interactive adaptation for children of a Shakespeare play performed at Sand Harbor as well as other locations around Lake Tahoe . During the academic school year, the festival provides an in-school residency in Shakespeare and the classics, " InterACT, " to schools throughout the region. The Lake Tahoe Shakespeare Festival has included performances by

1080-408: The summer. Other summer recreation includes swimming and other beach activities, fishing, and hiking. There is a nature center for education and interpretation. Populus trichocarpa Populus trichocarpa , the black cottonwood , western balsam-poplar or California poplar , is a deciduous broadleaf tree species native to western North America . It is used for timber , and

1116-586: The tree was intelligent and had a form of special physical agency, moving on its own without the need of wind. Due to this belief, they refused to use it for firewood. The sequence of P. trichocarpa is that of an individual female specimen "Nisqually-1", named after the Nisqually River in Washington, where the specimen was collected. The sequencing was performed at the Joint Genome Institute using

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1152-568: The venue to Lake Tahoe Nevada State Parks Sand Harbor , and performances resumed in 1979. NTFAC produced and managed Shakespeare at Sand Harbor, nicknamed "Bard on the Beach." By 1988, the repertory schedule had increased to 15 nights and often included non-Shakespearean works. In 1994, the Incline Village Crystal Bay Visitors Bureau took over the management and production of performances at Sand Harbor. The following year

1188-524: The wealthy San Francisco banker Isaias W. Hellman obtained land and built the Pine Lodge, now also known as the Hellman-Ehrman Mansion. The house was designed by Walter Danforth Bliss and featured electric lighting , indoor plumbing , and water directly from the lake. The estate included a tennis court , two boathouses , and cabins for the 27 resident staff. Hellman's family spent summers on

1224-725: Was changed in 2003 to honor Edwin L. Z'berg , a California state assemblyman who specialized in environmental legislation and worked to develop state parks and other natural areas. The park is in the high Sierra Nevada mountain range at an elevation of around 1,900 metres (6,200 ft). It is covered in mixed coniferous forest with tree species such as Jeffrey pine ( Pinus jeffreyi ), white fir ( Abies concolor ), Sierra lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta ssp. murrayana ), California incense cedar ( Calocedrus decurrens ), sugar pine ( Pinus lambertiana ), and red fir ( Abies magnifica ). Black cottonwood ( Populus trichocarpa ) and quaking aspen ( Populus tremuloides ) are part of

1260-824: Was published indicating that wild P. trichocarpa fixes nitrogen . P. trichocarpa is normally dioecious ; male and female catkins are borne on separate trees. The species reaches flowering age around 10 years. Flowers may appear in early March to late May in Washington and Oregon , and sometimes as late as mid-June in northern and interior British Columbia , Idaho , and Montana . Staminate catkins contain 30 to 60 stamens , elongated to 2 to 3 cm, and are deciduous . The pollen can be an allergen . Pistillate catkins at maturity are 8 to 20 cm long with rotund-ovate , tricarpellate subsessile fruits 5 to 8 mm long. Each capsule contains many minute seeds with long, white, cottony hairs. The seed ripens and

1296-443: Was used as a glue or as waterproofing. The Quinault used it for post wood. The Cowlitz made the base (hearth board) of their fire-making tool, a bow drill, with its wood. The Squaxin cut young branches for building sweat lodges. The tree had medicinal value as well. The Squaxin used the bark for sore throats and for the treatment of tuberculosis, as well as water and the bruised leaves as an antiseptic mixture. The Klallam used

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