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51-590: Since the mid-19th century, Pescadero has functioned as a hub for education in southwestern San Mateo County, with the opening of a one-room Pescadero schoolhouse in 1858. By 1922, the community had constructed a larger high school on North Street in downtown Pescadero. In 1960, on a tract of land donated by a local family, the Pescadero High School opened in its current location. In 1965, the La Honda−Pescadero Unified School District

102-572: A 2016 an action plan implementation progress report stated the population is "maintained" showing no significant upward or downward trend in the yearly number of returning adults in a experimental small tributary to the Deschutes River. However, fish counts at Boneville Dam, on the Columbia River below the Deschutes confluence have shown a 10 year (2013–2022) average of 162,988 returning adults, and

153-621: A 25% increase in salmon and steelhead production was 20%" (NOAA). As it stands, "more than 20% of floodplain and in-channel habitat has been restored due to FRGP" (NOAA). Though these initiatives spell hope for the prospects of Steelhead Trout population rehabilitation, habitat degradation continues to occur at an alarming rate. Within the state of Oregon there are four different distinct steelhead population segments: Lower Columbia River steelhead, Middle Columbia River steelhead, Oregon Coast steelhead, and Upper Willamette River Steelhead (NOAA). Of these four segments, three are listed as threatened under

204-422: A chemical indicator, steelhead "use the position of the sun and magnetic north to navigate towards spawning grounds " after they have fed in the open ocean for 1–4 whole years (Fulton). Even after traveling hundreds of miles, this chemical imprint allows steelhead to identify their precise hatching grounds upon returning to freshwater. According to "A review of the characteristics, habitat requirements, and ecology of

255-664: A confession. Daly was administered a whipping on the spot and later fled the area. Steelhead trout Steelhead , or occasionally steelhead trout , is the anadromous form of the coastal rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus ) or Columbia River redband trout ( O. m. gairdneri , also called redband steelhead ). Steelhead are native to cold-water tributaries of the Pacific basin in Northeast Asia and North America . Like other sea-run (anadromous) trout and salmon , steelhead spawn in freshwater, smolts migrate to

306-518: A normal rainbow trout. The longer a steelhead spends in freshwater, the darker their green body colorations and horizontal pink stripe become. When a steelhead exits the river and returns to the ocean again, it regains its silvery appearance while in saltwater. The fish develop a larger and stronger tail relative to a normal rainbow trout to help aid in swimming in ocean currents and swimming up strong river currents. A number of distinct population segments of steelhead are endangered or threatened across

357-581: A recent sighting of the Steelhead Trout has not occurred in years, and biologists fear the worst. In 2002, the endangered species label was extended from the Malibu Creek down to the border of San Diego and Mexico (California Trout). A threatened species since 2000, the Northern California steelhead represents a beacon of hope for continued rehabilitation initiatives and growing population numbers in

408-423: A result of such biologically accurate homing characteristics, the Steelhead Trout is "uniquely adapted to its environment"; fish populations "are reasonably isolated from fish that spawn in different areas," and therefore "sub-populations may differ by the timing of runs, size of fish, and even behavior patterns" (Heath, 2001). This also influences genetic relatedness between Steelhead Trout populations; interestingly,

459-479: A steel beam are attributed as the main defining physical characteristic for which the Steelhead is distinguished and earns its namesake. The Steelhead is an ocean-going predatory fish with a typical lifespan of four to six years. Like the common rainbow trout, Steelhead predominantly feast on zooplankton when they are young and then transition to eating fish, some rodents, mollusks, and crustaceans. When these fish enter

510-502: A weekend tourist destination during the summer months because of beaches, parks including Memorial Park and Butano State Park , Pigeon Point Lighthouse and Hostel, as well as extensive rural roads for biking and trails for hiking in the Santa Cruz Mountains . Pescadero is also host to a number of successful agricultural ventures, some of which offer high-quality produce and value-added products throughout San Mateo County and much of

561-636: A wider distribution of this species across the Pacific Northwest, including the coastal regions of California. In fact, "coastal rainbow trout is the most widely-distributed native trout form" (CA.gov). Among other necessary biological utilities fulfilled by this species, Steelhead Trout "are also strong indicators of the condition of California's streams; large self-sustaining populations of native salmon and trout are found where streams are in reasonably good condition" (Moyle, Israel, & Purdy, 2008). A chrome underside and olive-grey back reminiscent to that of

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612-467: Is an unincorporated town and census-designated place (CDP) in San Mateo County, California , two miles (3 km) east of State Route 1 and Pescadero State Beach . The town is 14.4 miles (23.2 km) south of Half Moon Bay . The ZIP Code is 94060 and the community is inside area code 650 . The population was 595 at the 2020 census. Pescadero is a farming, tourism and ranching community near

663-572: Is considered a threatened species, and according to Mark Capelli of the National Marine Fisheries Service, the Southern California steelhead are the most endangered of them all (California Trout). According to California Trout, Steelhead Trout populations began to decline in the "late-1940s due mainly to man-made landscape modifications" (California Trout). As a result of damming for flood control, steelhead migration routes from

714-519: The Au Sable River . "Wild" populations of these fish started to become established shortly after their introduction into the lakes. By the late 80s populations could be found in notable rivers like the Muskegon and Pere Marquette . Sometime after their first introduction into Michigan tributaries other states, such as New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, started stocking fish into their own streams. Due to

765-468: The United States , mostly caused by the blocking of waterways by the construction of dams . Human interaction has had considerable consequences on reducing the population of steelhead trout. Steelhead currently support or have historically supported fisheries across Northern California, and thus they hold "economic as well as cultural value" (Moyle, Israel, & Purdy, 2008). Contrary to popular belief,

816-530: The Anadromous Steelhead Trout" by Fulton, "homing creates genetically different subpopulations that differ by basin, stream, and even location within a stream" (Altukhov 2000). According to a study conducted by Heath & Pollard, "significant genetic variation on the individual, tributary, and watershed level occur between Steelhead Trout populations" as a result of this chemical reliance for breeding practices (Heath, 2001). The author concludes that as

867-458: The Bay Area. Pescadero hosts the annual Pescadero Art and Fun Fair (PAFF) on the third weekend of August. The Alto Velo Bicycle Racing Club holds the annual Pescadero Coastal Classic Road Race, which travels through the town and nearby countryside, in early- to mid-June. The town is home to Pescadero Middle and High School , established in 1922. The Pescadero High School and Middle School teams are

918-545: The California Steelhead is a coastal variation of the same species of fish as the Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss ; "rainbow trout are the 'landlocked' version, and remain in freshwater throughout their life" (King County, 2016) . An ocean-going variety, the Steelhead, or Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus has developed unique adaptive characteristics that distinguish this fish from its common counterpart and have allowed

969-988: The Endangered Species Act. The Middle Columbia River (MCR) segment has remained the focus of recent recovery efforts. The MCR segment covers approximately 3,500 square miles of the Columbia Plateau in eastern Oregon and Washington. Within eastern Oregon, recovery efforts focus on the two main tributaries to the Columbia River: The Deschutes River and the John Day River, although the Umatilla and Walla Walla are also included in recovery plans. Primary threats to MCR steelhead populations include hydrosystem operations, habitat alteration, and effects of stray naturally spawning hatchery fish. MCR steelhead were first listed as threatened on March 25, 1999, following

1020-537: The Marsh is a critical spawning area and nursery for coho salmon , steelhead trout , tidewater goby , and many other threatened or endangered fish, amphibian, crustacean and reptile species. Due to many causes, both natural and man-made, the health of Pescadero Marsh is deteriorating rapidly. Anoxic water conditions result in annual "die-offs" of hundreds of juvenile fish, crabs, and other species. As water levels fluctuate, many species are cut off from supportive habitat, and

1071-573: The Pescadero Marsh, a wildlife refuge. Pescadero Creek , the longest stream in San Mateo County , is an annual creek that empties into the Pacific Ocean near the town. Many of the buildings in town date from the 19th century. Pescadero is situated near the Pacific Ocean , about 17 miles (27 km) south of Half Moon Bay and about 34 miles (55 km) north of Santa Cruz . Pescadero is also

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1122-615: The Pescadero road for the Wells Fargo Company for forty years, and, in 1914, was listed among the company's prized possessions. Another tale relates that an Irishman named John Daly, who was employed driving pigs from Santa Cruz to Alexander Moore's Pescadero ranch, discovered some lumps of coal from the steamer Sea Bird' s cargo on the beach at Ano Nuevo. Mr. Daly endeavored to parley his discovery into money which he might spend on whiskey. Since coal deposits had been rumored to exist in

1173-670: The Upper Deschutes, Crooked, and Metolius rivers, three major tributaries to the Deschutes within the MCR watershed. In addition to Round Butte, several other dams restrict fish from their native spawning grounds within the Deschutes watershed including Pelton Dam, Bowman Dam, and Ochoco Dam. The first MCR Distinct Population Segment ESA Recovery Plan was released on November 30, 1999. Between 2010 and 2016 1,715 different entities have implemented 1,559 tributary restoration projects primarily focused on habitat restoration and fish passage improvement. In

1224-541: The Vikings and the Panthers, respectively. Pescadero Elementary School is located north of downtown. Non-profits in Pescadero play a central role in much of the town's economy and the well-being of its residents. Puente de la Costa Sur serves as the only resource community center in this region of San Mateo County, providing valuable aid to farmworkers and community members alike. Educational organizations such as Pie Ranch work with

1275-420: The age of 18 living in them, 98 (50.3%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 23 (11.8%) had a female householder with no husband present, 16 (8.2%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 17 (8.7%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships , and 3 (1.5%) same-sex married couples or partnerships . 41 households (21.0%) were made up of individuals, and 8 (4.1%) had someone living alone who

1326-491: The area, Mr. Daly proceeded with his lumps of coal to Santa Cruz, announcing to Captain Brannan and three others that he had discovered a coal mine at Gazos Creek . After collecting his monetary reward, he led the four men up Gazos Creek in search of the alleged coal outcropping, with the intention of escaping and leaving his benefactors behind empty-handed. However, Captain Brannan, who was armed, managed to capture Daly and extracted

1377-927: The area. As of 2016, 48,892 Steelhead Trout were reportedly caught (NOAA). Such a population count suggests that this fascinating fish species continue to persevere in Northern California waters. However, to ensure the continued rehabilitation of steelhead populations in Northern California, a positive, directive plan of action for steelhead conservation must occur. According to NOAA, The State of California Fisheries Restoration Grant Program (FRGP) "invested over 250 million dollars and supported approximately 3,500 salmonid restoration projects" (NOAA). Investments in projects improving "fish passage, water quality, instream habitat restoration, watershed monitoring, and education and organizational support" all occupy conservation efforts to improve Northern California steelhead populations (NOAA). According to NOAA, "the percentage of floodplain and in-channel habitat that would need to be restored to detect

1428-431: The author found that the genetic similarity of regional Steelhead trout populations "is correlated with distance" (Heath, 2001). During spawning , the fish will lay their eggs on gravel bottoms of freshwater tributaries. The female digs out a hole called a redd. The preferred depth for steelhead spawning is 6 to 14 inches (150 to 360 mm). She then lays the eggs, and a male fertilizes them. The females will then cover

1479-531: The coast to upstream spawning grounds were increasingly blocked over time (California Trout). Furthermore, largely a result of continued urbanization and to satisfy the needs of human populations in the area, river flows became modified for recreational purposes and a substantial diversion of water occurred over time (California Trout). As a result of widespread habitat loss and fragmentation, Southern California Steelhead populations were officially labeled as an endangered species in 1997 (California Trout). In some areas,

1530-457: The construction of Round Butte Dam at the confluence of the Deschutes and Metolius rivers. The construction of the dam created reverse currents (currents flowing upstream) in the Metolius Arm of Lake Billy Chinook (a reservoir created by the formation of the dam) confusing anadromous smolts and preventing them from navigating seaward. The construction of Round Butte Dam impeded steelhead access to

1581-526: The eggs with the gravel. Depending on the size of the female she may lay up to 9,000 eggs. The female then buries the eggs in a foot of gravel. The eggs remain in the gravel until they hatch. Unlike salmon (which can spawn only once) steelhead may return to the ocean, and come back upstream several times for spawning season. Steelhead found in the Great Lakes are the freshwater variation of steelhead found in saltwater. Similar to native populations of steelhead on

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1632-455: The entire eco-system degrades. Since 1998 concerned citizens and other wildlife agencies have repeatedly asked California State Parks to take immediate corrective action. The Parks department has moved to request further studies. Meanwhile, native species populations in the marsh have reached critically low levels. According to a study by San Jose State University professor Jerry Smith, estimates in 1985 showed that 10,000 steelhead were rearing in

1683-508: The fish spend more time in the tributaries they darken in coloration while developing a bright red stripe down their midline. While in the lakes they feed on alewives , smelt , and lake herring amongst other things. The first introduction of steelhead into the Great Lakes dates back to 1876 where smolts were taken from wild populations from the McCloud River in California and placed into

1734-522: The lagoon. As of 2008, 750 steelhead were counted in the same area. According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP covers an area of 4.0 square miles (10.4 km ), 99.79% of it land and 0.21% of it water. The 2010 United States Census reported that Pescadero had a population of 643. The population density was 159.4 inhabitants per square mile (61.5/km ). The racial makeup of Pescadero

1785-426: The most interesting and perplexing characteristic of the Steelhead Trout is its homing behavior and the capacity of this species to accurately detect its primary spawning grounds despite venturing to the open ocean and returning to the same freshwater source on numerous occasions throughout their lives. By recording the concentrations of solutes and the chemical profile of a stream through the biological characteristic of

1836-682: The ocean to forage for several years and adults return to their natal streams to spawn. Steelhead are iteroparous , although survival is only approximately 10–20%. The freshwater form of the steelhead is the rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ). The difference between these forms of the species is that steelhead migrate to the ocean and return to freshwater tributaries to spawn, whereas non-anadromous rainbow trout do not leave freshwater. Steelhead are also larger and less colorful than rainbow trout. Steelhead can weigh up to 55 lb (25 kg) and reach 45 in (110 cm) in length. They can live up to 11 years and spawn multiple times. The body of

1887-447: The open ocean, however, their diet typically consists of squid, crustaceans, and small fish including anchovies, herring, and sardines, though the capacity at which this dietary intake occurs is highly contingent upon the geographical region where Steelhead choose to migrate (Salmon Fishing Now). "Rainbow trout and steelhead represent two divergent ecotypes that are genetically identical but separated by life history strategies" (Heath 2001);

1938-550: The river landscape for recreation and access to water. It is estimated that only 500 steelhead trout return to the Southern California watersheds. However, in other areas of the United States, steelhead can be seen as pests because they are an invasive species to the environment. While numbers are improving in areas of the Pacific Northwest where Steelhead Trout have typically thrived, the California Steelhead Trout

1989-443: The state to generate land access opportunities for impoverished communities, and stimulate regenerative agriculture initiatives. KPDO , at 89.3 FM , is Pescadero's community radio station. Located at the confluence of Pescadero Creek and Butano Creek, the area known as Pescadero Marsh has for decades been a thriving habitat for both migratory and native wildlife. Besides being a refuge and nesting ground for wintering waterfowl,

2040-419: The steelhead trout is silvery and streamlined with a rounder head. This silver color and round head is what gives the steelhead its name. There are black dots that are more concentrated on the back of the fish and become sparser closer to the lateral line of the fish. Steelhead also develop a pink horizontal stripe. When steelhead return to freshwater to spawn, their color begins to more closely resemble that of

2091-402: The steelhead's large size and powerful demeanor, they've become very attractive amongst the angler community in the Great Lakes area. There have been several conservation programs created since the near extinction of the steelhead in the 1940s. The reduction in population is mainly due to manmade obstructions within river systems. This is usually caused by dams blocking access, or humans changing

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2142-595: The tradition of painting their houses white. However, other sources credit the 1896 wreck of the steamer Columbia as the source of the white paint. An article in the Wells Fargo Messenger states that a stagecoach salvaged from the Carrier Pigeon was laboriously hoisted up the cliffs onto the road, and put into service within a week. The coach, built in Concord, New Hampshire , carried passengers and freight on

2193-450: The unique biological diversity of the Steelhead Trout from that of the Rainbow Trout is determined through a capacity to migrate to the open ocean. Homing behavior is a unique adaptation of Steelhead Trout that allows the fish to migrate to and from freshwater and saltwater bodies on multiple occasions. Through the process of imprinting, Steelhead Trout deposit a chemical indicator "that is specific to their natal stream" (NRC 1996). Perhaps

2244-516: The valley had attracted other settlers, and in the 1860s Pescadero was a prosperous town surrounded by farms and lumber mills. According to a guidebook published by the California Coastal Commission , the residents of Pescadero recovered a large quantity of white paint from the 1853 wreck of the clipper ship Carrier Pigeon at Pigeon Point. The paint was "used liberally on all the town's buildings", and residents have since maintained

2295-595: The west coast, Great Lakes steelhead start in tributaries to larger bodies of water, in this case the Great Lakes, where they travel to, to grow to large proportions and reach sexual maturity before returning to the tributaries they started in. Great Lakes steelhead grow to as large as 20 pounds and 36–40 inches but normally average 4–10 pounds and between 20–30 inches. They share very similar characteristics to an ocean-run steelhead as far as their long, slender build and silvery coloration with spots running along their back that very rarely progress beyond their lateral line . As

2346-577: The year, particularly during the summer months. Strong winds sometimes blow off the nearby Pacific Ocean. December is the coolest month, with an average maximum of 59 °F (15 °C) and an average minimum of 39 °F (4 °C). August is the warmest month, with an average maximum of 75 °F (24 °C) and an average minimum of 51 °F (11 °C). Winter temperatures seldom drop below freezing, and summer temperatures rarely exceed 90 °F (32 °C). Due to its coastal location, temperatures in Pescadero are mild and fairly consistent throughout

2397-691: The year. Average annual precipitation is 29.52 inches (750 mm), mostly falling as rain since snow is extremely rare on the coast. The nearest National Weather Service cooperative weather station is in the nearby village of San Gregorio , north of Pescadero on Stage Road. The town of Pescadero is located on the Rancho Pescadero Mexican land grant; former Mission Santa Cruz pasture given to Juan José Gonzalez in 1833. Alexander Moore (1823–1902), an American pioneer, built his home in Pescadero Valley in 1853. The rich, fertile soil of

2448-506: Was 314 (48.8%) White , 2 (0.3%) African American , 2 (0.3%) Native American , 5 (0.8%) Asian , 1 (0.2%) Pacific Islander , 294 (45.7%) from other races , and 25 (3.9%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 402 persons (62.5%). The Census reported that 624 people (97.0% of the population) lived in households, 19 (3.0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized. There were 195 households, out of which 82 (42.1%) had children under

2499-606: Was 33.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 110.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 123.1 males. There were 216 housing units at an average density of 53.5 per square mile (20.7/km ), of which 86 (44.1%) were owner-occupied, and 109 (55.9%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.4%. 205 people (31.9% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 419 people (65.2%) lived in rental housing units. Pescadero has cool, wet winters and mild, mostly dry summers. Fog and low overcast are common throughout

2550-405: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.20. There were 137 families (70.3% of all households); the average family size was 3.75. The population was spread out, with 179 people (27.8%) under the age of 18, 58 people (9.0%) aged 18 to 24, 197 people (30.6%) aged 25 to 44, 130 people (20.2%) aged 45 to 64, and 79 people (12.3%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age

2601-778: Was opened. Today, the District draws from a geographic area of over 175 square miles. It is the smallest school district in San Mateo County by population; on average among all grades, the class size is 18 students. In addition, the District requires community service for all graduating high school students, and offers, depending on funding and student interest, community-supported school programs in art, music, theater, outdoor education at YMCA Camp Jones Gulch, sports, and student publications. Superintendent School Board 37°17′N 122°19.5′W  /  37.283°N 122.3250°W  / 37.283; -122.3250 Pescadero, California Pescadero ( Spanish for "Fishmonger")

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