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68-542: After the creation of the Indianford Dam, which was built several miles down the Rock River from Lake Koshkonong, the lake gained a surface area measuring 10,460 acres (42.3 km). It remains very shallow with an average depth of six feet (1.8 meters) and a maximum depth of seven feet (2.1 meters). The dam itself measures 13 feet (4.0 meters) high and with a length of 500 ft (150 m) at its crest. Maximum capacity of

136-428: A clear Democratic majority. After much debate, the convention produced a constitution, but the state's residents considered the document to be too radical and voted it down in a referendum, despite public campaigns for the constitution led by Doty and other delegates. A second convention called in late 1847 produced a constitution that was accepted by the people, and this enabled Wisconsin to achieve statehood in 1848. Doty

204-471: A few weeks of fledging, young terns leave the natal colony but join the group for roosting, while migrating towards the wintering ground. There is a similar involvement from both male and female in incubation and chick rearing. Males tend to incubate the eggs diurnally and females, mostly nocturnally. Reproductive success varies from year to year and from colony to colony. Forster's tern exhibits very aggressive behavior when threatened by nest predators; if

272-405: A headfirst dive with wings partially folded backward. Insects may occasionally be caught by the wing and prey are swallowed in the air. Prey handling behavior may include dropping and re-catching fish before swallowing them. In some areas, Forster's tern tends to prefer forage to turbid water. This may prevent detection but it may also be a sign of higher prey density and increased presence near

340-569: A hollow in the substrates, either lined with grass or not and driftwood, shells, dried fish, bones and feathers are also often used. Floating nests are usually tolerant to a slight increase or decrease of water levels but re-nesting is common. Strong wave action, wind or flooding, usually induced by storms, can often damage the nest and eggs. Weather is the main explanation for nest failure and egg loss. Unsheltered nests are more prone to destruction than sheltered ones. Nest made on higher ground are also more shielded from flooding but are more exposed to

408-494: A judge, Doty served as a member of the Michigan Territorial Council from 1834 to 1835, representing the western part of the territory. In this capacity Doty argued for the creation of a new territorial government for Wisconsin, sending petitions to Congress in favor of splitting Michigan Territory into two parts, one east and one west of Lake Michigan . Doty had supported this idea as early as 1824, and argued that

476-487: A kerr kerr kerr call. A typical clutch of eggs ranges from two to four. The incubation period may last 24 or 25 days after laying. The young are semi-precocial with shell removal being done by the parents. The chicks have upper- and lower-mandible egg teeth, which they lose three to five days after hatching. The chicks usually leave the nest with the parents four days post hatching and move into areas of denser vegetation. Fledging occurs 28 days after hatching. After

544-462: A maximum depth of 7 feet, but you can still boat , canoe , and kayak here. Events hosted on the lake range from boat races to Venetian Boat Parades . Thunder on the Lake is a high speed boat race that has been held on Lake Koshkonong. The boats are hydroplane powered and can reach speeds up to 60 MPH. Other boat races are also held for fishing boats , and other smaller boats. The Venetian Boat Parade

612-437: A nest is disturbed, the colony mobs the aggressor, diving towards it and issuing loud calls. Aggressiveness increases immediately prior to and during hatching of the chicks. Ducks and grebes nesting in the same area often benefit from the tern's aggressive behavior toward potential predators Yellow-headed blackbirds sharing nesting sites have been known to actively join tern mobs against predators. Western grebes recognize

680-668: A nuclear station in Wisconsin following the Three Mile Island accident in Pennsylvania. The plant was planned to be built on Vickerman Road, east of the lake and east of Wisconsin Highway 26 .( 42°51′37″N 88°53′27″W  /  42.86028°N 88.89083°W  / 42.86028; -88.89083  ( Lake Koshkonong Nuclear Plant (project) ) ) James Duane Doty James Duane Doty (November 5, 1799 – June 13, 1865)

748-573: A rare but annual vagrant in western Europe , and has wintered in Ireland and Great Britain on a number of occasions. This species breeds in colonies in marshes. It nests in a ground scrape and lays two or more eggs. Like all white terns, it is fiercely defensive of its nest and young. The Forster's tern feeds by plunge-diving for fish, but will also hawk for insects in its breeding marshes. It usually feeds from saline environments in winter, like most Sterna terns. It usually dives directly, and not from

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816-408: A shallow nest using marsh vegetation and often competes with gulls for nesting sites. A breeding colony may vary in numbers from a few couples to a thousand individuals. In many occasions, Forster's tern will share nesting sites with the yellow-headed blackbird . Both parents are involved in brood care and Forster's tern does not exhibit sex-specific differences in space use. Males tend to guard

884-418: A visibility depth of less than 3 feet. The Trophic State Index scale also helps with these classifications. If a lake scores a TSI of above 50 it will be considered hypereutrophic. Lake Koshkonong has a TSI score of 67. Algal blooms can result in high levels of blue-green algae which can be harmful to humans and pets under certain circumstances. Blue-green algae has been found in parts of Lake Koshkonong. It

952-511: Is a tern in the family Laridae . The genus name Sterna is derived from Old English "stearn", "tern", and forsteri commemorates the naturalist Johann Reinhold Forster . It breeds inland in North America in the northern United States and southern Canada , and migrates south to winter in the southern United States, Mexico , the Caribbean , and northern Central America . It is also

1020-458: Is a low harsh zaar. A succession of kerrs is used by the female as a begging call during courtship. The major constituent of Forster's tern diet is fish. Carp, minnow, sunfish , trout, perch, killifish , stickleback and shiner are common prey in freshwater, whereas pompano , herring , menhaden and shiner perch are often consumed in brackish or marine habitats. On the West Coast of

1088-476: Is a member of the gull and tern family Laridae ; it has also been treated like other terns in their own family Sternidae by some authors. Forster's tern was named by Thomas Nuttall in honor of Johann Reinhold Forster , the German naturalist who first suggested it differed from the common tern. Its closest relative is the snowy-crowned tern ( S. trudeaui ) of South America; the two are sister species and basal to

1156-695: Is advised by the Rock County Public Health Department to not swim in areas with floating green scum, and blue or white paint looking areas that resemble pea soup . In the 1970s, Lake Koshkonong was the primary site considered for a billion dollar nuclear power station. Wisconsin Electric Power Company , Wisconsin Power and Light Company, Madison Gas and Electric , and Wisconsin Public Service Corporation jointly proposed

1224-556: Is closed in by fog." Current thinking suggests that the modern spelling is a contraction of various names given to the region by white settlers in the early 19th century. They incorporated various pronunciations of the region from various surrounding tribes, including "Kashkawanung" from the Ojibwe , "Coscahoenah" from the Menomini , and "Kuskouonog" from the Potowatomi . This theory is supported by

1292-554: Is estimated to have lost over 100 acres of wetland by 2000. Now, the large pool of water known as Lake Koshkonong has been replaced by lake sedge ( Carex lacustris ), bur-reed ( Sparganium ), and other aquatic species. The lake association has been trying to introduce Pondweed and Wild celery to improve fish habitats. Throughout the Rock River (Mississippi River tributary) and Lake Koshkonong around sixty species of fish can be found. Many of those species are river spawners, meaning

1360-472: Is known for its tinted green color which is caused by algae and nutrient runoff from the Rock River . The lake is classified as hypereutrophic because it is extremely rich in nutrients and the water is shallow. The transparency of the water is low and algal blooms occur frequently, causing this classification. A lake will be classified as hypereutophic if it has more than 40 micrograms/liter of chlorophyll , more than 100 micrograms/liter of phosphorus , and

1428-492: Is mostly a short term fix where human made rock formations are placed along the shoreline to protect against scour and waves . In 2002 and 2003 the Rock Koshkonong Lake District (RKLD) teamed up with wetland owners to protect around 40% or almost 5 miles of the shoreline with riprap armor. Incorporating breakwater structures has also been talked about as a potential fix to the erosion problem. Lake koshkonong

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1496-428: Is much more similar in breeding plumage. Forster's has a gray center to its white tail, and the upperwings are whiter, without the darker primary wedge of the common tern. Forster's tern is a medium-sized tern with a slender body, deeply forked long tail and relatively long legs. In its non-breeding plumage, the crown is white and a black comma-shaped patch covers the eye and the ear-covert. The wings are gray with

1564-537: Is put on by the Rock Koshkonong Business Association. Participants are encouraged to dress up their boat with lights and decorations of their choosing and cruise along with one another ending at the Lakeview bar. Ice fishing and ice racing used to be much more common, but due to warmer weather in the past few years the activity has not been as popular. Other winter activities practiced on and around

1632-401: Is red, tipped with black. In winter, the forehead becomes white and a characteristic black eye mask remains. Juvenile Forster's terns are similar to the winter adult. The call is similar to that of common terns, but also some harsher sounds suggestive of a small gull like Bonaparte's gull . This species is unlikely to be confused with the common tern in winter because of the black eye mask, but

1700-573: The Cerulean warbler and the Acadian flycatcher . Other rare species of birds that are being affected are Black tern , Forster's tern , American bittern , Least bittern , and Virginia rail . Lake Koshkonong is well known for its great fishing seasons. Hook and line fishing is open all year round with restrictions on some species including Muskellunge , Lake Sturgeon , Trout , Paddlefish , and other endangered species. Muskellunge and Hybrid season for 2020

1768-445: The Town of Sumner on its northern side. Lake Koshkonong has seen many vegetational changes in the past 150 years. Once a deep-water marsh covered with emergent vegetation, the lake was predominantly wetlands filled with reeds , wild rice , and grasses. The wetlands have significantly disappeared since then due to rising water levels caused by higher dams and the ever changing landscape. It

1836-447: The primaries being dark silvery gray, while the underside is white. The bill is black and the legs are a dull brownish red. When breeding, an intense black cap extending down the neck appears. The wings and the back are pale gray while the underside is bright white. It has a black-tipped orange bill and bright orange legs. The juveniles have coloring similar to a non-breeding adult but often have darker primaries. Forster's tern

1904-464: The "stepped-hover" favored by the Arctic tern . The offering of fish by the male to the female is part of the courtship display. This is a medium-small tern, 33–36 cm (13–14 in) long with a 64–70 cm (25–28 in) wingspan and a weight ranging from 130 to 190 g (4.6-6.7 oz ). It is most similar to the common tern , with pale gray upperparts and white underparts. Its legs are red and its bill

1972-784: The Forster's tern is of little concern, however, degradation of marsh habitat may be threatening. Boating activity may also affect nest vegetation and increase erosion, which may lead to further degradation of tern nesting grounds. Excessive noise may also have caused nest desertion and chick mortality. This species is listed under the Migratory Birds Treaty act in the U.S. It is endangered in Illinois and Wisconsin while being of special concern in Michigan and Minnesota. Preservation of wetlands and introduction of artificial nesting sites may help preserve

2040-513: The Governor of Michigan Territory created a separate legislature to govern the western part of the territory as Michigan prepared for statehood. In 1835, Doty campaigned to represent western Michigan Territory as a delegate in Congress, but he lost in a three-way election to George Wallace Jones . Both Doty and Jones were running as Democrats , but Doty had little true loyalty to any political party. He

2108-615: The Lowville Academy several miles north of Martinsburg in Lowville, New York . In 1818, Doty moved to Detroit , the capital of Michigan Territory , where he became an apprentice to Charles Larned , the attorney general. On November 20, 1818, he was admitted to the bar in Wayne County and Michigan Territory. He practiced law until September 29, 1819, when he was appointed clerk of court for Michigan Territory. In June 1820 he resigned

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2176-478: The United States and Canada, Forster's tern is also known to prey on Pacific lamprey juveniles. Insects such as dragonflies, caddisflies and grasshoppers are often consumed, but aquatic insect larvae, crustaceans and amphibian can complement the diet. The Forster's tern is a shallow plunge-diver, having its head pointing downward when hunting. The attack usually starts in a hovering position before initiating

2244-471: The area codified this interpretation in the 1830s and 40's. Fort Koshkonong , a fort of some importance to the United States during the Black Hawk War , was named in accordance with this convention. The fort was active before the Rock River was dammed, when the area was a cattail marsh with the Rock River running through the middle. Today, the lake borders the Town of Koshkonong on its eastern side, and

2312-515: The clerkship in order to serve as secretary to the Lewis Cass expedition , a summer-long exploration of the part of Michigan Territory lying west of Lake Michigan as far as the headwaters of the Mississippi River . Upon his return to Detroit, Doty resumed his legal practice. In the winter of 1822 Doty traveled to Washington, D.C. , where on March 13, with the sponsorship of Henry Wheaton , he

2380-483: The dissatisfaction of many legislators towards the facilities at Belmont made it likely that the capital would be moved. Doty used numerous tactics to ensure that Madison would be made the capital city, wooing legislators with plans for canals and railroads and offering legislators who voted to make Madison the capital choice lots in the new city. Madison was declared the permanent capital in November, 1836, and construction at

2448-581: The east end of the island, is located in Doty Park on the southeastern riverfront of Doty Island (on the island's Neenah side). It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . In 1861, Doty returned to public service when Republican President Abraham Lincoln appointed him to the position of Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Utah Territory . Doty was successful in this position. In 1863, Stephen Selwyn Harding , Utah's territorial governor,

2516-442: The eggs may vary depending on location. Whitish or cream colored eggs have also been reported. Raptors such as falcons and hawks, as well as owls and crows may prey on adults and young. There have also been anecdotal reports of snapping turtles preying on young still in the nest. American bittern , great blue heron , and black-crowned night heron are also possible predators while gulls and Caspian terns notably prey on

2584-455: The eggs of the Forster's tern. When their ranges overlap, marsh rice rats are possibly the most efficient Forster's tern egg predator. American mink are also one of few mammalian predators that can venture in the marsh and prey on eggs and young. Predator success usually remains low during breeding season due to the aggressive mobbing response of adults. According to the IUCN, the status of

2652-415: The fact that these name forms seem to share Algonquian language patterns, despite describing a Winnebago ( Siouan ) village. More evidence disputing the older name translation is that the name seems to have described a Winnebago village on the shores of the lake, with the name being extended to the body of water at a later date. This spelling of the lake's name gained legitimacy after surveying efforts in

2720-625: The governorship of the Wisconsin Territory despite Doty's status as a Democrat. Harrison died before he could make the appointment, but vice president John Tyler fulfilled Harrison's desire after ascending to the presidency in 1841. Doty was largely unsuccessful as territorial governor; the Dodge supporters in the territorial legislature rejected most of the legislation Doty supported, and Doty failed on four separate occasions to get public support for Wisconsin statehood. Doty's term ended in 1844, and he

2788-547: The growing number of residents in Wisconsin were not adequately provided for by the territorial government in Detroit, which was hundreds of miles away from any settlement in Wisconsin. Doty claimed that votes sent by residents west of Lake Michigan could not be sent to Detroit in time to be counted, and that the residents in Lower Michigan cared little about the affairs west of the lake. In 1835, his wishes were partially granted when

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2856-417: The lake include snowmobiling , fatbike riding , and ice skating . The loss of aquatic plant biodiversity and rising water levels on the lake due to flooding has caused significant erosion over the past 50 years. The shoreline has been impacted greatly by such events, and projects to reverse and prevent more damage from occurring have been done. Riprap armor has been used to prevent future erosion, but it

2924-403: The nest more often during the day while the female is more present at night. When disturbed, newborn chicks tend to crouch and remain silent. Forster's tern is a single prey loader and provision chicks with prey correlated to their size. Before breeding, males practice courtship feeding . The common call of the Forster's tern is a descending kerr. The threat call used in defensive attack

2992-473: The new city began in 1837. In 1838, Doty was elected as the Wisconsin Territory's congressional delegate, defeating George W. Jones in a rematch of the 1835 election. Despite being elected as a Democrat, Doty formed personal friendships with several Whigs in Washington, D.C., including Henry Clay . In 1840, Whig Party candidate William Henry Harrison was elected president, and he made plans to appoint Doty to

3060-757: The outbreak of Utah's Black Hawk War . He was buried at the Fort Douglas Cemetery in Salt Lake City , Utah. Both the community of Dotyville, Wisconsin and town of Doty, Wisconsin were named in his honor. Doty Street in Madison is named after him. Doty Island , divided by the cities of Neenah and Menasha ; and James Island in Menasha are named after him. In addition, Doty Park in Neenah takes his name. Forster%27s tern Forster's tern ( Sterna forsteri )

3128-517: The post. With no public title, Doty worked to improve his land holdings in what would become the city of Madison. Doty had this land surveyed and platted, and made plans to create a city on the isthmus between lakes Mendota and Monona. To gain recognition for the planned city, Doty lobbied the new territorial legislature to select his proposed city as the capital of Wisconsin. A temporary capital had already been established at Belmont, Wisconsin , but its distance from Milwaukee and Green Bay coupled with

3196-514: The project. They chose Lake Koshkonong out of 84 potential sites because of the solid rock found here that could be used for the foundation, and the Rock River could be used as an adequate water source. In 1974, it was estimated that the utilities would lose $ 40 million if the two-unit, 900 MW each, facility was not approved. At that time, the timetable had already slipped to a 1983/1984 commissioning. The proposed two pressurized-water reactor system had hopes of beginning construction in 1978. The plan

3264-416: The release of gametes from the body occurs in the rivers even though they might spend their whole life in lakes. Floods and droughts will both affect spawning of different species of fish, enhancing the amount of some and depleting others. Here are a few species of fish that can be found in the lake. Muskellunge , Panfish , Largemouth bass , Smallmouth bass , Northern pike , Walleye , and Catfish . In

3332-399: The reservoir is 107,000 acre⋅ft (132,000,000 m). Both dam and reservoir are owned and operated by Rock County. The currently accepted spelling "Koshkonong" was first used by Doty in 1844. An often repeated claim that has been recently disputed is that the meaning of the name is "the lake that we live on." A more accurate approximation may be "where there is heavy fog," or "where it

3400-400: The rest of the genus Sterna . Forster's tern is a marsh dwelling species. It can be found either in freshwater, brackish or saltwater. It is often found over shallow open water deep in the marsh. Main habitats are marshes, estuaries, islands, salt marshes and marshy areas surrounding lakes and streams. Forster's tern is usually restricted to North America . It nests in marshes during

3468-466: The species in high-risk areas ( ). Increasing populations of carp in drainage systems, causing damage to marsh vegetation, may limit habitat availability for Forster's tern. There have also been anecdotal reports of intense spawning activity of carp damaging tern's floating nests. As with many species of piscivorous birds, Forster's tern is susceptible to bioaccumulation of pollutants. High mercury concentrations may induce biochemical stress, reducing

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3536-653: The summer, on both the Atlantic and Pacific coast, and also in the Prairies and on the Great Lakes in Canada and the US. Due to the instability of its nesting habitat, Forster's tern exhibits a high annual turnover rate. Forster's tern also winters in marshes along the southern coast of the US and Mexico but can sometimes reach the northern extremity of Central America. It is also common for

3604-558: The surface. Preferences for water clarity may depend on prey availability. The breeding season for Forster's tern can start as early as April on the Gulf Coast of the United States and extend from May to mid-June depending on latitude. Forster's tern is a colonial nester with colony size ranging from one to a thousand nests. Adults establish a very small territory around the nest and nests are usually clumped together. Males will practice courtship feeding and females will beg for food using

3672-407: The surrounding habitats of Lake Koshkonong's riparian wetlands , many endangered species of birds can be found. The rising water levels have an unfortunate impact on these species. Loss of trees, herbaceous vegetation , and groundwater dependent wetland plants will effect the species they support. Some of the rare species found in this area that are impacted by rising water levels and habitat loss are

3740-530: The tern to winter in the Caribbean. It is a near-annual vagrant to Western Europe and has occasionally wintered in Great Britain and Ireland. Forster's tern is often found in marshes over shallow open water. It is a shallow plunge-diver that often hovers before attacking. When hunting, its head is pointed downward whereas when travelling, it is pointed forward. It is a colonial nesting species that builds

3808-438: The tern's alarm call; this can be interpreted as information parasitism . Forster's terns tend to nest in marshy areas, either in freshwater or in estuaries. The nests are usually located deep within the marsh, either on tidal islands or evaporation pond islands, but also on manmade dikes. Nests are composed of adjacent marsh vegetation. Many nests are considered floating and are made of marsh grasses, then can be set on top of

3876-505: The vegetation or deposited on floating rafts of vegetation. In Manitoba, there is a strong association between Forster's tern nests and muskrat houses. They are, in fact, highly solicited nesting grounds. Also in Manitoba, Scirpus and often Typha are the main plants used for nest building. In the case of large colonies, nesting area availability decreases. Forster's tern will then nest on sand, gravel or mud. The nests will consist of

3944-621: The wind. Forster's Terns have been recorded using man-made platforms, most notably in Wisconsin, where they were built to substitute for the Cat Island Chain. They demonstrated overall success, with Forster's Terns preferring to use them to avoid the vulnerabilities that come with a natural nest. The egg's primary color ranges from a greenish to a brownish hue. They are evenly spotted with dark brown, almost black or gray spots. There are color variations between and within clutches; earlier eggs are usually paler, greener and larger. Coloration of

4012-456: Was a land speculator and politician in the United States who played an important role in the development of Wisconsin and Utah Territory . A descendant of Mayflower immigrant Edward Doty , Doty was born in Salem, New York , in 1799. He was less than three years old when his family moved to Martinsburg, New York , which was founded by his mother's brother General Walter Martin . Doty attended

4080-580: Was admitted to practice before the Supreme Court of the United States . In 1823, a new federal judicial district was created for northern and western Michigan Territory, covering what is now the state of Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan . Doty was appointed as the federal judge for the district by President James Monroe . Before taking up his new duties, on April 14, 1823, Doty married Sarah Collins at Whitesboro, New York . Because he

4148-548: Was conservative in view and usually aligned himself with whichever people were most popular at any given time. After losing the election, Doty turned to land speculation and bought thousands of acres of land across the region, some of which he began developing into the city of Madison, Wisconsin . In 1836, Wisconsin Territory was officially created. Doty hoped to be the territorial governor, but President Andrew Jackson appointed Henry Dodge , Doty's longtime political rival, to

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4216-548: Was elected to the United States House of Representatives shortly after Wisconsin became a state, and served from 1849 to 1853 as the representative of Wisconsin's newly created 3rd congressional district and served as part of the 31st and 32nd Congresses . He was replaced by John B. Macy . After leaving Congress, Doty left public life and retired to his home on an island (now named Doty Island ) between Neenah and Menasha, Wisconsin . His log-cabin home, relocated from

4284-402: Was estimated that the disruption to farmland would cost farmers a total of $ 27,500 each year for lost crops . The Koshkonong Alert Group was an anti-nuclear group that formed in opposition of the power plant. Attempts were made to salvage the $ 40 million investment by moving the facility to Haven, Wisconsin , near Sheboygan , but state utilities gave up on their plans for construction of

4352-430: Was met with strong resistance from environmental groups. It was eventually killed in 1977 by concerns regarding the lake's shallow depth and consequences to the plant during drought conditions . Water would have been exiting the lake to cool down the plant, and residents were uneasy about that along with other aspects of the project. The power plant was intended to relocate many residents and disrupt farmland as well. It

4420-542: Was not reappointed by Tyler, who instead selected Nathaniel P. Tallmadge to the post. This left Doty to once again return to his private life. In 1846, Doty returned to politics, this time as a delegate to the First Wisconsin Constitutional Convention. Doty came to the convention as an independent, but sided with the Whigs on most issues and emerged as the opposition leader at the convention, which had

4488-624: Was open May 2, 2020 to December 31, 2020 with a minimum length limit of 40 inches and a daily bag limit of 1. For fishing to be able to occur on the lake it has to be stocked by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources at the Bark River Hatchery in Fort Atkinson with Walleye and Northern pike . There are four boat landings around the lake for people to use and also two beaches. The Lake is very shallow averaging around 6 feet with

4556-512: Was removed from office after public backlash from his criticism of the LDS Church and the practice of polygamy . Lincoln appointed Doty to the governorship shortly thereafter. As governor, Doty was able to repair the relationship between the federal government and the territory's Mormons . Doty also promoted the construction of schools and negotiations with local Native American tribes. Doty died in office at age 65 on June 13, 1865, shortly after

4624-440: Was required to live within his district, Doty and his new wife moved from Detroit to Prairie du Chien in 1823. Doty regularly held court at Prairie du Chien, Green Bay , and Mackinac . He also served as the first postmaster of Prairie du Chien from 1823 to 1824. In 1824, Doty moved to Green Bay, where he lived until 1841. Doty remained the district judge until he was replaced by David Irvin in 1832. Following his career as

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