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26-623: Jorge Antonio Cafrune (Perico Del Carmen, Jujuy , August 8, 1937 – Buenos Aires , February 1, 1978) was one of the most popular Argentine folklorist singers of his time, as well as an unflagging researcher, compiler, and diffuser of the native culture. Jorge Cafrune was born in the estancia "La Matilde" of El Sunchal, Perico Del Carmen, Jujuy in a family of Syrian–Lebanese origin. He completed his secondary studies in San Salvador de Jujuy , during which he took guitar classes with Nicolás Lamadrid. In 1957 he recorded his first album with

52-540: A gradual process of economic and social improvement, and at the end of the 19th century the sugarcane industry arose. At the beginning of the 20th century, the railway connected the province with Buenos Aires , and La Paz , Bolivia . In 1945, heavy industry first arrived in Jujuy at the hand of General Manuel Savio , a presidential economic advisor who, had Argentina's first modern steel mill installed in Jujuy. In 1969, Jujuy joined oil-rich neighboring Salta Province with

78-503: A type of Inca provincial governor ( xuxuyoc ) encountered there by the Spanish in the late 16th century. In 1593, a small settlement (current San Salvador de Jujuy ) was erected in the Jujuy valley by the effort of Francisco de Argañaraz y Murguía . Colonial forces fought the resistance by the indigenous Calchaquíes and Omaguacas, so that the European population eventually consolidated in

104-510: A van driven by two nineteen-year-old men while riding a horse in a main road at 1 am, Cafrune died within twelve hours. Jujuy Province There are three main areas in Jujuy: The vast difference in height and climate produces desert areas such as the Salinas Grandes salt mines and subtropical Yungas jungle. The terrain of the province is mainly arid and semi-desertic across

130-418: Is moderately underdeveloped, yet very diversified. Its 2006 economy was an estimated US$ 2.998 billion, or, US$ 4,899 per capita (over 40% below the national average). Jujuy is, despite its rural profile, not particularly agrarian. Agriculture contributes about 10% to output and the main agricultural activity is sugarcane . Its processing represents more than half of the province's gross production, and 30% of

156-477: Is more prominent in Jujuy than in some neighboring provinces, adding 15% to its economy. Jujuy is the second largest Argentine producer of iron , used by the Altos Hornos Zapla steel mill . Other industrial activities include mining for construction material, petroleum extraction at Caimancito , salt production from Salinas Grandes salt basin, and paper production fed by the Jujuy's forests with 20% of

182-577: The Omaguacas and Ocloyas practiced agriculture and domesticated the guanaco . They had huts made of mud, and erected stone fortresses to protect their villages. An example of such fortresses is Pucará de Tilcara , Pucará meaning "fortress" (word also used for the Argentine combat aircraft Pucara ). Omaguacas and Ocloyas were later conquered by the Incas during their expansion period. The name Jujuy derives from

208-581: The Quebrada de Humahuaca and its Cerro de los Siete Colores , Pucará de Tilcara , Salinas Grandes and many small towns. Other less frequent destinations include the Calilegua National Park in the Yungas jungle, La Quiaca , Laguna de Pozuelos , and Laguna Guayatayoc . The provincial government is divided into the usual three branches: the executive, headed by a popularly elected governor, who appoint

234-450: The Army had retreated to the south, to Jujuy. They were lacking men, weapons and money, and had to stop a victorious army, better armed and four times bigger. The loyalists, led by General Pío Tristán, were advancing south with 3,000 troops from today's Bolivia , into the northwest of Argentina (through Humahuaca ). The revolutionaries were outnumbered 2 to 1, demoralized, badly armed, far from

260-532: The Spanish concentrated their forces in Peru. The people of Jujuy had to endure the Jujuy Exodus , a massive evacuation with a scorched earth policy, led by General Manuel Belgrano . Eventually the Spanish surrendered, but the war had seriously affected the economy of the area. After a series of internal conflicts, the province declared its autonomy from Tucumán and Salta Provinces on November 18, 1834. Jujuy started

286-475: The area is still a growing activity and brings a number of Argentine tourists (80%), tourists from other South American countries (12%) and Europeans (7%). Most tourists head for San Salvador de Jujuy to start their exploration of the province. The Horacio Guzmán International Airport, 34 km from San Salvador, connects the province with Buenos Aires , Córdoba , and some destinations in Bolivia . Apart from

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312-498: The assistance of the central government, and facing an outbreak of malaria without medication. In addition, many of the locals, especially of the higher classes, resented the arrival of forces from Buenos Aires and were ready to defect . Belgrano, faced with the prospect of total defeat and territorial loss, ordered all people to pack their necessities, including food and furniture, and follow him, in carriages or on foot, together with whatever cattle and beasts of burden could endure

338-566: The band Las voces de Huayra that in 1960 changed its name to Los cantores del Alba, with Ariel Ramírez as manager. Beginning in 1962, Cafrune began to perform at the Cosquin Folkloric Festival . In 1966 in one of his visits to smaller villages, he met a young folklorist singer called José Larralde . In 1967 shown the trip "De caballo por mi patria" in homage to Chacho Peñaloza . During this trip Cafrune traveled about Argentina as had many gauchos , taking his art and message around

364-852: The cabinet; the legislative; and the judiciary, headed by the Supreme Court. The Constitution of Jujuy Province forms the formal law of the province. In Argentina, the most important law enforcement organization is the Argentine Federal Police but the additional work is carried out by the Jujuy Provincial Police . The province is divided into 16 departments (in the Spanish language , departamentos ). Department (Capital): 23°45′S 65°30′W  /  23.750°S 65.500°W  / -23.750; -65.500 Jujuy Exodus The Jujuy Exodus (in Spanish , Éxodo Jujeño )

390-700: The city of Rosario , and then received order to move to the north. He would take command of the Army of the North , based in the city of San Salvador de Jujuy . The situation was not favourable: a short time before Juan José Castelli had led the First Upper Peru campaign and, despite an initial advantage and a brief time ruling the Upper Peru , faced a decisive defeat during the Battle of Huaqui . The surviving patriots and remains of

416-566: The country. In 1977, after several years spent living in Spain, he returned to Argentina which was ruled at the time by the military dictatorship of Jorge Rafael Videla . The government saw a menace in Cafrune's outspoken music, particularly his politically controversial song Zamba de mi esperanza . On his persistence, Cafrune said, "Although it is not in the authorized repertoire, if my people request it of me, I am going to sing it." After being run over by

442-492: The destruction of the defector's properties. Belgrano labored to win the support of the populace, and later reported that most of the people had willingly followed him without the need of force. The exodus started on 23 August and gathered people from Jujuy and Salta ; people travelled south about 250 km, finally arriving at the banks of the Pasaje River, in the province of Tucumán , on the early hours of 29 August. The Exodus

468-652: The different areas, except for the El Ramal valley of the San Francisco River. Temperature difference between day and night is wider in higher lands, and precipitation is scarce outside the temperate area of the San Francisco River. The Grande River and the San Francisco River flow to the Bermejo River . The San Juan, La Quiaca, Yavi and Sansana Rivers flow to the Pilcomayo River . Pre-Columbian inhabitants known as

494-464: The discovery of petroleum by the state-owned YPF . The Gobernador Horacio Guzmán International Airport has operated since 1967. The Colla people are indigenous people who have been living in Jujuy for centuries, practicing subsistent living, farming with llamas and goats. A group of small producers from Suqueños have been fighting in defense of Pachamama and their rights as members of Atacama people . Thirty-three villages have united to oppose

520-405: The fantastic contrast of land colours and formations, tourists are attracted also by the strong aboriginal roots in the culture of Jujuy. Salta wineries growing in popularity have attracted tourists, combining province traditions with "cosmopolitan culture". Aymará and Quechua cultures coexist in the area, and ruins of the Incas are well conserved. Tourists who come to Jujuy visit the area of

546-513: The industrial product of the province. Argentina is the world's second largest lithium brine producer which is located in Jujuy (e. g. Salar de Olaroz and Salinas Grandes mines ). The so-called Lithium Triangle, consisting of NW Argentina, Bolivia and NE Chile holds more than half the world's supply. After the financial crisis of 2001 in Argentina, citizens were encouraged to explore their own country as opposed to travelling abroad. Tourism in

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572-416: The journey. The rest (houses, crops, food stocks, and also any objects made of iron) was to be burned, so as to deprive the loyalists of resources, following a strict scorched earth policy. On 29 July 1812 Belgrano asked the people of Jujuy to "show their heroism " and join the march of the army under his command "if, as you assure, you want to be free". The punishment for ignoring the order was execution and

598-458: The lithium extraction as it requires much water which the region has very little of. As of 2019, at a single salt lake 10 billion liters of water were being pumped up from 450 meter depth into solar ponds. They also claim that lithium operations have contaminated the air with residuals of chemicals used to extract lithium, such as lye, hydrated sodium carbonate and others. The dust irritates the eyes of llamas and can cause blindness. Jujuy's economy

624-474: The national sugar production. The second agricultural activity is tobacco , cultivated in the Southeastern valley, as a major national producer. Other crops include beans , citrus and tomatoes , and other vegetables for local consumption. Cattle and goats are raised on a small scale, mainly for local dairies, and llamas , vicuñas and guanacos are raised in significant numbers for wool . Manufacturing

650-697: The village. At the end of the 17th century, the customs to the Viceroyalty of Peru was transferred from Córdoba to Jujuy. With the separation from Peru and the creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , Jujuy lost its importance and its population started to diminish. During the May Revolution and the battles for the independence of the United provinces of the South , many confrontations took place in Jujuy because

676-515: Was an episode of the Argentine War of Independence . It was a massive forced displacement of people from the Jujuy Province , by orders of General Manuel Belgrano , conducted by his patriot forces that were battling a Royalist army. The population was compelled to leave under the threat of execution. During early 1812, Manuel Belgrano had created the cockade and Flag of Argentina near

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