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87-564: Being a quite narrow and shallow lake, Mälaren has bridge crossings between Eskilstuna and Västerås with two crossings on the western end at Kvicksund and three separate bridges between Strängnäs and Enköping in the central part of the lake. On the eastern end, the entirety of Ekerö Municipality is set on islands within Mälaren. That urban area also has a bridge connection to the mainland in Stockholm along with bridges between various islands in

174-413: A U.S. Air Force E-3 Sentry aircraft at Elmendorf AFB , Alaska , struck a flock of Canada geese on takeoff, losing power in both port side engines. It crashed 2 mi (3.2 km) from the runway, killing all 24 crew members. The accident sparked efforts to avoid such events, including habitat modification, aversion tactics, herding and relocation, and culling of flocks. In 2009, a collision with

261-464: A Southern Swedish climate. Unlike the coastal part of the Sörmlandic region, Eskilstuna has higher diurnal temperature variation and stronger waves of either heat or cold. With regards to daytime maximum and minimum temperatures, the weather station has been operated since 1961 with a total of three breaks of 2-3 years apiece in between 1984 and 2008. As of December 31, 2019, Eskilstuna Municipality has

348-694: A brown body. It is native to the arctic and temperate regions of North America , and it is occasionally found during migration across the Atlantic in northern Europe . It has been introduced to France , the United Kingdom , Ireland , Finland , Sweden , Denmark , New Zealand , Japan , Chile , Argentina , and the Falkland Islands . Like most geese, the Canada goose is primarily herbivorous and normally migratory; often found on or close to fresh water ,

435-483: A faster growth rate and predate on local species. However, they are not considered to have made a significant impact. Crayfish are of large cultural and economic importance in Sweden, with crayfish parties being a longtime annual tradition for many Swedes. Lake Mälaren was the first lake in Sweden to be affected by the crayfish plague ( A. astaci Schicora ) when infected crayfish imported from Finland were introduced to

522-662: A flock of migratory Canada geese resulted in US Airways Flight 1549 suffering a total loss of power from both engines after takeoff, forcing the crew of the aircraft to ditch the plane in the Hudson River with no loss of human life. As a large, common wild bird, the Canada goose is a common target of hunters, especially in its native range. Drake Larsen, a researcher in sustainable agriculture at Iowa State University , described them to The Atlantic magazine as "so yummy ...good, lean, rich meat. I find they are similar to

609-462: A good cut of beef." The British Trust for Ornithology , however, has described them as "reputedly amongst the most inedible of birds." The U.S. goose harvest for 2013–14 reported over 1.3 million geese taken. Canada geese are rarely farmed, and sale of wild Canada goose meat is rare due to regulation and slaughterhouses' lack of experience with wild birds. Geese in New York City parks culled by

696-411: A lack of former predators. Males exhibit agonistic behavior both on and off breeding and nesting grounds. This behavior rarely involves interspecific killing. One documented case involved a male defending his nest from a brant that wandered into the area; the following attack lasted for one hour until the death of the brant. The cause of death was suffocation or drowning in mud as a direct result of

783-596: A large Sweden Finn population. The town is located on the River Eskilstunaån , which connects Lake Hjälmaren and Lake Mälaren . Eskilstuna's history dates back to medieval times when English monk Saint Eskil made "Tuna" his base and diocese of the South coast of Lake Mälaren . Saint Eskil was stoned to death by the pagan vikings of neighbouring town Strängnäs , 30 kilometres (19 miles) east of Eskilstuna, when he tried to convert them to Christianity . Saint Eskil

870-460: A large population of Canada geese. Canada geese live year-round in the southern part of their breeding range, including the northern half of the United States' eastern seaboard and Pacific Coast, and areas in between. Between California and South Carolina in the southern United States and in northern Mexico , Canada geese are mainly present as migrants from further north during the winter. By

957-584: A permit which can be used from March 11 through August 31 to destroy nests, conduct a goose roundup or exterminate geese. Canada geese have reached Northern Europe naturally, as has been proved by ringing recoveries . The birds include those of the subspecies B. c. parvipes , and possibly others. These geese are also found naturally on the Kamchatka Peninsula in eastern Siberia , and eastern China . Canada geese have also been introduced in Europe in

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1044-771: A pet dog. Once they reach adulthood, due to their large size and often aggressive behavior, Canada geese are rarely preyed on, although prior injury may make them more vulnerable to natural predators. Beyond humans, adults can be taken by coyotes and grey wolves ( Canis lupus ). Avian predators that are known to kill adults, as well as young geese, include snowy owls ( Bubo scandiacus ), golden eagles ( Aquila chrysaetos ) and bald eagles ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus ) and, though rarely on large adult geese, great horned owls ( Bubo virginianus ), northern goshawks ( Accipiter gentilis ), peregrine falcons ( Falco peregrinus ), and gyrfalcons ( Falco rusticolus ). Adult geese are quite vigorous at displacing potential predators from

1131-611: A population of 106,859 people, making it the 15th largest municipality in Sweden. The handball club Eskilstuna Guif plays in the national top division. They have reached the Swedish Championship final four times (1997, 2001, 2009 and 2011), but lost on each occasion. Eskilstuna is also home to EFK (Eskilstuna Flygklubb), Sweden's largest glider Flying Club which hosted the World Gliding Championships in 2006. Eskilstuna has had three men's football teams playing in

1218-578: A problem due to greater public demand for the larger signal crayfish. From the mid 17th century onwards, multiple expeditions to measure and map L. Mälaren were undertaken. The lake was strategically and economically important, and there was a lack of a reliable map to navigate it. However, L. Mälaren’s many islands and bays made it an extensive and laborious task to measure. In 1687, King Charles XI of Sweden commissioned cartographer Carl Gripenhielm to map Lake Mälaren and its surrounding provinces. From 2 August 1688 to 17 September 1688 Gripenhielm conducted

1305-458: A problem in some areas by fouling pastures and damaging crops. They were protected under the Wildlife Act 1953 and the population was managed by Fish and Game New Zealand , which culled excessive bird numbers. In 2011, the government removed the protection status, allowing anyone to kill the birds. Like most geese, the Canada goose is naturally migratory with the wintering range being most of

1392-571: A significant decrease in noble crayfish populations in L. Mälaren. Signal crayfish have been largely successful in Sweden and rapidly expanded as a replacement population to noble crayfish. Stocking this species is now prohibited within multiple lakes in Sweden in order to protect noble crayfish population. In the Stockholm municipality, which includes L. Mälaren, signal crayfish are now illegal to import, move, or farm. There have been efforts to encourage farming of noble crayfish populations instead. However, illegal farming of signal crayfish continues to be

1479-570: A tendency to spend less time at rest stops and go through the migration much faster. The later birds usually spend more time at rest stops. Some geese return to the same nesting ground year after year and lay eggs with their mate, raising them in the same way each year. This is recorded from the many tagged geese which frequent the East Coast. Canada geese fly in a distinctive V-shaped flight formation, with an altitude of 1 km (3,000 feet) for migration flight. The maximum flight ceiling of Canada geese

1566-459: A variety of grains and other foods by humans in parks. Canada geese prefer lawn grass in urban areas. They usually graze in open areas with wide clearance to avoid potential predators. During the second year of their lives, Canada geese find a mate. They are monogamous , and most couples stay together all of their lives. If one dies, the other may find a new mate. The female lays from two to nine eggs with an average of five, and both parents protect

1653-465: A white "chinstrap" distinguish the Canada goose from all other goose species except the cackling goose and barnacle goose (the latter, however, has a black breast and gray rather than brownish body plumage). Some Canada geese come with a pepper-spotted or brown neck with brown plumage, and these are assumed to be a leucistic variety. The seven subspecies of this bird vary widely in size and plumage details, but all are recognizable as Canada geese. Some of

1740-534: Is a straightforward large pale cackling goose however, and hence the taxon is still valid today and was renamed "Taverner's cackling goose". In addition, the barnacle goose ( B. leucopsis ) was determined to be a derivative of the cackling goose lineage, whereas the Hawaiian goose ( B. sandvicensis ) originated from ancestral Canada geese. Thus, the species' distinctness is well evidenced. Ornithologist Harold C. Hanson, who had rediscovered wild populations of

1827-419: Is believed because of the long days of flying in migration the thyroid gland sends out more T 4 which help the body cope with the longer journey. The increased T 4 levels are also associated with increased muscle mass ( hypertrophy ) of the breast muscle, also because of the longer time spent flying. It is believed that the body sends out more T 4 to help the goose's body with this long task by speeding up

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1914-474: Is generally permitted only during the defined open season . Geese have a tendency to attack humans when they feel themselves or their goslings to be threatened. First, the geese stand erect, spread their wings, and produce a hissing sound. Next, the geese charge. They may then peck or attack with their wings. Canada geese have been implicated in a number of bird strikes by aircraft. Their large size and tendency to fly in flocks may exacerbate their impact. In

2001-549: Is partially due to the removal of natural predators and an abundance of safe, human-made bodies of water near food sources, such as those found on golf courses, in public parks and beaches, on sports fields, and in planned communities. Due in part to the interbreeding of various migratory subspecies with the introduced non-migratory giant subspecies, Canada geese are frequently a year-round feature of such urban environments. Contrary to its normal migration routine, large flocks of Canada geese have established permanent residence along

2088-511: Is served by the Mälartåg railway line between Stockholm and Arboga . via Strängnäs European route E20 passes the city. The city has an airport , 13 km (8 mi) east of the centre. Eskilstuna is a member city of Eurotowns network . Canada goose Anas canadensis Linnaeus, 1758 The Canada goose ( Branta canadensis ) is a large wild goose with a black head and neck, white cheeks, white under its chin, and

2175-419: Is slightly lighter at 2.4–5.5 kg ( 5 + 1 ⁄ 4 – 12 + 1 ⁄ 4  lb), averaging amongst all subspecies 3.6 kg (8 lb), and generally 10% smaller in linear dimensions than the male counterparts. The honk refers to the call of the male Canada goose, while the hrink call refers to the female goose. The calls are similar, however, the hrink is shorter and more high-pitched than

2262-413: Is unknown, but they have been reported at 9 km (29,000 feet). Flying in the V formation has been the subject of study by researchers. The front position is rotated since flying in front consumes the most energy. Canada geese leave the winter grounds more quickly than the summer grounds. Elevated thyroid hormones , such as T 3 and T 4 , have been measured in geese just after a big migration. This

2349-504: The 2016–17 UEFA Women's Champions League . The speedway team in Eskilstuna, Smederna , competes in the highest speedway league in Sweden, Elitserien and race its home matches at Smedstadion outside Eskilstuna. They formerly raced at the Snälltorpet track before it was sold for housing in 2001. In eSports , Eskilstuna is home to CS:GO player Maikelele . The stadium Tunavallen

2436-487: The American Civil War but were reintroduced in 1956 with 10 pairs. The population was estimated at 18,000 in 1979. The geese are considered protected, though a hunting season is allowed from September 1–15, with a daily bag limit of five. The Ohio Department of Natural Resources recommends several non-lethal scare and hazing tactics for nuisance geese, but if such methods have been used without success, they may issue

2523-529: The Migratory Birds Convention Act . In both countries, commercial transactions such as buying or trading are mostly prohibited and the possession, hunting, and interfering with the activity of the animals are subject to restrictions. In the UK, as with native bird species, the nests and eggs of Canada geese are fully protected by law, except when their removal has been specifically licensed, and shooting

2610-457: The National Library of Sweden since 1884. Due to its larger size, it was initially hung in the large viewing room, however in 1931 it was moved to a more secluded wall in a corridor to the map department. Heavy handed preservation techniques have led to some degradation on the illustrations. Since 1961, the map hangs in an area that the public does not have access to. Gripenheim’s Mälarkarta

2697-585: The Netherlands , Belgium , Germany , Scandinavia , and Finland in the 20th Century, starting in Sweden in 1929. Most European populations are not migratory, but those in more northerly parts of Sweden and Finland migrate to the North Sea and Baltic coasts. Semi-tame feral birds are common in parks, and have become a pest in some areas. In Great Britain, they were spread by hunters, but remained uncommon until

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2784-513: The Ohio population of Canada geese was reported as roughly 130,000, with the number likely to continue increasing. Many of the geese, previously migratory, reportedly had become native, remaining in the state even in the summer. The increase was attributed to a lack of natural predators, an abundance of water, and plentiful grass in manicured lawns in urban areas. Canada geese were eliminated in Ohio following

2871-798: The University of York at the age of 31. In order to survive the extreme winter temperatures, the geese prefer to stay in urban areas rather than in green spaces since industrial areas retain heat. Known predators of eggs and goslings include coyotes ( Canis latrans ), Arctic foxes ( Vulpes lagopus ), northern raccoons ( Procyon lotor ), red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ), large gulls ( Larus species), common ravens ( Corvus corax ), American crows ( Corvus brachyrhynchos ), carrion crows (in Europe, Corvus corone ) and both brown ( Ursus arctos ) and American black bears ( Ursus americanus ). Geese and their goslings are occasionally preyed upon by domestic dogs—these occurrences can be prevented by leashing

2958-408: The fledgling stage any time from six to nine weeks of age. They do not leave their parents until after the spring migration, when they return to their birthplace. Canada geese are known for their seasonal migrations. Most Canada geese have staging or resting areas where they join up with others. Their autumn migration can be seen from September to the beginning of November. The early migrants have

3045-427: The honk of males. When agitated or aggressively defending territory, Canada geese will typically initiate an encounter with a high-pitched hiss. Canada geese communicate with ten different vocalizations, each in response to a different situation confronting them. This species is native to North America. It breeds in Canada and the northern United States in a wide range of habitats. The Great Lakes region maintains

3132-412: The wing chord can range from 39 to 55 cm ( 15 + 1 ⁄ 2 to 21 + 1 ⁄ 2  in), the tarsus can range from 6.9 to 10.6 cm ( 2 + 11 ⁄ 16 to 4 + 3 ⁄ 16  in) and the bill can range from 4.1 to 6.8 cm ( 1 + 5 ⁄ 8 to 2 + 11 ⁄ 16  in). The largest subspecies is B. c. maxima , or the giant Canada goose, and the smallest (with

3219-449: The "true geese" (i.e., the genera Anser and Branta ), the Canada goose is on average the largest living species, although some other species that are geese in name, if not of close relation to these genera, are on average heavier, such as the spur-winged goose and Cape Barren goose . Canada geese range from 75 to 110 cm (30 to 43 in) in length and have a 127–185 cm (50–73 in) wingspan . Among standard measurements,

3306-427: The 1320s and meaning gravel . The lake was previously known as Lǫgrinn , which is Old Norse for 'The Lake'. By the end of the last ice age about 11,000 years ago, much of northern Europe and North America was covered by ice sheets up to 3 km (1.9 mi) thick. At the end of the ice age when the glaciers retreated, the removal of the weight from the depressed land led to a post-glacial rebound . Initially

3393-547: The Canada goose is also common in brackish marshes, estuaries, and lagoons. Extremely adept at living in human-altered areas , Canada geese have established breeding colonies in urban and cultivated habitats, which provide food and few natural predators. The success of this common park species has led to it often being considered a pest species because of its excrement , its depredation of crops, its noise, its aggressive territorial behavior toward both humans and other animals, and its habit of stalking and begging for food ,

3480-419: The Canada goose's pecking the head of the brant into the mud. Researchers attributed it to high hormone levels and the brant's inability to leave the nesting area. Canada geese are primarily herbivores , although they sometimes eat small insects and fish . Their diet includes green vegetation and grains . The Canada goose eats a variety of grasses when on land. It feeds by grasping a blade of grass with

3567-611: The Canada goose, but in July 2004, the American Ornithologists' Union 's Committee on Classification and Nomenclature split them into two species, making the cackling goose into a full species with the scientific name Branta hutchinsii . The British Ornithologists' Union followed suit in June 2005. The AOU has divided the many subspecies between the two species. The subspecies of the Canada goose were listed as: The distinctions between

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3654-534: The Giant Canada Goose, proposed splitting Canada and cackling goose into six species and 200 subspecies. The radical nature of this proposal has been controversial; Richard Banks of the AOU urges caution before any of Hanson's proposals are accepted. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature has suppressed Hanson's proposals, based on the criticisms of Banks and other ornithologists. The black head and neck with

3741-500: The HPAI virus, a H5N1 virus, found that the geese were susceptible to the virus. This proved useful for monitoring the spread of the virus through the high mortality of infected birds. Prior exposure to other viruses may result in some resistance to H5N1. The Canada goose is considered part of the Canadian national identity. In North America, nonmigratory Canada goose populations have been on

3828-531: The Mälaren area. Since 1994 a subspecies of great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis , has nested there as well. A 2005 survey tallied 23 breeding colonies with 2178 nests, of which the largest colony had 235 nests. Most experts believe the great cormorant population has peaked and will stabilize at around 2000 nests. One of the characteristic species is the osprey which has one of its strongest presences in Lake Mälaren. The osprey nests in almost all bays of

3915-527: The Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center was built near Jamestown, North Dakota. Its first director, Harvey K. Nelson, talked Forrest Lee into leaving Minnesota to head the center's Canada goose production and restoration program. Forrest soon had 64 pens with 64 breeding pairs of screened, high-quality birds. The project involved private, state, and federal resources and relied on the expertise and cooperation of many individuals. By

4002-738: The Pacific coast of North America from British Columbia's Lower Mainland and Vancouver Island area south to the San Francisco Bay area of Northern California. There are also resident Atlantic coast populations, such as on Chesapeake Bay , in Virginia 's James River regions, and in the Triangle area of North Carolina (Raleigh, Durham, Chapel Hill), and nearby Hillsborough. Some Canada geese have taken up permanent residence as far south as Florida, in places such as retention ponds in apartment complexes. In 2015,

4089-447: The United States, the Canada goose is the second-most damaging bird strike to airplanes, with the most damaging being turkey vultures . Canada geese can cause fatal crashes when they strike an aircraft's engine. The FAA has reported 1,772 known civil aircraft strikes within the United States between 1990 and 2018. The total cost of these bird strikes to general and commercial aviation has been reported to exceed $ 130 million. In 1995,

4176-469: The United States. The calls overhead from large groups of Canada geese flying in a V-shaped formation signal the transitions into spring and autumn. In some areas, migration routes have changed due to changes in habitat and food sources. In mild climates from southwestern British Columbia to California to the Great Lakes , some of the population has become nonmigratory due to adequate winter food supply and

4263-428: The annual summer molt also takes place during the breeding season, the adults lose their flight feathers for 20–40 days, regaining flight about the same time as their goslings start to fly. As soon as the goslings hatch, they are immediately capable of walking, swimming, and finding their own food (a diet similar to that of adult geese). Parents are often seen leading their goslings in a line, usually with one adult at

4350-421: The bill, then tearing it with a jerk of the head. The Canada goose also eats beans and grains such as wheat , rice , and corn when they are available. In the water, it feeds from aquatic plants by sliding its bill at the bottom of the body of water. It also feeds on aquatic plant-like algae, such as seaweed . In urban areas, it is also known to pick food out of garbage bins. They are also sometimes hand-fed

4437-469: The bulk of his expedition, and he would complete the map in 1689, known in Swedish as Gripenhielm's Mälarkarta . The Mälarkarta is unique in that it is surrounded by a frame of 96 small, realistic gouache paintings of cities, castles, mansions, and fairways around Lake Mälaren. The map is hand drawn on regal paper, and measures 3.46 m × 2.14 m (11.4 ft × 7.0 ft). It has been kept in

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4524-516: The city also produced superior carpentry and wood carving chisels , cutlery , scissors , keys , machine tools and precision instruments. As a tribute to the steel industry, the figure of a steel worker is included in the city's coat of arms. Eskilstuna is sometimes called The Sheffield of Sweden . Both cities at their peak were home to numerous steel production companies. Eskilstuna remains an important industrial city with internationally known companies such as Volvo Wheel loaders, main site for

4611-440: The eagle is displaying active hunting behavior. Canada geese are quite wary of humans where they are regularly hunted and killed, but can otherwise become habituated to fearlessness toward humans, especially where they are fed by them. This often leads to the geese becoming overly aggressive toward humans, and large groups of the birds may be considered a nuisance if they are causing persistent problems to humans and other animals in

4698-651: The early 17th century by explorer Samuel de Champlain who sent several pairs of geese to France as a present for King Louis XIII . The geese were first introduced in Great Britain in the late 17th century as an addition to King James II 's waterfowl collection in St. James's Park . By the middle of the 18th century, the Canada geese have established populations in France and Great Britain , but also in Ireland. They were also introduced in

4785-531: The early 20th century, overhunting and loss of habitat in the late 19th and early 20th centuries had resulted in a serious decline in the numbers of this bird in its native range. The giant Canada goose subspecies was believed to be extinct in the 1950s until, in 1962, a small flock was discovered wintering in Rochester, Minnesota , by Harold Hanson of the Illinois Natural History Survey. In 1964,

4872-638: The end of 1981, more than 6,000 giant Canada geese had been released at 83 sites in 26 counties in North Dakota. With improved game laws and habitat recreation and preservation programs, their populations have recovered in most of their range, although some local populations, especially of the subspecies B. c. occidentalis , may still be declining. In recent years, Canada goose populations in some areas have grown substantially, so much so that many consider them pests for their droppings, bacteria in their droppings, noise, and confrontational behavior. This problem

4959-562: The end of deglaciation can be up to 400 m (1,312 ft). In the Viking Age , Mälaren was still a bay of the Baltic Sea , and seagoing vessels could sail up it far into the interior of Sweden. Birka was conveniently near the trade routes through the Södertälje Canal . Due to the post-glacial rebound, Södertälje canal and the mouth of Riddarfjärden bay had become so shallow by about

5046-498: The forges were small arms and artillery . It was a free town from 1771, where manufacturers and craftsmen were allowed to establish tax-free workshops and factories. The town was merged with the rest of Eskilstuna in 1879. The city grew enormously during the Industrial Revolution and became one of the most important industrial cities of Sweden, earning the nickname "Stålstaden" ("The City of Steel "). Aside from firearms,

5133-410: The front and the other at the back. While protecting their goslings, parents often violently chase away nearby creatures, from small blackbirds to lone humans who approach: first giving a warning hiss, and then attacking with bites and slaps of the wings. Although parents are hostile to unfamiliar geese, they may form groups of a number of goslings and a few adults, called crèches . The offspring enter

5220-502: The geese obtrusive or object to their waste. Addling goose eggs and destroying nests are promoted as humane population control methods. Flocks of Canada geese can also be captured during molt and this method of culling is used to control invasive populations. Canada geese are protected from hunting and capture outside of designated hunting seasons in the United States by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act , and in Canada under

5307-509: The heavy construction equipment division of Volvo, Assa (locks, keys), and Stainless steel manufacturer Outokumpu , Thin Strip Nyby in Torshälla. Mälardalen University ( Mälardalens högskola ), founded in cooperation with the neighboring city of Västerås , has a campus in the city. The city also has a combined zoo and amusement park - Parken Zoo. The hospital, Mälarsjukhuset is one of

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5394-532: The highest tier Allsvenskan ; IFK Eskilstuna have played fourteen seasons in Allsvenskan, AFC Eskilstuna two seasons, and Eskilstuna City one season. The women's football team, Eskilstuna United DFF , play in the Elitettan , the second tier of women's football in Sweden, and spent nine seasons in the highest tier Damallsvenskan between 2014 and 2022. They finished as runners-up in 2015 , making them qualify for

5481-865: The lake correspond to the headlands in Zealand"; since modern maps show this to be more true of Lake Vänern , the myth has been suggested to have been originally about Vänern, not Mälaren. A selection, in alphabetical order: The most common nesting birds on the skerries of Mälaren are also the most common in the Baltic Sea. After a survey in 2005, the ten most common species were found to be common tern , herring gull , black-headed gull , common gull , mallard , tufted duck , Canada goose , common goldeneye , lesser black-backed gull and common sandpiper . White-tailed eagle , greylag goose , barnacle goose , black-throated diver , red-breasted merganser and gadwall are less common, and some of these latter are endangered in

5568-420: The lake with the intention of human consumption. The plague spread quickly through the lake, exacerbated by boat traffic, which decimated the indigenous noble crayfish ( A. astacus ) population and caused severe economic losses to the local fishing industry. From Mälaren, the plague spread rapidly to all freshwater bodies in Sweden. After multiple recurrent outbreaks and failed attempts to restore populations of

5655-452: The lake. The Zebra mussel is considered an invasive species and is causing some problems in Lake Mälaren. Lake Mälaren has 33 species of naturally occurring fish species, which makes it Sweden’s most diverse lake in regard to fish. Other species have been introduced to the environment, including the common carp and the rainbow trout. The rainbow trout in particular is known to compete with indigenous fish for habitat and food, as they have

5742-448: The largest in the region, employing around 3000 people. Starting in 2012 the town has been pivoting towards a green economy , including biogas -powered public transit and cogeneration plants, seven-colored recycling bins (compared to the standard Swedish five), and a recycling center with an attached second-hand mall . Eskilstuna has a climate transitioning between continental and maritime with vast seasonal differences for

5829-517: The latter a result of humans disobeying artificial feeding policies toward wild animals . The Canada goose was one of the many species described by Carl Linnaeus in his 18th-century work Systema Naturae . It belongs to the Branta genus of geese, which contains species with largely black plumage , distinguishing them from the gray species of the genus Anser . Branta was a Latinized form of Old Norse Brandgás , "burnt (black) goose" and

5916-407: The metabolism and lowering the temperature at which the muscles work. Also, other studies show levels of stress hormones such as corticosterone rise dramatically in these birds during and after a migration. The lifespan in the wild of geese who survive to adulthood ranges from 10 to 24 years. The British longevity record is held by a specimen tagged as a nestling, which was observed alive at

6003-434: The mid-20th century. Their population grew from 2,200 to 4,000 birds in 1953 to an estimated 82,000 in 1999, as changing agricultural practices and urban growth provided new habitat. European birds are mostly descended from the nominate subspecies B. c. canadensis , likely with some contributions from the subspecies B. c. maxima . Canada geese were introduced as a game bird into New Zealand in 1905. They have become

6090-500: The municipality. The Viking Age settlements Birka on the island of Björkö and Hovgården on the neighbouring island Adelsö have been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1993, as has Drottningholm Palace on the island of Lovön . The barrow of Björn Ironside is on the island of Munsö, within the lake. The etymological origin of the name Mälaren stems from the Old Norse word mælir appearing in historical records in

6177-459: The nest site, with predator prevention usually falling to the larger male of the pair. Males usually attempt to draw attention of approaching predators and toll (mob terrestrial predators without physical contact) often in accompaniment with males of other goose species. Eagles frequently cause geese to fly off en masse from some distance, though in other instances, geese may seem unconcerned at perched bald eagles nearby, seemingly only reacting if

6264-583: The nest while the eggs incubate , but the female spends more time at the nest than the male. Its nest is usually located in an elevated area near water such as streams, lakes, ponds, and sometimes on a beaver lodge. Its eggs are laid in a shallow depression lined with plant material and down. The incubation period, in which the female incubates while the male remains nearby, lasts for 24–32 days after laying. Canada geese can respond to external climatic factors by adjusting their laying date to spring maximum temperatures, which may benefit their nesting success. As

6351-653: The noble crayfish, Swedish authorities introduced the North American signal crayfish ( P. leniusculus) to L. Mälaren, a species that is resistant to the plague. Since 1969, Mälaren has been continuously stocked with signal crayfish. However, it was later discovered that signal crayfish were often carriers of crayfish plague. In addition, while populations of noble crayfish and signal crayfish have been known coexist, their larger size, faster growth rate, and aggressiveness often allows them to dominate populations of noble crayfish. This, in addition to habitat degradation, has led to

6438-496: The nonmigratory populations (which tend to be larger and more of a nuisance) as opposed to migratory flocks showing natural behavior, which may be rarer. Since 1999, the United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services agency has been engaged in lethal culls of Canada geese primarily in urban or densely populated areas. The agency responds to municipalities or private land owners, such as golf courses, which find

6525-489: The rebound was rapid, proceeding at about 7.5 cm (2.95 in) per year. This phase lasted for about 2,000 years, and took place as the ice was being unloaded. Once deglaciation was complete, uplift slowed to about 2.5 cm (1.0 in) per year, and decreased exponentially after that. Today, typical uplift rates are of the order of 1 cm (0.39 in) per year or less, and studies suggest that rebound will continue for about another 10,000 years. The total uplift from

6612-697: The rise. The species is frequently found on golf courses, parking lots, and urban parks, which would have previously hosted only migratory geese on rare occasions. Owing to its adaptability to human-altered areas, it has become one of the most common waterfowl species in North America. In many areas, nonmigratory Canada geese are now regarded as pests by humans. They are suspected of being a cause of an increase in high fecal coliforms at beaches. An extended hunting season, deploying noise makers, and hazing by dogs have been used in an attempt to disrupt suspect flocks. A goal of conservationists has been to focus hunting on

6699-583: The separation of the cackling goose group) is B. c. parvipes , or the lesser Canada goose. An exceptionally large male of race B. c. maxima , which rarely exceed 8 kg (18 lb) , weighed 10.9 kg (24 lb) and had a wingspan of 2.24 m (7 ft 4 in). This specimen is the largest wild goose ever recorded of any species. The male Canada goose usually weighs 2.6–6.5 kg ( 5 + 3 ⁄ 4 – 14 + 1 ⁄ 4  lb), averaging amongst all subspecies 3.9 kg ( 8 + 1 ⁄ 2  lb). The female looks virtually identical, but

6786-512: The smaller races can be hard to distinguish from the cackling goose, which slightly overlap in mass. However, most subspecies of the cackling goose (exclusive of Richardson's cackling goose, B. h. hutchinsii ) are considerably smaller. The smallest cackling goose, B. h. minima , is scarcely larger than a mallard . In addition to the size difference, cackling geese also have a shorter neck and smaller bill, which can be useful when small Canada geese comingle with relatively large cackling geese. Of

6873-470: The specific epithet canadensis is a Neo-Latin word meaning "from Canada ". According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the first citation for the 'Canada goose' dates back to 1772. The Canada goose is also colloquially referred to as the "Canadian goose". This name may annoy some birders . The cackling goose was originally considered to be the same species or several subspecies of

6960-480: The surrounding area. Salinity plays a role in the growth and development of goslings. Moderate to high salinity concentrations without fresh water results in slower development, growth, and saline-induced mortality. Goslings are susceptible to saline-induced mortality before their nasal salt glands become functional; the majority of such deaths occur before the sixth day of life. Canada geese are susceptible to avian bird flus, such as H5N1 . A study carried out using

7047-430: The thirteenth-century Icelandic work Prose Edda , the lake was created by the goddess Gefjon when she tricked Gylfi , the Swedish king of Gylfaginning . Gylfi promised Gefjon as much land as four oxen could plough in a day and a night, but she used oxen from the land of the giants, and moreover uprooted the land and dragged it into the sea, where it became the island of Zealand . Snorra Edda says that "the inlets in

7134-469: The town of Eskilstuna did not receive municipal privileges due to its proximity to the medieval city of Torshälla . The city's first city privileges were granted in 1659, and its boundaries included Tunafors and the newly founded town of Karl Gustavs Stad ("City of Karl Gustav"), located on the west side of the river. Karl Gustavs Stad was built around the iron forges of master smith Reinhold Rademacher, encouraged by King Karl X Gustav. The first products of

7221-445: The two geese have led to confusion and debate among ornithologists. This has been aggravated by the overlap between the small types of Canada goose and larger types of cackling goose. The old "lesser Canada geese" were believed to be a partly hybrid population, with the birds named B. c. taverneri considered a mixture of B. c. minima , B. c. occidentalis , and B. c. parvipes . The holotype specimen of taverneri

7308-436: The year 1200 that ships had to unload their cargoes near the entrances, and progressively the bay became a lake. The decline of Birka and the subsequent foundation of Stockholm at the choke point of Riddarfjärden were in part due to the post-glacial rebound changing the topography of the Mälaren basin. The lake's surface currently averages .7 m (2.3 ft) above sea level . According to Norse mythology as contained in

7395-476: Was a venue for the 1958 FIFA World Cup , hosting one match between Paraguay and Yugoslavia . It has also been used for several practice games for the Swedish National Youth Teams. Sports clubs using Tunavallen include AFC Eskilstuna , Eskilstuna United DFF , Eskilstuna City FK and IFK Eskilstuna . Eskilstuna Södra FF are based at Skogsängens IP and BK Sport is based at Ekängen. Eskilstuna

7482-515: Was buried in his monastery church in Tuna. The monastery of Saint Eskil was completely destroyed by Swedish king Gustav Vasa during the Protestant Reformation and was replaced with the royal castle of Eskilstuna House . Later the pagan city of Strängnäs was Christianised and was given the privilege of becoming diocese of South Lake Mälaren, and "Eskil" was combined with "Tuna", although

7569-480: Was valid until 1739 when a new, more accurate map of L. Mälaren was completed by the then surveyor and cartographer Jacob Nordencreutz . Eskilstuna Eskilstuna ( Swedish pronunciation: [ˈɛ̂sːkɪlsˌtʉːna] ) is a city and the seat of Eskilstuna Municipality , Södermanland County , Sweden . The city of Eskilstuna had 69,948 inhabitants in 2020, with a total population of 107,806 inhabitants in Eskilstuna municipality 2023. Eskilstuna has

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