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24-437: Lake Maurepas was named for Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux , comte de Maurepas , an eighteenth-century French statesman , and chief adviser to King Louis XVI . Jean-Frédéric was the son of Louis Phélypeaux , comte de Pontchartrain , for whom Lake Pontchartrain is named. Lake Maurepas is a circular-shaped, shallow, brackish tidal estuarine system. It is approximately 240 square kilometres (93 sq mi) in area and has

48-461: A mean depth of about 3 meters (9.8 ft). The lake receives fresh water from four river systems: Blind River , Amite River , Tickfaw River , and the Natalbany River . The average freshwater input to Lake Maurepas from these rivers and other minor terrestrial sources is less than 3,400 cubic feet per second (96 m/s) (CWPPRA Environmental Workgroup, 2001). To the north-east, Lake Maurepas

72-431: Is a site for a proposed carbon sequestration project by Occidental Petroleum and Air Products . Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric Ph%C3%A9lypeaux, Count of Maurepas Jean Frédéric Phélypeaux , Count of Maurepas (9 July 1701 – 21 November 1781) was a French statesman and Count of Maurepas . He was born at Versailles , of a family of administrative nobility, the son of Jérôme Phélypeaux , secretary of state for

96-481: Is connected to Lake Pontchartrain by Pass Manchac (comprising South Pass and the smaller North Pass). The land between the two passes forms Jones Island, and the passes converge on the eastern side of the island into one unified Pass Manchac. Tidal exchange with Lake Pontchartrain through Pass Manchac is a more significant influence on Lake Maurepas’s volume and elevation than tributary freshwater discharge. The Manchac Swamp Bridge , which carries Interstate 55 , traverses

120-724: Is credited with contributions to the collection of facetiae known as the Etrennes de la Saint Jean (2nd ed., 1742). Four volumes of Memoires de Maurepas , purporting to be collected by his secretary and edited by J.L.G. Soulavie in 1792, included information on the North American colonies, the fall of Louisbourg , trade in the Caribbean, the censorship of books and administration. He also recorded extensive information on all naval matters including naval construction , navigation sailing instructions and fighting at sea. The collection of memoirs

144-470: Is now in the possession of Cornell University . Lake Maurepas , Louisiana , USA was named for him, showing his surviving influence on the New World. Secretary of State (Ancien R%C3%A9gime) The Secretary of State was the name of several official governmental positions – supervising war, foreign affairs, the navy, the king's household, the clergy, Paris, and Protestant affairs – during

168-690: The Ancien Régime in France , roughly equivalent to the positions of governmental ministers today. The positions were created in 1547, but gained in importance only after 1588. The various secretaries of state were considered part of the Great Officers of the Crown of France . Secretaries of State first appeared in 1547 under the reign of Henry II , but only gained in importance from 1588 on. The various secretaries of state were from that point on considered part of

192-456: The Great Officers of the Crown of France . At their creation, there were four secretaries of state, but at various times in their history there appeared five. Under Louis XV there were five secretaries in September 1718 (at the death of Guillaume Dubois ) and again from 1763 to 1780, when fifth department was created for Henri Léonard Jean Baptiste Bertin dealing with financial affairs. At

216-607: The Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries (LDWF) for the Maurepas Swamp WMA . Subsequent acquisitions and donations have brought the total to 122,098 acres (494.11 km). The Louisiana Department of Wildlife & Fisheries has noted that the swamp would benefit from "cooperative freshwater reintroduction projects designed to revive the swamp, and improved control of invasive plant species that have overtaken much of this important and scenic swamp." Lake Maurepas

240-521: The death of Louis XIV, the Regent Philippe II, Duke of Orléans suppressed the secretaries of state, relying instead on a collegial system of government, called the Polysynody , which lasted from 1715-1718. Instead of secretaries, their duties were handled by a Council of State, composed of various subcouncils of war, foreign affairs, the navy, etc. The slowness of this system proved ineffective, and

264-493: The degree to which primary production can occur in the water column and benthos . The Maurepas Swamp Wildlife Management Area (WMA) is located approximately 25 miles (40 km) north-west of New Orleans, along the south shore, as well as south of Lake Maurepas. The area is north of LaPlace and extends towards Sorrento . Initially, the Richard King Mellon Foundation donated 61,633 acres (249.42 km) to

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288-405: The king and their positions were revocable. Nevertheless, their offices required purchase (between 500,000 and 900,000 livres ), and this fee usually included a certificate, or "brevet de retenue", permitting reimbursement in the case of demission. There were generally four, sometimes five, secretaries of state: The positions of Secretary of State of Foreign Affairs and of War were constant, but

312-529: The king's "Conseil privé", but rarely attended its sessions. The secretaries of war and of foreign affairs attended the "Conseil royal de commerce". All secretaries of state were members of the "Conseil des Dépêches". For more on these councils, see the article Conseil du Roi . The secretary of state for foreign affairs was traditionally named by the honorific title " ministre d'État " upon assuming his position. The other secretaries usually gained this title over time. The secretaries of state were appointed by

336-431: The lake is directly influenced by exchange with Lake Pontchartrain. The salinity of Lake Maurepas ranges between 0 and 3 parts per thousand (Day et al., 2004). Typically, salinity is higher along the eastern shore, near Pass Manchac. Due to Lake Maurepas’s shallow depth, even relatively low energy wave action results in sediment resuspension and, therefore, relatively high turbidity and low transparency, which influences

360-520: The marine and the royal household. Under the guidance of his father, his grandfather and his cousin Louis Phélypeaux, marquis de La Vrillière , Jean-Frederic was trained from childhood to be secretary of state to the king of France. Jean-Frederic had right en survivance to the position of secretary of state, under the Regent , Philippe II, Duke of Orléans , as his father Jerome had purchased the office with

384-501: The narrow strip of land between lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain. The mean astronomical tide in Lake Maurepas is approximately 0.15 m (6 in). However, greater tidal amplitude is associated with meteorological events (i.e. winds) that influence both Lake Pontchartrain and Lake Maurepas. That results in interesting patterns of tidal exchange and, presumably, in situ mixing on weekly and fortnightly time scales. The salinity of

408-637: The old Parlement ousted by Maupeou , thus reconstituting the most dangerous enemy of the royal power. This step, and his intervention on behalf of the American states , helped to pave the way for the French Revolution . Jealous of his personal ascendancy over Louis XVI, he intrigued against Turgot, whose disgrace in 1776 was followed after six months of disorder by the appointment of Jacques Necker . In 1781 Maurepas deserted Necker as he had done Turgot, and he died at Versailles on 21 November 1781. Maurepas

432-479: The positions of chamberlain of the royal household, minister of the marine, and director of the secret service, fulfilling his duties with efficiency and precision. In 1749, Maurepas was removed by a coup led by the Duke of Richelieu , putting an end to his period of immense success. He was exiled from Versailles for an epigram against Madame de Pompadour , and went to Bourges and then onto Pontchartrain . In 1774, he

456-494: The right of inheritance. In 1718 at the age of 17, Jean became the minister of the royal household and Comte de Maurepas under the guardianship of his cousin La Vrillière. Shortly after he married the daughter of his cousin, Marie-Jeanne Phélypeaux de La Vrillière (1704-1793). Five years later on 16 August he began his duties as ministre de la marine to Louis XV administering the navy, colonies and seaborne trade. In 1738 he

480-560: The secretaries of state were brought back. Each secretary of state was the head of a specialized department of state with a functional area of expertise (War, Foreign Affairs, the Navy, the Maison du Roi , Protestant Affairs) and a geographical area of expertise (several provinces ). The secretaries gave council to the king, and countersigned (or co-signed) and expedited royal decisions (edicts and declarations). The secretaries of state were members of

504-412: Was appointed to minister of state to Louis XVI , as well as chief adviser in 1776, holding both positions until 1781. He gave Turgot the direction of finance , placed Lamoignon-Malesherbes over the royal household and made Vergennes minister for foreign affairs . At the outset of his new career he showed his weakness by recalling to their functions, in deference to popular clamour, the members of

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528-612: Was considered one of the most efficient in Europe. This was only made possible due to the drastic funding increases he managed to obtain for the Troupes de la Marine . The typical budget appropriated to the marine from the mid-1720s to mid-1730s was 9 million livres ; in 1739, however, Jean-Frederic managed to obtain a budget of 19.2 million livres. In the following years he acquired budgets of 20 million livres in 1740, 26 million in 1741 and 27 million in 1742. Over his career as administrator he held

552-512: Was once again recognized as a maritime power. One way that he improved the French reputation was by focusing on the defense of France's sprawling empire in the New World , especially in the 1730s and 1740s. His defense plans were aided by information on British naval manoeuvres, lists of what ships were coming to North America and detailed memoirs of ship construction. Jean-Frederic obtained this information through maintaining an intelligence service that

576-525: Was promoted to the Conseil du Roi , and in time aided the king, alongside several other ministers in making significant political decisions. Jean continued his administrative career after the death of his guardian, and was ministre de la marine until 23 April 1749, when he was removed in a coup. Skilled in military and naval strategy, Maurepas enabled the French Navy to regain previously lost prestige and France

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