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57-763: The range is situated between Pyramid Lake to the west and the dry Winnemucca Lake to the east. To the southeast is the Mud Lake Slough, which previously connected Pyramid Lake to Winnemucca Lake. To the northwest is the San Emido Desert with the Fox Range beyond. To the east, Winnemucca Lake separates the Lake Range from the Nightingale Mountains and the Selenite Range . To the west, beyond Pyramid Lake are

114-421: A cladding of fine Tura limestone. Recent conclusions rather speak against a connection between the change in slope and structural defects. It is rather doubtful that a reduction in weight was a relevant criterion for a structure of almost closed mass. The early decision against the 60° inclination initially envisaged rather suggests that geometric aspects were the decisive factor in the gradient change. Following

171-437: A distinct difference between the southern and northern side of the channel. It shows a substantial difference in level with regards to the finding. The slope of southern wadi channel seemed to have been rectified when the archaeologists compared it to the natural and twisted northern side. Arne Ramisch supported this idea by providing evidence that displays a low correlation of fraternal patterns of channel and natural topography in

228-404: A high and rickety ladder 15 m (50 ft) long) leads via a rough connecting passage to the passage from the western entrance. The western entrance passage is blocked by two stone blocks which were not lowered vertically, as in other pyramids, but slid down 45° ramps to block the passage. One of these was lowered in antiquity and a hole has been cut through it, the other remains propped up by

285-508: A new insight toward the meaning and function for the Bent Pyramid in their book named The complex of the Bent Pyramid as a landscape design project . They noticed that the sites of the Bent Pyramid sits aside in the middle of a pristine desert area instead of fertile area near the Nile River like all the other pyramids, and concluded the landscape surrounding the Bent Pyramid is man-made. When

342-569: A perimeter of 71 miles (114 km), covering 112,000 acres (45,000 ha) acres entirely enclosed within the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe Reservation . Pyramid Lake is fed by the Truckee River , which is mostly the outflow from Lake Tahoe . The Truckee River enters Pyramid Lake at its southern end. Pyramid Lake is an endorheic lake, with water leaving only by evaporation or sub-surface seepage. The lake has about 10% of

399-473: A piece of ancient cedar wood. The connecting passage referenced above enters the passage between the two portcullises. A particular feature in the chambers are a row of original cedar beams that were interpreted by many as a reaction on structural problems. In contradiction to that, Edwards argues the cedar beams rather had been part of the funerary support structure and, some of them bedded in mortar, could not have any structural function. A causeway leads from

456-443: A satisfactory living environment in the desert. Other than that, the leveled plateau, the quarrying trenches on the western and southern sides of the pyramid, and the nearby smaller tombs cooperate together to emphasize the monumentality of the Bent Pyramid, aiding by its long distance from the surrounding structures. These features represent the imprinting social hierarchy in the creation of this landscape, which furthermore represents

513-433: A small bar wall that was placed with a staircase that led up into the Bent Pyramid. This lead Later for builders of the causeways to change how they were built and no longer leave the causeways open to the elements and to cover the causeways. The exit from the causeway leads into the pyramids court and was 2.80 meters wide.   In fact, there may have been a second causeway that led down to a dock or landing stage, but there

570-529: A stability precaution in reaction to a catastrophic collapse of the Meidum Pyramid while it was still under construction. The reason why Sneferu abandoned the Meidum Pyramid and its Step Pyramid may have been a change in ideology. The royal tomb was no longer considered as a staircase to the stars; instead, it was served as a symbol of the solar cult and of the primeval mound from which all life sprang. It

627-440: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Pyramid Lake (Nevada) Pyramid Lake is the geographic sink of the basin of the Truckee River , 40 mi (64 km) northeast of Reno, Nevada , United States. Pyramid Lake is the biggest remnant of ancient Lake Lahontan , the inland sea that once covered much of western Nevada. It is approximately 27 miles (43 km) long and 11 miles (18 km) wide, with

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684-454: Is also unique among the approximately one hundred and eighteen pyramids to be found in Egypt, in that its original polished limestone outer casing remains largely intact. British structural engineer Peter James attributes this to larger clearances between the parts of the casing than used in later pyramids; these imperfections would work as expansion joints and prevent the successive destruction of

741-497: Is facing south and helps to form the northern boundary of the court. The Valley temple is divided into three sections the first and last section has a cover over it and the section between them is an open court. On the east side of the Bent Pyramid, there are the fragmentary remains of the pyramid temple. Like the pyramid temple of the Medium Pyramid, there are two stelae behind the temple, though of these only stumps remain. There

798-428: Is made of limestone blocks, relatively thick, arranged in horizontal rows and covered with a layer of fine limestone from Tura . The burial chamber is accessible from a descending corridor with its entrance located 1.10 metres (3 ft 7 in) above the ground in the middle of the north face. The corridor, inclined at 34°, originally measured 11.60 metres (38.1 ft) in length. A short horizontal passage connects

855-453: Is no excavation that can prove this assumption yet. The valley temple of the Bent Pyramid was very different from the other valley temples know. The reason for that was it had bevelled edges, with structures that had pillars where they had decorated reliefs with exception to the front row of the temples structure hat faced toward the chapel. The Valley temple is 26.20 meters wide and 47.16 meters long or 50 by 90 cubits. The Valley temple front

912-518: Is no trace of inscription to be seen. The temple remains are fragmentary, but it is presumed to be similar to that of the Medium temple. A satellite pyramid, suggested by some Egyptologists to have been built to house the pharaoh's ka , is located 55 metres (180 ft) south of the Bent Pyramid. The satellite pyramid originally measured 26 metres (85 ft) in height and 52.80 metres (173.2 ft) in length, with faces inclining 44°30'. The structure

969-530: The Old Kingdom Pharaoh Sneferu (c. 2600 BC). A unique example of early pyramid development in Egypt , this was the second of four pyramids built by Sneferu. The Bent Pyramid rises from the desert at a 54-degree inclination, but the top section (above 47 metres [154 ft]) is built at the shallower angle of 43 degrees, lending the pyramid a visibly "bent" appearance. Archaeologists now believe that

1026-553: The Smoke Creek Desert lie to the north. In a parallel basin to the east of the Lake Range is Winnemucca Lake , now a dry lake bed. Prior to the construction of the Derby Dam in 1905, both lake levels stood at near 3,880 ft (1,180 m) above sea level. Following the dam's completion, the water levels dropped to 3,867 ft (1,179 m) and 3,853 ft (1,174 m) for Pyramid and Winnemucca, respectively. In 1957,

1083-501: The Tura quarries, brought across from the opposite bank of the Nile and cemented with an artificial calcium-silicate binder , probably using diatomaceous earth from Fayium . This supports the latter theory. The graffiti found in the Bent Pyramid's temple was mostly in the color red in the corners of the inner parts of the Bent Pyramid temple, with some being located on the pyramids enclosure and

1140-611: The Virginia and the Pah Rah ranges. The named peaks of the Lake Range are (in order from north to south) Sweetwater Peak 7,114 ft (2,168 m), Wildcat Peak 5,843 ft (1,781 m), Tohakum Peak 8,182 ft (2,494 m) and Pyramid Peak 8,101 ft (2,469 m)). The Lake Range is the site of the final skirmish of the second battle of the Pyramid Lake War . This Washoe County , Nevada state location article

1197-548: The pH level is about 9. Temperature ranges between near freezing (32 °F (0 °C)) to over 68 °F (20 °C). Pyramid Lake was used as a stand-in for the Sea of Galilee in the 1965 biblical film, The Greatest Story Ever Told . Also, in 1961, part of The Misfits was filmed nearby. Bent Pyramid The Bent Pyramid is an ancient Egyptian pyramid located at the royal necropolis of Dahshur , approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) south of Cairo , built under

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1254-669: The 19th century, two battles were fought near the lake, major actions in the Paiute War . In the 1960s, a marker was placed commemorating these battles. Because of water diversion beginning in 1905 by Derby Dam through Truckee Canal to Lahontan reservoir , the lake's existence was threatened, and the Paiute sued the Department of the Interior. By the mid-1970s, the lake had lost 80 feet (24 m) of depth, and according to Paiute fisheries officials,

1311-408: The Bent Pyramid represents a change from the step-sided pyramids of before to a smooth-sided pyramids . It has been suggested that due to the steepness of the original angle of inclination the structure may have begun to show signs of instability during construction, forcing the builders to adopt a shallower angle to avert the structure's collapse. This theory appears to be born out by the fact that

1368-456: The Bent Pyramids' northeast toward the pyramid with the valley temple. The causeway was paved with limestone blocks that went 700 meters into the pyramid's court and had a low limestone wall on each side. For this reason of the causeway having low walls it made it so that sand would drift up it and would make it hard to enter or impossible to reenter without clearing out the sand, so there was

1425-551: The Lake's waters. The fish are doing very well, according to the USFWS project head Lisa Heki. The fish have also been placed in California's Fallen Leaf Lake , upstream of Pyramid Lake, and elsewhere. Fish populations are now sustained by several tribally-run fish hatcheries and state and federal agencies. The Pyramid Lake Lahontan cutthroat trout is one of the largest inland trout species in

1482-455: The Paiutes in defeating a nearby tribe of giants. Archeological evidence shows that human populations lived in this area between 9500 B.C.E. and 1400 A.D. Excavations have uncovered tools, weapons, clothing, food, and mummified bodies in the area. John C. Frémont was the first non-indigenous person to map the lake. The name comes from a large rock formation that resembles a bent pyramid . In

1539-470: The Pyramid Lake level was at 3,802 ft (1,159 m) and the dry Winnemucca Lake bed at 3,780 ft (1,150 m) had been dry since the 1930s. Pyramid Lake is the largest remnant of ancient Lake Lahontan , which covered much of northwestern Nevada at the end of the last ice age . It was the deepest point of Lake Lahontan, reaching an estimated 890 feet (270 m) due to its low level relative to

1596-418: The adjacent Red Pyramid , was built immediately afterwards by Sneferu, constructed at an angle of 43 degrees from its base. This fact also contradicts the theory that at the initial angle the construction would take too long because Sneferu's death was nearing, so the builders changed the angle to complete the construction in time. In 1974, Kurt Mendelssohn suggested the change of the angle to have been made as

1653-400: The archaeologists observed the landscape closely, the plateau of the pyramid seemed leveled artificially and nearby escarpment and trenches were all made by human beings. Moreover, there were a few traces left indicating a build-up of garden enclosure. The impact of humans on the landscape is also represented by the presence of a wadi channel connecting the Bent Pyramid to a harbor, which shows

1710-543: The area of the Great Salt Lake , but it has about 25% more volume. The salinity is approximately 1/6 that of sea water . Although clear Lake Tahoe forms the headwaters that drain to Pyramid Lake, the Truckee River delivers more turbid waters to Pyramid Lake after traversing the steep Sierra terrain and collecting moderately high silt-loaded surface runoff . The north and east sides of the lake have been restricted to

1767-421: The assumption of tangential construction ramps inclined up to 10° as the simplest form of ramp, the fact edge lengths became smaller as the height increased made it increasingly difficult to keep the gradient low. This could be compensated for by reducing the ramp width to around 3 m, which was sufficient for pairs of train crews, but even for such narrow ramps the geometric volume could not provide enough space when

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1824-551: The community of Sutcliffe. The white band seen to the east of the island is composed of calcium carbonate which came from when the lake was at or near its overflow point. Major fish species include the Cui-ui lakesucker, which is endemic to Pyramid Lake, the Tui chub and Lahontan cutthroat trout (the world record cutthroat trout was caught in Pyramid Lake). The former is endangered , and

1881-520: The corridor with an ascending corridor, inclined at 32° 30', leading up to the chamber. The design of the corridors is similar to the one found in the Great Pyramid of Giza , where the Grand Gallery takes up the place of the ascending corridor. The corridor leads up to the burial chamber (called this despite that it most probably never contained any sarcophagus). The chamber, located in the center of

1938-428: The entrance in the lower descending corridor and at around 11.60 m in the upper descending corridor. In the second phase, the builders reduced the angle of inclination to 54°. This increased the base length to 188 m. Here, too, inclined wall layers were used as in the step pyramids, because masons were not able to produce trapezoid stones at this phase. While step pyramids were built in ring-shaped shells of slant layers,

1995-405: The environs, which is southern side of wadi, of the Bent Pyramid. The purpose of this man-made construction might hold mythical meaning and ritual function. Based on available evidence, garden enclosure and water basins both are the counterparts of funeral rites which indicates a regular practice of rituals at Dahshur. However, there is also the implication that the garden closure helped to create

2052-524: The gradient was too steep. Models and abstract calculations were not possible in that time. It must therefore have become clear to the construction managers halfway up that ramp structures would not be feasible when maintaining this gradient. In fact, all completed pyramids (first the Red, then the Great Pyramid) never exceeded the maximum gradient of 53°. The Bent Pyramid has two entrances, one fairly low down on

2109-505: The lake level to such an extent that stream flow is rarely sufficient for spawning. The Truckee Canal diverts water used to irrigate croplands in Fallon. The dam lacks fish ladders , which prevents upstream spawning. By 1939 the Lahontan cutthroat trout (the "salmon-trout" as described by Frémont) became extinct in Pyramid Lake and its tributaries. They were replaced with hatchery trout from outside

2166-593: The lake's life was seriously under threat. According to documentary filmmaker John Pilger , the irrigation scheme for which water was diverted was an economic failure. Pyramid Lake is located in southeastern Washoe County in western Nevada. It is in an elongated intermontane basin between the Lake Range on the east, the Virginia Mountains on the west, and the Pah Rah Range on the southwest. The Fox Range and

2223-436: The lake, has also been restricted due to recent vandalism. The Pyramid ( 39°58′48″N 119°30′06″W  /  39.98000°N 119.50167°W  / 39.98000; -119.50167 ), also known as Fremont's Pyramid and Pyramid Island, is a small island near the southeastern shore of the lake. It is located approximately 1.2 miles (2 km) northeast of Anaho Island and slightly less than six miles (9.5 km) from

2280-472: The lake. In fact, a major band of Northern Paiute ( endonym : Numu) people whose ancestors lived around the lake call themselves the Kooyooe Tukadu, "cui-ui eaters." In Washo the name of the lake is Á’waku dáʔaw, meaning "trout lake." The English name of the lake, given to it by explorer John C. Frémont , comes from the impressive cone- or pyramid-shaped tufa formations found in the lake and along

2337-533: The latter is threatened . Both species were critical to the Paiute people in pre-contact times. The Lahontan cutthroat was called "Hoopagaih" by the Paiute people. As they are both obligate freshwater spawners, they rely on sufficient inflow to allow them to run up the Truckee River to spawn, otherwise their eggs will not hatch. Diversion of the Truckee for irrigation at Derby Dam beginning in 1905 reduced inflow and

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2394-625: The missing Pyramid Lake variety. Subsequent DNA testing of a museum specimen has shown his identification to be correct. The fish had been dumped in the creek in the early 20th century. A brood stock was raised at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 's Lahontan National Fish Hatchery in Gardnerville, Nevada , and a successful reintroduction effort was mounted by the USFWS and the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe . As of 2017, 24 pound Pyramid Lake Lahontan cutthroat trout are again being caught from

2451-549: The most detailed starting in the mid-1980s. Under direction of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , a comprehensive dynamic water quality computer model , the DSSAM Model was developed to analyze impacts of a variety of land use and wastewater management decisions throughout the 3,120-square-mile (8,100 km ) Truckee River Basin. Analytes addressed included nitrogen , reactive phosphate , total dissolved solids , dissolved oxygen and nine other parameters. Based on

2508-424: The north side, to which a substantial wooden stairway has been built for the convenience of tourists. The second entrance is high on the west face of the pyramid. Each entrance leads to a chamber with a high, corbelled roof ; the northern entrance leads to a chamber that is below ground level, the western to a chamber built in the body of the pyramid itself. A hole in the roof of the northern chamber (accessed today by

2565-423: The outer casing by thermal expansion . The ancient formal name of the Bent Pyramid is generally translated as (The)-Southern-Shining-Pyramid, or Sneferu-(is)-Shining-in-the-South . In July 2019, Egypt decided to open the Bent Pyramid for tourism for the first time since 1965. Tourists are able to reach two 4600-year-old chambers through a 79-metre (259 ft) narrow tunnel built from the northern entrance of

2622-445: The power of Egyptian King at that time. Alexanian and Arnold describes this construction in a concise phrase: an artificial mountain erected within an artificial landscape. A multi-author study has shed light on the question where the material of the casing of the Bent Pyramid originated from, and whether it is dressed stone or an early form of concrete. By examining NMR spectra it was shown that these stones consist of limestone from

2679-510: The public and non-Tribal members since 2011, when the Tribal Nation made the decision to close these areas due to the desecration of sacred sites. When visiting, it is recommended to take note of the Tribal protocols and restricted areas. In Northern Paiute language it is called Kooyooe (Cui-ui) Panunadu or Kooyooe Pa'a Panunadu after the cui-ui fish, which helped sustain the populations around

2736-463: The pyramid, has a corbel vault ceiling and contains a four metres deep shaft, probably dug by treasure hunters, in the southeast part of the chamber. Like the main pyramid, the satellite had its own altar with two stelae located at the eastern side. As the first geometrically "true" pyramid in the world, the Bent Pyramid is also connected to the surrounding landscape. Nicole Alexanian and Felix Arnold, two distinguished German archeologists, provided

2793-453: The pyramid. The 18-metre-high (59 ft) "side pyramid", which is assumed to have been built for Sneferu's wife Hetepheres will also be accessible. It is the first time this adjacent pyramid has been opened to the public since its excavation in 1956. The Pyramid underwent three construction phases. In the first construction phase, a steep pyramid with a base length of 157 m and an inclination angle of approximately 58° (possibly even 60°)

2850-539: The shores. A remnant of the Pleistocene Lake Lahontan (~890 feet or 270 meters deep), the lake area has long been inhabited by the Paiute , who ancestrally fished the Tui chub , Cui-ui , and Lahontan cutthroat trout from the lake. The Shoshone and Washo also regularly fished in the lake. According to traditional narratives, the Washo specifically were given fishing rights in Pyramid Lake after assisting

2907-457: The surrounding basins. Sutcliffe is on the west shore of Pyramid Lake along State Route 445 . Nixon is on the Truckee River to the southeast of the lake on State Route 447 . The largest tufa formation, Anaho Island , is home to a large colony of American white pelicans and is restricted for ecological reasons. Access to the Needles, another spectacular tufa formation at the northern end of

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2964-459: The third construction phase, the angle was reduced to 43° and, like in the Red Pyramid and all successive pyramids, the masonry was laid in horizontal layers. The slope reduction created the unique kink that is not found in any other pyramid. Due to the lower inclination angle of the upper part, the total height was reduced to 105 m. The total volume was 1,440,808 cubic meters. The upper area also has

3021-415: The turn to undivided masonry made horizontal layers more practicable. If the inclination of 54° had been maintained, it would have reached a height of 129.4 m and a volume of around 1,524,000 cubic meters. The Bent Pyramid would therefore be the third highest pyramid in the world. However, this inclination was not continued beyond a height of 49 m. The masonry of this phase is faced with fine Tura limestone. In

3078-451: The use of the model, some decisions have been influenced to enhance Pyramid Lake water quality and aid the viability of Pyramid Lake biota . Another contaminant of interest is mercury , introduced to Pyramid Lake from the Truckee River. It is suggested that mercury remediation efforts be carefully considered such that methylmercury production is not enhanced. Salinity increased from 0.5 to 0.7 ounces per US gallon (3.7 to 5 g/L), and

3135-521: The watershed. However, in 1979 a remnant population of the original Pyramid Lake cutthroat trout was discovered in a small brook on Pilot Peak , on the Nevada/Utah border, by Dr. Robert Behnke of Colorado State University while he was looking for the Bonneville cutthroat trout , another subspecies of the cutthroat trout . The fish were tiny and in poor condition, but Behnke identified the fingerlings as

3192-471: The world. The following data are for the census-designated place (CDP) of Sutcliffe, NV, located on the shore of Pyramid Lake. At 8b the hardiness zone of the lake area is the highest in northern Nevada. Because of the endangered species present and because the Lake Tahoe Basin comprises the headwaters of the Truckee River, Pyramid Lake has been the focus of several water quality investigations,

3249-443: Was planned. If the pyramid had been completed in this form, it would have reached a height of around 125 m, but given the knowledge of ancient techniques and the comparison with completed pyramids, such a steep pyramid was probably not a realistic option and did not exceed only few stone layers. Due to the good overall degree of preservation of the pyramid, this phase can only be proven indirectly through offset points around 12.70 m from

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