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41-452: To the north-east rises Mount Vitsi, to the north-west Mount Triklarios and to the south-west spread the foothills of Voios. Lake Orestiada is mainly refreshed by the waters that descend from Mount Vitsi through Xiropotamos on the eastern banks, but also by smaller streams, such as Aposkepos, Foudouklis, Istakos, Fotini, Metamorfosi, Toichi, Agios Athanasios and Vyssinia. Its catchment area reaches 267 square kilometres. Nine rivulets flow into

82-560: A model of successful biological pest control . Research began in 1985 and today the plant is managed well with a number of insects that feed on it. Five species of beetle use purple loosestrife as their natural food source, and they can do significant damage to the plant. The beetles used as biological control agents include two species of leaf beetle : Galerucella calmariensis and Galerucella pusilla ; and three species of weevil : Hylobius transversovittatus , Nanophyes breves , and Nanophyes marmoratus . Infestations of either of

123-544: A result, silting has been greatly reduced and during the summer, when there is not much water, the sea enters and largely overwhelms the river bed. Flathead mullets and European seabasses are found in Haliakmon's Delta. In the shallow marine areas formed there, the fry of many Aegean Sea 's fish finds a place to reproduce, while about 90% of Greece's mussels are produced in the Haliakmon-Axios (Vardar) Delta. Aliki Kitrous

164-413: A rich birdlife. It is a eutrophic lake, which is due to agricultural waste from crops and chronic pollution from the city's municipal sewage. To the north-west of the lake stretches a lakeside forest of willows, poplars and alders. To the east and south, reside seasonal wetlands and reedbeds of reeds. Around the perimeter of the lake, burla and mats grow. Dominant trees around the lake are sycamores with

205-474: A single woody root mass. The stems are reddish-purple and square in cross-section. The leaves are lanceolate , 3–10 centimetres (1–4 in) long and 5–15 millimetres ( 3 ⁄ 16 – 9 ⁄ 16  in) broad, downy and sessile , and arranged opposite or in whorls of three. The flowers are reddish purple, 10–20 millimetres ( 1 ⁄ 2 – 3 ⁄ 4  in) in diameter, with six petals (occasionally five) and 12 stamens, and are clustered tightly in

246-670: Is 8,813 km (3,403 sq mi). The name (in Greek) Αλιάκμονας is composite and derives from άλας (salt, sea) and άκμων (anvil). In Greek mythology Haliakmon was one of the Potamoi , who were sons of Oceanus and Tethys , according to the allegorical obsessive-anthropomorphic concept familiar to the Ancient Greeks , on geological upheaval after Deucalion's deluge . An ancient tradition says that sheep that drank water from Haliakmon would turn their colour to white. This tradition

287-473: Is a brown beetle with a black line on its thorax. The adult feeds on the leaves of the plant, producing characteristic round holes. Its larvae destroy tender leaf buds and strip the tissue from the leaves. The golden loosestrife beetle Galerucella pusilla is nearly identical to G. calmariensis , but usually lacks the black thoracic line. Its feeding habits are also quite similar to the other leaf beetle. The loosestrife root weevil Hylobius transversovittatus

328-416: Is a large red nocturnal weevil, which spends its nights feeding on leaves and leaf buds. The larvae emerge from their eggs and immediately burrow into the root of the plant, which they feed on continuously for over a year. This root damage stunts the plant's growth and ability to create seeds. If several larvae inhabit the same root, the plant can be killed. The loosestrife flower weevil Nanophyes marmoratus

369-475: Is a tiny weevil which lays a single egg in each flower. When the larvae emerge they eat the flowers' ovaries, and the plant is unable to create seeds. The larvae usually proceed to hollow out the flower buds and use them as safe places to pupate. Caterpillars of the engrailed moth ( Ectropis crepuscularia ), a polyphagous geometer moth , also feed on purple loosestrife. It has been used as an astringent medicinal herb to treat diarrhea and dysentery ; it

410-489: Is also now considered synonymous . Lythrum salicaria is native to Europe, temperate Asia and northwest Africa. It is also naturalized in many temperate parts of the world, including parts of southern Africa, North America, and South America. The species was thought to be a recent introduction to Australia, but pre-colonial pollen samples have been found in New South Wales, indicating another route of introduction;

451-457: Is an area of 254 hectares, where 15–20.000 tons of salt are produced per year. Many kinds of birds have been observed in Haliakmon's region. They use it for accommodation and overwintering, like the ducks , or to rest on their long migratory journey. There have been observed 215 kinds of birds and about ⅓ of them nest in the region. Over 10% of the birds are endangered. They include Dalmatian pelican and curlew , that are considered to be among

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492-675: Is confirmed by the following record of the Roman author Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD) : Similarly in Macedonia, those who want their sheep to be white go to Haliakmon, while those (who want them to be) black (go) to Axios ( Vardar ) . Ottoman Turks called the river Ince-Karasu (narrow-black water), a name still used in Turkey . The Eastern South Slavic name is Бистрица, Bistritsa (Бистрица, from Proto-Slavic *-bystr, meaning "clear, lucid, limpid") which

533-492: Is considered safe to use for all ages, including babies. It is also cultivated as an ornamental plant in gardens, and is particularly associated with damp, poorly drained locations such as marshes, bogs and watersides. However, it will tolerate drier conditions. The flowers are showy and bright, and a number of cultivars have been selected for variation in flower colour, including: The cultivars ‘Blush’ with blush-pink flowers, and 'Feuerkerze' with rose-red flowers have gained

574-516: Is still in use in Bulgaria and North Macedonia. Before the construction of its diversion dam near the village of Aghia Varvara in the mid-1950s, Haliakmon had no permanent river bed in its lowland course. It often flooded and formed extensive marshes . Its devastating fury in December 1935 remains fresh in memory of the elder inhabitants of the region ( Veria and Alexandreia ). The Haliacmon rises in

615-575: Is the longest river flowing entirely in Greece , with a total length of 297 km (185 mi). In Greece there are three rivers longer than Haliakmon, Maritsa ( Greek : Έβρος ), Struma (Strymónas), both coming from Bulgaria , and Vardar ( Greek : Αξιός ) coming from North Macedonia , but the length of each one of them in Greek territory is less than that of Haliakmon, which flows entirely in Greece. Haliacmon

656-462: Is the probable ancient course of the Haliacmon. It was the domain of the eponymous river god Haliacmon . [REDACTED] Media related to Haliacmon at Wikimedia Commons Lythrum salicaria Lythrum salicaria or purple loosestrife is a flowering plant belonging to the family Lythraceae . It should not be confused with other plants sharing the name loosestrife that are members of

697-398: Is the traditional English name for the river, but many sources cite the formerly official Katharevousa version of the name, Aliákmon . Today, the only official variant is the demotic Aliákmonas . It flows through the Greek regions of West Macedonia ( Kastoria , Grevena and Kozani regional units) and Central Macedonia ( Imathia and Pieria regional units). Its drainage basin

738-542: The Gramos mountains in northern Greece, near the border with Albania . In its upper course it flows generally towards the east, and turns southeast near Kastoria . It describes a wide curve around the Vourinos mountains, and turns northeast near the village Paliouria . It feeds the large artificial lake Polyfyto , that was created after the construction of the namesake hydroelectric dam and consists almost its entire course through

779-584: The Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit . It has also been introduced in many areas of North America by bee keepers , due to its abundance of flowers which provide an important source of nectar . Purple loosestrife has been introduced into temperate New Zealand and North America where it is now widely naturalised (spreading on its own) and officially listed in some controlling agents. Infestations may rarely result in dramatic disruption in water flow in rivers and canals, and

820-461: The Sparganium erectum sparganium perennial plant sub-species, and Helosciadium nodiflorum among many. Lake Orestiada marks more than 200 species of birds to have been observed, 90 of which breed here. Pelican sub-species, such as the silver pelican, the rose pelican, geese sub-species such as gray goose and heron species are important. In Lake Orestiada, resides the largest breeding place of

861-400: The axils of bracts or leaves, (a type of inflorescence called a verticilaster ), there are three different flower types , with the stamens and style of different lengths, short, medium or long; each flower type can only be pollinated by one of the other types, not the same type, thus ensuring cross-pollination between different plants. For instance, if the pistil is medium length, then

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902-437: The stamens will be long and short, but not medium. The flowers are visited by many types of insects, and can be characterized by a generalized pollination syndrome . The fruit is a small 3–4 millimetres ( 1 ⁄ 8 – 5 ⁄ 32  in) capsule containing numerous minute seeds . Flowering lasts throughout the summer. When the seeds are mature, the leaves often turn bright red through dehydration in early autumn;

943-530: The Byzantine architectural heritage of the town, an 11th-century Byzantine monastery of Panagia Mavriotissa and the reconstructed prehistoric settlement of Dispilio , where the Dispilio Tablet was retrieved from the lake in 1992. The lake is known to freeze in winters, for 2 to 5 weeks. Orestiada is surrounded by wooded hills, wet meadows, reedbeds, lakeside forests, marshes and fields, habitats that support

984-572: The Great . Lysimachus is derived from the Greek lysis , meaning "loosing" and mache , meaning "strife". The specific epithet salicaria derives from the similarity of the leaves to those of willows or Salix species. The English word loosestrife first appeared in written form in the 16th century. It was coined by English naturalist William Turner in his 1548 work A New Herball , in which he states: "[The plant] may in englishe be called red loosestryfe or purple loosestryfe." Purple loosestrife

1025-770: The Kozani prefecture. Over the bridge runs the Lake Polyfytos Bridge , part of the Athens-Kozani national road . Southeast of Veria , the Haliacmon enters the central Macedonian plains, an area of great importance to agriculture. It flows into the Thermaic Gulf west of the delta of the Axios ( Vardar ), northeast of the coastal town Methoni . Haliakmon's tributaries include Gramos, Ladopotamos, Pramoritsa, Grevenitikos, Venetikos, Tripotamos and Krasopoulis. The Haliacmon flows along

1066-405: The dams. For amateur fishermen the river has been enriched with introduced rainbow trout, that is not easy to reproduce, so there is no danger of disturbance of the river's ecosystem . In the place where the river flows into the sea, there has been formed over the years an extended Delta of 4.000 hectares, because of the large dam that was constructed and retains much of the brought matters. As

1107-427: The family Primulaceae . Other names include spiked loosestrife and purple Lythrum . This herbaceous perennial is native to Europe and Asia, and possibly Australia. The generic name Lythrum is derived from the Greek 'lythron', meaning blood, in reference to the flower colour in some species. However, Pliny (A.D. 23–79) stated that Lythrum is named for Lysimachus , an army general and friend of Alexander

1148-499: The lake and on the peninsula includes rare and beautiful species. In this category, are featured the lily species Lilium candidum and Galeopsis ladanum the iris species Iris pseudacorus , Stachys palustris , the Leucojum aestivum aestivum sub-species, as well as the aquatic plant sub-species of Delphinium balcanicum and Butomus umbellatus . In the surrounding hills, blooms the rare sub-species Pulsatilla halleri . Other plants of

1189-573: The lake, and it drains into the Haliacmon river, via the small Gioli stream. Its depth varies from nine to ten metres. To the west, the Kastoria Peninsula (with the town of Kastoria ) divides the lake into two parts, the larger to the north and the smaller to the south, giving the lake its characteristic kidney shape. The lake takes its name from the Oreiades . Lakeside attractions include, apart from

1230-450: The life cycles of organisms from waterfowl to amphibians to algae being affected. A single plant may produce up to 2.7 million tiny seeds annually. Easily carried by wind and water, the seeds germinate in moist soils after overwintering. The plant can also sprout anew from pieces of root left in the soil or water. Once established, loosestrife stands are difficult and costly to remove by mechanical and chemical means. Plants marketed under

1271-677: The mute swan in Greece. Predators include vultures and its sub-species of griffon vultures, spotted vultures, reed vultures, meadow vultures, winter vultures. Other birds, such as buzzards, hawks, falcons, sledgehammers, rock kestrels, black kestrels, harrier sub-species including dwarf harriers, tree harriers and peregrines Nocturnal raptors include owls and its sub-species of pygmy owls, other birds such as buzzards. Among ducks, rare coots, barbarians, teals, whistlings, sardines, grebes, mallards and black-headed ducks also live here. Haliacmon The Haliacmon ( Greek : Αλιάκμονας , Aliákmonas ; formerly: Ἁλιάκμων , Aliákmon or Haliákmōn )

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1312-621: The name "European wand loosestrife" ( L. virgatum ) are the same species despite the different name. In some cases the plants sold are sterile, which is preferable. In North America, purple loosestrife may be distinguished from similar native plants (e.g., fireweed Chamerion angustifolium , blue vervain Verbena hastata , Liatris Liatris spp., and spiraea ( Spiraea douglasii ) by its angular stalks which are square in outline, as well as by its leaves, which are in pairs that alternate at right angle and are not serrated. Purple loosestrife provides

1353-582: The northeast, formed the boundary between Pieria , Eordaea , and Imathia . In the time of Herodotus the Haliacmon was apparently joined by the Loudias 7, 127 , the discharge of the lake of Pella ; but a change has taken place in the course of the Loudias, which no longer joins the Haliacmon, but flows directly into the Aegean Sea . The image below shows a wind gap between the Haliacmon and Loudias watersheds that

1394-430: The question is considered unresolved by Australian authorities. Found in ditches, wet meadows and marshes and along sides of lakes. In North America, purple loosestrife can invade sedge meadows . The flowers are pollinated by long-tongued insects, including bees and butterflies . A number of insects use Lythrum salicaria as a food resource. The black-margined loosestrife beetle Galerucella calmariensis

1435-529: The rarest birds in the world. 27 kinds of rare and protected kinds of birds nest in the region, like purple heron . In antiquity, Claudius Ptolemy called the chain of mountains in which the river rises (northern Pindus ) the Canalovii . According to Julius Caesar , the Haliacmon formed the line of demarcation between Macedon and Thessaly . In the upper part of its course it took a southeast direction through Elimiotis , which it watered; and then, continuing to

1476-411: The red colour may last for almost two weeks. The dead stalks from previous growing seasons are brown. L. salicaria is very variable in leaf shape and degree of hairiness, and a number of subspecies and varieties have been described, but it is now generally regarded as monotypic with none of these variants being considered of botanical significance. The species Lythrum intermedium Ledeb. ex Colla

1517-737: The region feature the Centaurea graeca centaurea species, the Scutellaria galericulata perennial herb sub-species, the Paronychia macedonica sub-species of paronychia plants, the Campanula versicolor variant, Althaea officinalis , Verbascum flavidum , Clematis viticella clematis sub-species, Alisma plantago-aquatica Rorippa amphibia , Oenanthe aquatica , Eleocharis palustris , Lythrum salicaria , Galium palustre , Veronica anagallis-aquatica , Mentha aquatica , Nasturtium officinale (or Watercress ),

1558-439: The rest were introduced by human intervention. Many of them are considered scarce and one, mavrotsironi , lives nowhere else in the world, i.e. it is endemic . Μost of these kinds of fish have no commercial value but only biological, since they support the food web . Fish found in Haliakmon, like carp and rainbow trout , indicate that its water is still pure. Some eels are found in its estuaries, that cannot migrate, hindered by

1599-587: The towns (in downstream order) Nestorio , Argos Orestiko , Neapoli , Paliouria , Velventos and Alexandreia . Haliakmon contains 33 kinds of fish. These include brown trout , gilt-head bream , sardine , carp , pike, eel , european anchovy , nursehound , bogue , garfish , red porgy , saddled seabream , angler , bream, mediterranean sand smelt , sand steenbras , mullus barbatus , freshwater bass, tuna , salmon , Mediterranean moray , weever , longfin gurnard , dogfish , dusky grouper , school shark and turbot . About 30 of them are indigenous, while

1640-707: The vegetation complemented by elms, cranberries, blackberries and wild roses. Aquatic plants include most honorably the water chestnut Water caltrop (or Trapa natans ), the Najas marina sub-species major, Stuckenia pectinata , Potamogeton species, including Potamogeton crispus water lilies, Potamogeton natans , Potamogeton perfoliatus and Potamogeton lucens , Azolla filiculoides , the hornworts Ceratophyllum demersum and Ceratophyllum submersum , Persicaria amphibia , Myriophyllum spicatum , water lilies Nymphaea alba and Nuphar lutea , Hydrocharis morsus-ranae , Lemna gibba , Spirodela polyrhiza among many. The flora around

1681-420: Was referred to several times as 'long purples' by John Clare , such as in his 1821 poem The Wildflower Nosegay : "Where on the water op'd the lily buds And fine long purples shadow'd in the lake..." Lythrum salicaria can grow 1–2 m (3 ft 3 in – 6 ft 7 in) tall, forming clonal colonies 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) or more in width, with numerous erect stems growing from

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