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24-466: The technology was sometimes considered an example of Ethernet in the first mile (EFM). Several networking vendors offered compatible networking hardware, but the technology became obsolete. Like standard VDSL, LRE allowed existing telephone wiring that connects an organization's offices to be used to network those offices together using standard Ethernet protocol without incurring the huge cost of deploying fiber-optic cable or limiting organizations to

48-414: A " fiber to the curb " technology, because it requires fiber backhaul to connect with a carrier network over greater distances. VDSL Ethernet in the first mile services using may be a useful way to standardise functionality on metro Ethernet networks, or potentially to distribute internet access services over voice-grade wiring in multi-dwelling unit buildings. However, VDSL2 has already proven to be

72-449: A home rather than to a central office or business, with its 2.0, 3.0, and 3.1 releases. Different frequency bands are used so that VDSL and HomePNA can share the same wires. Ethernet in the first mile Ethernet in the first mile ( EFM ) refers to using one of the Ethernet family of computer network technologies between a telecommunications company and a customer's premises. From

96-454: A minimum of 10 Mbit/s over distances of up to 750 metres (2,460 ft), using ITU-T G.993.1 ( VDSL ) technology over a single copper pair. These PHYs may also support an optional aggregation or bonding of multiple copper pairs, called PME Aggregation Function (PAF). Unlike other Ethernet physical layers that provide a single rate such as 10, 100, or 1000 Mbit/s, the 10PASS-TS link rate can vary, similar to 2BASE-TL , depending on

120-515: A single copper pair. These PHYs may also support an optional aggregation or bonding of multiple copper pairs, called PME Aggregation Function (PAF). For a single pair, the minimum possible link bitrate is 192  kbit/s (3 x 64 kbit/s) and the maximum bitrate is 5.7 Mbit/s (89 x 64 kbit/s). On a 0.5 mm wire with 3  dB noise margin and no spectral limitations, the max bitrate can be achieved over distances of up to 1 kilometre (3,300 ft). At 6 kilometres (20,000 ft)

144-532: A single rate of 10, 100, or 1000  Mbit/s , the 2BASE-TL link rate can vary, depending on the copper media characteristics (such as length, wire diameter or gauge , number of pairs if the link is aggregated, amount of crosstalk between the pairs, etc.), desired link parameters (such as desired SNR margin, Power Back-Off, etc.), and regional spectral limitations. 2BASE-TL PHYs deliver a minimum of 2 Mbit/s over distances of up to 2.7 kilometres (8,900 ft), using ITU-T G.991.2 (G.SHDSL.bis) technology over

168-688: A versatile and faster standard with greater reach than VDSL. Michael Silverton Michael Silverton is an American computer scientist . Silverton built the first all-optical Ethernet in the first mile networks in Palo Alto, California in 1999 to 2000, as the result of research and work that first began in 1991 in Phoenix, Arizona . Fiberhood Networks, Inc, a Silicon Valley company championed by Silverton, and co-founded Sinuhe Hardegree and Jonathan Usuka, along with Christopher Lein, Chris Minchberg, Keith Cooley, and Joe Villareal, failed financially, but

192-425: Is often used for businesses, it can also be known as Ethernet to the home ( ETTH ). One family of standards known as Ethernet passive optical network ( EPON ) uses a passive optical network . With wide , metro , and local area networks using various forms of Ethernet, the goal was to eliminate non-native transport such as Ethernet over Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) from access networks. One early effort

216-632: The Ethernet in the First Mile Alliance (EFMA) in December 2001 to promote Ethernet subscriber access technology and support the IEEE standard efforts. At an early meeting, the EtherLoop technology was called 100BASE-CU and another technology called EoVDSL for Ethernet over VDSL. The working group's EFM standard was approved on June 24, 2004, and published on September 7, 2004, as IEEE 802.3ah-2004. In 2005, it

240-686: The Cisco 575 desktop bridge. Products were announced in February 2001 to be available in April 2001. Infineon used the name 10BaseS for the technology, Cisco included LRE in its Mobile Office marketing effort. A few compatible devices were produced. Cisco announced end-of-sale for the LRE products in October 2006, and its explanation page was removed from their web site in 2007. HomePNA promotes similar technologies for use within

264-461: The bandwidth provided by modems or other digital subscriber line services. Other sample applications included Internet access to hotel rooms or college dormitories over existing installed telephone wiring. LRE was compatible with VDSL ETSI Band Plan 998. Cisco sold Cisco Catalyst model 2900 switches using Infineon Technologies PEF22822/PEB22811 VDSL QAM chipset like many other VDSL concentrators. The customer-premises equipment included

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288-422: The copper channel characteristics, such as length, wire diameter ( gauge ), wiring quality, the number of pairs if the link is aggregated and other factors. VDSL is a short range technology designed to provide broadband over distances less than 1 km of voice-grade copper twisted pair line, but connection data rates deteriorate quickly as the line distance increases. This has led to VDSL being referred to as

312-467: The customer's point of view, it is their first mile, although from the access network 's point of view it is known as the last mile . A working group of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) produced the standards known as IEEE 802.3ah-2004 , which were later included in the overall standard IEEE 802.3-2008 . EFM is often used in active optical network deployments. Although it

336-677: The engineering success and ensuing industry enthusiasm from the likes of Pirelli, Corning, France Telecom, Telstra, SBC Communications , and industry standards groups like the IEEE , all validated a proof of concept for this first field-operational implementation of its kind. The Information superhighway term was used in the National Information Infrastructure effort of the 1990s. Silverton's 1997 Stanford University thesis described an "Information Superdriveway", extending early analogies of "internet as roadway" connecting consumers to

360-522: The home (FTTH). The Fiberhood Networks company provided this service from 1999 to 2001. Some early products around the year 2000, were marketed as 10BaseS by Infineon Technologies , although they did not technically use baseband signalling, but rather passband as in very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line (VDSL) technology. A patent was filed in 1997 by Peleg Shimon, Porat Boaz, Noam Alroy, Rubinstain Avinoam and Sfadya Yackow. Long Reach Ethernet

384-409: The home can use a passive optical network . Additionally clause 57 defines link-level OA&M, including discovery, link monitoring, remote fault indication, loopbacks, and variable access. 2BASE-TL is an IEEE 802.3-2008 Physical Layer ( PHY ) specification for a full-duplex long-reach point-to-point Ethernet link over voice-grade copper wiring. Unlike 10/100/1000 PHYs, providing

408-525: The information city streets and global superhighways. The company existed from about 1998 through 2001. It partnered with PAIX , an early Palo Alto Internet exchange. In 1999 Silverton became founding director of the Open Access Alliance of the Bay Area, a group advocating for independent Internet service providers . In 2001 the company still planned to expand. Silverton presented his experience to

432-427: The maximum achievable bitrate is about 850 kbit/s. The throughput of a 2BASE-TL link is lower than the link's bitrate by an average 5%, due to 64/65-octet encoding and PAF overhead; both factors depend on packet size. 10PASS-TS is an IEEE 802.3-2008 Physical Layer ( PHY ) specification for a full-duplex short-reach point-to-point Ethernet link over voice-grade copper wiring. 10PASS-TS PHYs deliver

456-407: The wires from a telephone company office to a subscriber. The protocol was half-duplex with control from the provider side of the loop. It adapted to line conditions with a peak of 10 Mbit/s advertised, but 4-6 Mbit/s more typical, at a distance of about 12,000 feet (3,700 m). Symbol rates were 1 mega baud or 1.67 megabaud, with 2, 4, or 6 bits per symbol. The EtherLoop product name

480-986: Was approved by the IEEE-SA SB in August 2013 and published soon thereafter as the standard IEEE Std 802.3bk-2013. In November 2011, IEEE 802.3 began work on EPON Protocol over Coax (EPoC). On June 4, 2020, the IEEE approved IEEE 802.3ca which allows for symmetric or asymmetric operation with downstream speeds of 25 Gbit/s or 50 Gbit/s, and upstream speeds of 10 Gbit/s, 25 Gbit/s, or 50 Gbit/s over passive optical networks . EFM defines how Ethernet can be transmitted over new media types using new Ethernet physical layer ( PHY ) interfaces: EFM also addresses other issues, required for mass deployment of Ethernet services, such as operations, administration, and management ( OA&M ) and compatibility with existing technologies (such as plain old telephone service spectral compatibility for copper twisted pair ). Fiber to

504-801: Was included into the base IEEE 802.3 standard. In 2005, the EFMA was absorbed by the Metro Ethernet Forum . In early 2006, work began on an even higher-speed 10 gigabit/second Ethernet passive optical network (10G-EPON) standard, ratified in 2009 as IEEE 802.3av . The work on the EPON was continued by the IEEE P802.3bk Extended EPON Task Force, formed in March 2012. The major goals for this Task Force included adding support for PX30, PX40, PRX40, and PR40 power budget classes to both 1G-EPON and 10G-EPON. The 802.3bk amendment

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528-474: Was registered as a trademark in the US and Canada. The EtherLoop technology was eventually purchased by Paradyne Networks in 2002, which was in turn purchased by Zhone Technologies in 2005. Another effort was the concept promoted by Michael Silverton of using Ethernet variants that used fiber-optic communication to residential as well as business customers. This was an example of what has become known as fiber to

552-403: Was the EtherLoop technology invented at Nortel Networks in 1996, and then spun off into the company Elastic Networks in 1998. Its principal inventor was Jack Terry. The hope was to combine the packet-based nature of Ethernet with the ability of digital subscriber line (DSL) technology to work over existing telephone access wires. The name comes from local loop , which traditionally describes

576-594: Was the product name used by Cisco Systems starting in 2001. It supported modes of 5 Mbit/s, 10 Mbit/s, and 15 Mbit/s depending on distance. In October 2000 Howard Frazier issued a call for interest on "Ethernet in the Last Mile". At the November 2000 meeting, IEEE 802.3 created the "Ethernet in the First Mile" study group, and on July 16, 2001, the 802.3ah working group. In parallel participating vendors formed

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