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48-447: Labium is the Latin word for lip . In English, it may refer to: Labia is the plural of labium. It may refer to: Lip The upper and lower lips are referred to as the labium superius oris and labium inferius oris , respectively. The juncture where the lips meet the surrounding skin of the mouth area is the vermilion border , and the typically reddish area within the borders

96-399: A CN VII palsy (Bell's palsy is the idiopathic form of facial nerve palsy), manifested as both upper and lower facial weakness on the same side of the lesion. Taste can be tested on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. This can be tested with a swab dipped in a flavored solution, or with electronic stimulation (similar to putting your tongue on a battery). Corneal reflex . The afferent arc

144-470: A large area in the sensory cortex , and is therefore highly sensitive. The frenulum labii inferioris is the frenulum of the lower lip. The frenulum labii superioris is the frenulum of the upper lip. The facial artery is one of the six non-terminal branches of the external carotid artery . This artery supplies both lips by its superior and inferior labial branches. Each of the two branches bifurcate and anastomose with their companion branch from

192-470: A woman's health and fertility. A woman's lipstick (or collagen lip enhancement ) attempts to take advantage of this fact by creating the illusion that a woman has more oestrogen than she actually has and thus that she is more fertile and attractive. Lip size is linked to sexual attraction in both men and women. Women are attracted to men with masculine lips that are more middle size and not too big or too small; they are to be rugged and sensual. In general,

240-426: A woman's secondary sexual organ. As part of the mouth, the lips are also associated with the symbolism associated with the mouth as orifice by which food is taken in. The lips are also linked symbolically to neonatal psychology (see for example oral stage of the psychology according to Sigmund Freud ). Lip piercing or lip augmentation is sometimes carried out for cosmetic reasons. Products designed for use on

288-450: Is called the vermilion zone. The vermilion border of the upper lip is known as the Cupid's bow . The fleshy protuberance located in the center of the upper lip is a tubercle known by various terms including the procheilon (also spelled prochilon ), the "tuberculum labii superioris", and the "labial tubercle". The vertical groove extending from the procheilon to the nasal septum is called

336-400: Is connected to the lower lip by the thin lining of the lip itself. Thinning of the vermilion of the upper lip and flattening of the philtrum are two of the facial characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome , a lifelong disability caused by the mother's consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. The skin of the lips is stratified squamous epithelium . The mucous membrane is represented by

384-473: Is less prominent, as in this case the skin of the lips contains more melanin and thus is visually darker. The skin of the lip forms the border between the exterior skin of the face, and the interior mucous membrane of the inside of the mouth. The lip skin is not hairy and does not have sweat glands . Therefore, it does not have the usual protection layer of sweat and body oils which keep the skin smooth, inhibit pathogens, and regulate warmth. For these reasons,

432-497: Is mediated by the general sensory afferents of the trigeminal nerve. The efferent arc occurs via the facial nerve. The reflex involves consensual blinking of both eyes in response to stimulation of one eye. This is due to the facial nerves' innervation of the muscles of facial expression, namely orbicularis oculi, responsible for blinking. Thus, the corneal reflex effectively tests the proper functioning of both cranial nerves V and VII. [REDACTED] This article incorporates text in

480-412: Is of usual skin color and has a depression at its center, directly under the nasal septum, called the philtrum , which is Latin for "lower nose", while its lower half is a markedly different, red-colored skin tone more similar to the color of the inside of the mouth, and the term vermillion refers to the colored portion of either the upper or lower lip. It is raised by the levator labii superioris and

528-409: Is only in this group that they have any attached muscles. In some teleost fish, the lips may be modified to carry sensitive barbels . In birds and turtles, the lips are hard and keratinous , forming a solid beak . Clevosaurids like Clevosaurus are notable for the presence of bone "lips"; in these species the tooth-like jaw projections common to all sphenodontians form a beak-like edge around

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576-467: Is usually manifested by facial paralysis. Bell's palsy is one type of idiopathic acute facial nerve paralysis, which is more accurately described as a multiple cranial nerve ganglionitis that involves the facial nerve, and most likely results from viral infection and also sometimes as a result of Lyme disease . Iatrogenic Bell's palsy may also be as a result of an incorrectly placed dental local-anesthetic ( inferior alveolar nerve block ). Although giving

624-410: The facial motor nucleus whereas the cell bodies for the parasympathetic efferent nerves are found in the superior salivatory nucleus . The facial nerve is developmentally derived from the second pharyngeal arch , or branchial arch. The second arch is called the hyoid arch because it contributes to the formation of the lesser horn and upper body of the hyoid bone (the rest of the hyoid is formed by

672-453: The lesser palatine nerve and greater palatine nerve . The communicating branch to the otic ganglion arises at the geniculate ganglion and joins the lesser petrosal nerve to reach the otic ganglion. The nerve to stapedius provides motor innervation for the stapedius muscle in middle ear The chorda tympani provides parasympathetic innervation to the sublingual and submandibular glands, as well as special sensory taste fibers for

720-425: The nervus intermediofacialis. The path of the facial nerve can be divided into six segments: The motor part of the facial nerve arises from the facial nerve nucleus in the pons , while the sensory and parasympathetic parts of the facial nerve arise from the intermediate nerve . From the brain stem, the motor and sensory parts of the facial nerve join and traverse the posterior cranial fossa before entering

768-454: The oropharynx below the palatine tonsil . There is also a small amount of cutaneous sensation carried by the nervus intermedius from the skin in and around the auricle (outer ear). The facial nerve also supplies parasympathetic fibers to the submandibular gland and sublingual glands via chorda tympani . Parasympathetic innervation serves to increase the flow of saliva from these glands. It also supplies parasympathetic innervation to

816-402: The panniculus carnosus , which attach to the dermis and so wrinkle or dimple the overlying skin. Functionally, the muscles of facial expression are arranged in groups around the orbits , nose, and mouth. The muscles acting on the lips: Because they have their own muscles and bordering muscles, the lips are easily movable. Lips are used for eating functions, like holding food or to get it in

864-401: The petrous temporal bone via the internal auditory meatus . Upon exiting the internal auditory meatus, the nerve then runs a tortuous course through the facial canal , which is divided into the labyrinthine, tympanic, and mastoid segments. The labyrinthine segment is the shortest and narrowest segment of the facial nerve and ends where the facial nerve forms a bend known as the geniculum of

912-431: The philtrum . The skin of the lip, with three to five cellular layers, is very thin compared to typical face skin, which has up to 16 layers. With light skin color, the lip skin contains fewer melanocytes (cells which produce melanin pigment , which give skin its color). Because of this, the blood vessels appear through the skin of the lips, which leads to their notable red coloring. With darker skin color this effect

960-410: The superior salivatory nucleus of the pons and provides parasympathetic innervation to several glands, including the nasal glands , the palatine glands , the lacrimal gland , and the pharyngeal gland . It also provides parasympathetic innervation to the sphenoid sinus , frontal sinus , maxillary sinus , ethmoid sinus , and nasal cavity . This nerve also includes taste fibers for the palate via

1008-423: The tactile (touch) senses. Lips are very sensitive to touch, warmth, and cold. It is therefore an important aid for exploring unknown objects for babies and toddlers. Because of their high number of nerve endings, the lips are an erogenous zone . The lips therefore play a crucial role in kissing and other acts of intimacy. A woman's lips are also a visible expression of her fertility. In studies performed on

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1056-432: The abrupt change in skin structure between the lips and surrounding face (in particular, the function of the less keratinized vermillion and the white roll ) is not completely understood. Possible reasons for the difference may include advantages to somatosensory function, better communication of facial expressions, and/or emphasis of the lips' slight sexual dimorphism as a secondary sex characteristic . As an organ of

1104-425: The anterior two thirds of the tongue are derived from the first pharyngeal arch, which gives rise to the trigeminal nerve, not all innervation of the tongue is supplied by it. The lingual branch of the mandibular division (V3) of the trigeminal nerve supplies non-taste sensation (pressure, heat, texture) to the anterior part of the tongue via general somatic afferent fibers . Nerve fibers for taste are supplied by

1152-407: The anterior two thirds of the tongue, and also synapses with the submandibular ganglion . Postsynaptic fibers from the submandibular ganglion supply the sublingual and submandibular glands . Upon emerging from the stylomastoid foramen , the facial nerve gives rise to the posterior auricular branch . It then gives rise to the branch to the posterior belly of the digastric, and then the branch to

1200-467: The anterior two thirds of the tongue. Distal to stylomastoid foramen , the following nerves branch off the facial nerve: Intra operatively the facial nerve is recognized at 3 constant landmarks: The cell bodies for the facial nerve are grouped in anatomical areas called nuclei or ganglia . The cell bodies for the afferent nerves are found in the geniculate ganglion for taste sensation. The cell bodies for muscular efferent nerves are found in

1248-458: The appearance of a hemiplegic stroke, effects dissipate with the drug. When the facial nerve is permanently damaged due to a birth defect, trauma, or other disorder, surgery including a cross facial nerve graft or masseteric facial nerve transfer may be performed to help regain facial movement. Facial nerve decompression surgery is also sometimes carried out in certain cases of facial nerve compression. Voluntary facial movements, such as wrinkling

1296-401: The body, the lip can be a focus of disease or show symptoms of a disease: Lips are often viewed as a symbol of sensuality and sexuality. This has many origins; above all, the lips are a very sensitive erogenous and tactile organ. Furthermore, in many cultures of the world, a woman's mouth and lips are veiled because of their representative association with the vulva, and because of their role as

1344-499: The brow, showing teeth, frowning, closing the eyes tightly (inability to do so is called lagophthalmos ), pursing the lips and puffing out the cheeks, all test the facial nerve. There should be no noticeable asymmetry. In an upper motor neuron lesion, called central seven , only the lower part of the face on the contralateral side will be affected, due to the bilateral control to the upper facial muscles ( frontalis and orbicularis oculi ). Lower motor neuron lesions can result in

1392-414: The chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve via special visceral afferent fibers. The main function of the facial nerve is motor control of all the muscles of facial expression . It also innervates the posterior belly of the digastric muscle , the stylohyoid muscle , and the stapedius muscle of the middle ear . These skeletal muscles are developed from the second pharyngeal arch . In addition,

1440-415: The facial nerve ( genu meaning knee), which contains the geniculate ganglion for sensory nerve bodies. The first branch of the facial nerve, the greater petrosal nerve , arises here from the geniculate ganglion. The greater petrosal nerve runs through the pterygoid canal and synapses at the pterygopalatine ganglion . Postsynaptic fibers of the greater petrosal nerve innervate the lacrimal gland . In

1488-423: The facial nerve receives taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue via the chorda tympani . Taste sensation is sent to the gustatory portion (superior part) of the solitary nucleus . General sensation from the anterior two-thirds of tongue are supplied by afferent fibers of the third division of the fifth cranial nerve ( CN V -3). These sensory ( CN V3 ) and taste (VII) fibers travel together as

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1536-417: The jaws, protecting the teeth within. Facial nerve The facial nerve , also known as the seventh cranial nerve , cranial nerve VII , or simply CN VII , is a cranial nerve that emerges from the pons of the brainstem , controls the muscles of facial expression , and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue . The nerve typically travels from

1584-419: The lingual nerve briefly before the chorda tympani leaves the lingual nerve to enter the tympanic cavity (middle ear) via the petrotympanic fissure. It joins the rest of the facial nerve via the canaliculus for chorda tympani. The facial nerve then forms the geniculate ganglion , which contains the cell bodies of the taste fibers of chorda tympani and other taste and sensory pathways. From the geniculate ganglion,

1632-412: The lips dry out faster and become chapped more easily. The lower lip is formed from the mandibular prominence , a branch of the first pharyngeal arch . The lower lip covers the anterior body of the mandible . It is lowered by the depressor labii inferioris muscle and the orbicularis oris borders it inferiorly. The upper lip covers the anterior surface of the body of the maxilla . Its upper half

1680-420: The lips include lipstick, lip gloss and lip balm . In most vertebrates, the lips are relatively unimportant folds of tissue lying just outside the jaws. However, in mammals , they become much more prominent, being separated from the jaws by a deep cleft (a notable exception being the naked mole-rat , whose lips close behind the front teeth). They are also more mobile in mammals than in other groups since it

1728-405: The more oestrogen a woman has, the larger her eyes and the fuller her lips, characteristics which are perceived as more feminine. Surveys performed by sexual psychologists have also found that universally, men find a woman's full lips to be more sexually attractive than lips that are less so. A woman's lips are therefore sexually attractive to males because they serve as a biological indicator of

1776-542: The mouth. In addition, lips serve to close the mouth airtight shut, to hold food and drink inside, and to keep out unwanted objects. Through making a narrow funnel with the lips, the suction of the mouth is increased. This suction is essential for babies to breast feed . Lips can also be used to suck in other contexts, such as sucking on a straw to drink liquids. The lips serve for creating different sounds—mainly labial , bilabial , and labiodental consonant sounds as well as vowel rounding —and thus are an important part of

1824-464: The nasal mucosa and the lacrimal gland via the pterygopalatine ganglion . The parasympathetic fibers that travel in the facial nerve originate in the superior salivatory nucleus . The facial nerve also functions as the efferent limb of the corneal reflex . The facial nerve carries axons of type GSA, general somatic afferent , to skin of the posterior ear. The facial nerve also carries axons of type GVE, general visceral efferent , which innervate

1872-401: The other terminal. The muscles acting on the lips are considered part of the muscles of facial expression . All muscles of facial expression are derived from the mesoderm of the second pharyngeal arch and are therefore supplied (motor supply) by the nerve of the second pharyngeal arch, the facial nerve (7th cranial nerve ). The muscles of facial expression are all specialized members of

1920-451: The pons through the facial canal in the temporal bone and exits the skull at the stylomastoid foramen . It arises from the brainstem from an area posterior to the cranial nerve VI (abducens nerve) and anterior to cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve). The facial nerve also supplies preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to several head and neck ganglia . The facial and intermediate nerves can be collectively referred to as

1968-499: The researchers found that a small nose, big eyes and voluptuous lips are sexually attractive both in men and women. The lips may temporarily swell during sexual arousal due to engorgement with blood. The lips contribute substantially to facial expressions . The lips visibly express emotions such as a smile or frown, iconically by the curve of the lips forming an up-open or down-open arc, respectively. Lips can also be made pouty when whining or perky to be provocative. The function of

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2016-446: The science of human attraction, psychologists have concluded that a woman's facial and sexual attractiveness is closely linked to the makeup of her hormones during puberty and development. Contrary to the effects of testosterone on a man's facial structure, the effects of a woman's oestrogen levels serve to maintain a relatively "childlike" and youthful facial structure during puberty and during final maturation. It has been shown that

2064-510: The speech apparatus. The lips enable whistling and the performing of wind instruments such as the trumpet, clarinet , flute, and saxophone. People who have hearing loss may unconsciously or consciously lip read to understand speech without needing to perceive the actual sounds, and visual cues from the lips affect the perception of what sounds have been heard, for example the McGurk effect . The lip has many nerve endings and reacts as part of

2112-434: The stylohyoid. The facial nerve then passes through the parotid gland , which it does not innervate, to form the parotid plexus . The nerve then bifurcates at the pes anserinus to become the upper and lower divisions of the facial nerve. It then splits into five branches (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular and cervical), innervating the muscles of facial expression . The greater petrosal nerve arises at

2160-425: The sublingual, submandibular, and lacrimal glands, also mucosa of nasal cavity. Axons of type SVE, special visceral efferent , innervate muscles of facial expression, stapedius, the posterior belly of digastric, and the stylohyoid. The axons of type SVA, special visceral afferent , provide taste to the anterior two-thirds of tongue via chorda tympani . People may suffer from acute facial nerve paralysis , which

2208-399: The taste fibers continue as the intermediate nerve which goes to the upper anterior quadrant of the fundus of the internal acoustic meatus along with the motor root of the facial nerve. The intermediate nerve reaches the posterior cranial fossa via the internal acoustic meatus before synapsing in the solitary nucleus . The facial nerve also supplies a small amount of afferent innervation to

2256-415: The third arch). The facial nerve supplies motor and sensory innervation to the muscles formed by the second pharyngeal arch, including the muscles of facial expression, the posterior belly of the digastric, stylohyoid, and stapedius. The motor division of the facial nerve is derived from the basal plate of the embryonic pons, while the sensory division originates from the cranial neural crest . Although

2304-417: The tympanic segment, the facial nerve runs through the tympanic cavity , medial to the incus . The pyramidal eminence is the second bend in the facial nerve, where the nerve runs downward as the mastoid segment, the longest segment of the facial nerve. In the temporal part of the facial canal, the nerve gives branch to the stapedius muscle and chorda tympani . The chorda tympani supplies taste fibers to

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