33-716: The Lactobacillaceae are a family of lactic acid bacteria . It is the only family in the lactic acid bacteria which includes homofermentative and heterofermentative organisms; in the Lactobacillaceae, the pathway used for hexose fermentation is a genus-specific trait. Lactobacillaceae include the homofermentative lactobacilli Lactobacillus , Holzapfelia , Amylolactobacillus , Bombilactobacillus , Companilactobacillus , Lapidilactobacillus , Agrilactobacillus , Schleiferilactobacillus , Loigolactobacillus , Lacticaseibacillus , Latilactobacillus , Dellaglioa , Liquorilactobacillus , Ligilactobacillus , and Lactiplantibacillus ;
66-569: A carbohydrate source, as most species are incapable of respiration. LAB are catalase -negative. LAB are amongst the most important groups of microorganisms used in the food industry. Their relative simple metabolism has also prompted their use as microbial cell factories for the production of several commodities for the food and non-food sectors LAB genera are classified in terms of two main pathways of hexose fermentation: Some members of Lactobacillus appear also able to perform aerobic respiration , making them facultative anaerobes , unlike
99-437: A halt and cause economical setbacks. Areas of interest in managing this risk include the sources of phage contamination, measures to control their propagation and dissemination, and biotechnological defense strategies developed to restrain them. In the context of the food fermentation industry, the relationship between bacteriophages and their bacterial hosts is very important. The dairy fermentation industry has openly acknowledged
132-408: A number of LAB phages. LAB are able to synthesize levans from sucrose , and dextrans from glucose . Dextrans, like other glucan , enable bacteria to adhere to the surface of teeth, which in turn can cause tooth decay through the formation of dental plaque and production of lactic acid. While the primary bacteria responsible for tooth decay is Streptococcus mutans , LAB do feature among
165-568: A receptor on the bacterial surface. RBPs are also referred to as host-specificity proteins, host determinants, and antireceptors. A variety of molecules have been suggested to act as host receptors for bacteriophages infecting LAB; among those are polysaccharides and (lipo) teichoic acids , as well as a single-membrane protein. A number of RBPs of LAB phages have been identified by the generation of hybrid phages with altered host ranges. These studies, however, also found additional phage proteins to be important for successful phage infection. Analysis of
198-466: A separate family called Leuconostocaceae . These three genera are non-spore-forming, round or elongated in shape, and anaerobic or aerotolerant. They usually inhabit nutrient-rich environments such as milk, meat, vegetable products, and fermented drinks . Lactic acid is the main end product of their characteristic heterofermentative carbohydrate metabolism. In 2020 Leuconostocaceae was synonymized with Lactobacillaceae. The currently accepted taxonomy
231-431: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillales are an order of gram-positive , low-GC , acid-tolerant, generally nonsporulating, nonrespiring , either rod-shaped ( bacilli ) or spherical ( cocci ) bacteria that share common metabolic and physiological characteristics. These bacteria, usually found in decomposing plants and milk products, produce lactic acid as
264-1018: Is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Listeriaceae Carnobacteriaceae 2 Aerococcaceae Carnobacteriaceae Catellicoccus {"Catellicoccaceae"} Vagococcus {"Vagococcaceae"} Enterococcus s.s { Enterococcaceae } Enterococcus phoeniculicola Enterococcus species-group 4 Enterococcus species-group 3 Enterococcaceae 2 Enterococcus species-group 2 Enterococcus species-group 1 Streptococcaceae Isobaculum Collins et al. 2002 Lactobacillaceae Listeriaceae Carnobacteriaceae Aerococcaceae Vagococcus {"Vagococcaceae"} Enterococcaceae Catellicoccus {"Catellicoccaceae"} Streptococcaceae Lactobacillaceae Probiotics are products aimed at delivering living, potentially beneficial, bacterial cells to
297-918: Is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature and the phylogeny is based on whole-genome sequences. Loigolactobacillus Paralactobacillus Latilactobacillus Lacticaseibacillus Schleiferilactobacillus Agrilactobacillus Lapidilactobacillus Bombilactobacillus Companilactobacillus Holzapfelia Lactobacillus Amylolactobacillus Dellaglioa Ligilactobacillus Liquorilactobacillus Pediococcus Furfurilactobacillus Limosilactobacillus Paucilactobacillus Lactiplantibacillus Levilactobacillus Secundilactobacillus Lentilactobacillus Fructilactobacillus Apilactobacillus Acetilactobacillus Weissella Oenococcus Leuconostoc Fructobacillus Convivina Enterococcaceae This Lactobacillales -related article
330-404: Is evidence for the health properties that are attributable to exopolysaccharides from LAB. However, there is a wide variation in molecular structures of exopolysaccharides and the complexity of the mechanisms by which physical changes in foods and bioactive effects are elicited. Some LAB produce bacteriocins which limit pathogens by interfering with cell wall synthesis or causing pore formation in
363-475: The Lactobacillaceae . The grandfathered term lactobacilli refers to all bacteria classified in Lactobacillaceae prior to 2020, i.e. Lactobacillus sensu lato (pre-split), Pediococcus , and Sharpea . Some authors use lactobacilli to refer to Lactobacillus sensu lato only. At one point five genera ( Convivina , Fructobacillus , Leuconostoc , Oenococcus and Weissella ) were considered
SECTION 10
#1732844237233396-546: The Leuconostocaceae . The Lactobacillaceae are also the only family of the lactic acid bacteria which does not include pathogenic or opportunistic pathogenic organisms although some species, particularly Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and Weissella spp. can cause rare infections in critically ill patients. With the exception of Lactococcus lactis , Streptococcus thermophilus and Tetragenococcus halophilus , most food fermenting lactic acid bacteria are now classified in
429-503: The organoleptic and textural profile of a food item. The industrial importance of the LAB is further evidenced by their generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status, due to their ubiquitous appearance in food and their contribution to the healthy microbiota of animal and human mucosal surfaces. The genera that comprise the LAB are at its core Lactobacillus , Leuconostoc , Pediococcus , Lactococcus , and Streptococcus , as well as
462-487: The cell membrane. Nisin , a bacteriocin produced by LAB, was first researched as a food preservative in 1951 and has since been widely commercially used in foods due to its antimicrobial activity against Gram positive bacteria. Nisin is utilized as a food additive in at least 50 countries. In addition to having antibacterial activity, LAB can inhibit fungal growth. Various LAB, largely from genus Lactococcus and Lactobacillus , suppress mycotoxigenic mold growth due to
495-459: The crystal structure of several RBPs indicates that these proteins share a common tertiary folding, and support previous indications of the saccharide nature of the host receptor. Gram-positive LAB have a thick peptidoglycan layer, which must be traversed to inject the phage genome into the bacterial cytoplasm . Peptidoglycan-degrading enzymes are expected to facilitate this penetration, and such enzymes have been found as structural elements of
528-440: The current taxonomic definitions. Lactococci (formerly Lancefield group N streptococci) are used extensively as fermentation starters in dairy production, with humans estimated to consume 10 (one billion billion) lactococci annually. Partly due to their industrial relevance, both L. lactis subspecies ( L. l. lactis and L. l. cremoris ) are widely used as generic LAB models for research. L. lactis ssp. cremoris , used in
561-500: The drink is made. The beer and wine-making process utilizes certain lactic acid bacteria, mostly Lactobacillus . Lactic acid bacteria is used to start the wine-making process by starting the malolactic fermentation. After the malolactic fermentation, yeast cells are used to start the alcoholic fermentation process in grapes. The malolactic fermentation mechanism is mainly transformation of L-malic acid (dicarboxylic acid) to an lactic acid (monocarboxylic acid). This change occurs due to
594-718: The gut ecosystem of humans and other animals, whereas prebiotics are indigestible carbohydrates delivered in food to the large bowel to provide fermentable substrates for selected bacteria. Most strains used as probiotics belong to the genus Lactobacillus . (Other probiotic strains used belong to the genus Bifidobacterium ). Probiotics have been evaluated in research studies in animals and humans with respect to antibiotic-associated diarrhea, travellers' diarrhea, pediatric diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease , irritable bowel syndrome and Alzheimer's disease . Future applications of probiotics have been conjectured to include delivery systems for vaccines and immunoglobulins, and
627-451: The heterofermentative lactobacilli Furfurilactobacillus , Paucilactobacillus , Limosilactobacillus , Fructilactobacillus , Acetilactobacillus , Apilactobacillus , Levilactobacillus , Secundilactobacillus , and Lentilactobacillus, which were previously classified in the genus Lactobacillus ; and the heterofermentative genera Convivina , Fructobacillus , Leuconostoc , Oenococcus , and Weissella which were previously classified in
660-568: The impact of lactic acid bacteria on indoleacetic acid production, phosphate solubilization, and nitrogen fixation on citrus. While most of the bacterial isolates were able to produce IAA, phosphate-solubilization was limited to only one of the eight LAB isolates. Lactic acid bacteria are used in the food industry for a variety of reasons such as the production of cheese and yogurt products. Popular drinks such as kombucha are made using lactic acid bacteria, with kombucha having been known to have traces of Lactobacillus and Pediococcus once
693-464: The major metabolic end product of carbohydrate fermentation , giving them the common name lactic acid bacteria ( LAB ). Production of lactic acid has linked LAB with food fermentations , as acidification inhibits the growth of spoilage agents. Proteinaceous bacteriocins are produced by several LAB strains and provide an additional hurdle for spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. Furthermore, lactic acid and other metabolic products contribute to
SECTION 20
#1732844237233726-439: The major product of carbohydrate metabolism. The lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are either rod-shaped ( bacilli ), or spherical ( cocci ), and are characterized by an increased tolerance to acidity (low pH range). This aspect helps LAB to outcompete other bacteria in a natural fermentation , as they can withstand the increased acidity from organic acid production (e.g., lactic acid ). Laboratory media used for LAB typically include
759-583: The more peripheral Aerococcus , Carnobacterium , Enterococcus , Oenococcus , Sporolactobacillus , Tetragenococcus , Vagococcus , and Weissella . All but Sporolactobacillus are members of the Lactobacillales order, and all are members of the Bacillota phylum. Although lactic acid bacteria are generally associated with the order Lactobacillales, bacteria of the genus Bifidobacterium (phylum Actinomycetota ) also produce lactic acid as
792-443: The other members of the order, which are all aerotolerant. Using oxygen helps these bacteria deal with stress. In 1985, members of the diverse genus Streptococcus were reclassified into Lactococcus , Enterococcus , Vagococcus , and Streptococcus based on biochemical characteristics, as well as molecular features. Formerly, streptococci were segregated primarily based on serology , which has proven to correlate well with
825-421: The other most common oral bacteria that cause decay. Apilactobacillus See text. Apilactobacillus is a genus of bacteria from the family of Lactobacillaceae . The genus Apilactobacillus comprises the following species: The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature and the phylogeny is based on whole-genome sequences, except for
858-448: The presence of malolactic and malic enzymes. All malic acid are degraded and this increase the pH levels which changes the taste of the wine. Not only do they start the process but they are responsible for the different aromas produced in wine by the nutrients presence and the quality of the grapes. Also, the presence of different strains can change the desirability of aromas' presence. The different availability of enzymes that contribute to
891-419: The problem of phage contamination, and has worked for decades with academia and starter-culture manufacturers to develop defence strategies and systems to curtail phages' propagation and evolution. The first contact between an infecting phage and its bacterial host is the phage's attaching to the host cell. This attachment is mediated by the phage's receptor binding protein (RBP), which recognizes and binds to
924-714: The production of anti-fungal metabolites. Furthermore, LAB have the potential to reduce the abundance of mycotoxins in foods by binding to them. In a study for postharvest food product safety conducted with 119 LAB isolated from the rhizosphere of olive trees and desert truffles, mostly within the genera of Enterococcus and Weissella , researchers found strong antibacterial activity against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia , Pantoea agglomerans , Pseudomonas savastanoi , Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes , and anti-fungal activity against Botrytis cinerea , Penicillium expansum , Verticillium dahliae and Aspergillus niger . Researchers have studied
957-510: The production of hard cheeses , is represented by the laboratory strains LM0230 and MG1363. In similar manner, L. lactis ssp. lactis is employed in soft cheese fermentations, with the workhorse strain IL1403 ubiquitous in LAB research laboratories. In 2001, Bolotin et al. sequenced the genome of IL1403, which coincided with a significant shift of resources to understanding LAB genomics and related applications. The currently accepted taxonomy
990-462: The recently described A. nanyangensis , which has been added based on a 16S rRNA gene phylogeny by the GGDC web server. Apilactobacillus micheneri Apilactobacillus quenuiae Apilactobacillus timberlakei Apilactobacillus apinorum Apilactobacillus kunkeei Apilactobacillus nanyangensis Apilactobacillus ozensis Holzapfelia This Bacillota -related article
1023-440: The taste of their beer. A broad number of food products, commodity chemicals, and biotechnology products are manufactured industrially by large-scale bacterial fermentation of various organic substrates. Because this involves cultivating enormous quantities of bacteria each day in large fermentation vats, a serious threat in these industries is the risk of contamination by bacteriophages , which can rapidly bring fermentations to
Lactobacillaceae - Misplaced Pages Continue
1056-444: The treatment of different gastrointestinal diseases and vaginosis . The quest to find food ingredients with valuable bioactive properties has encouraged interest in exopolysaccharides from LAB. Functional food products that offer health and sensory benefits beyond their nutritional composition are becoming progressively more important to the food industry. The sensory benefits of exopolysaccharides are well established, and there
1089-452: The vast spectrum of aromas in wine are associated with glycosidases, β -glucosidases, esterases, phenolic acid decarboxylases and citrate lyases. By using molecular biology, researchers can help pick out different desirable strains that help improve the quality of wine and help with the removable of the undesirable strains. The same can be said about brewing beer as well which uses yeast with some breweries using lactic acid bacteria to change
#232767