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68-410: Subject headings are normally applied to every item within a library's collection and facilitate a user's access to items in the catalog that pertain to similar subject matter, in order to save time finding items of related subject matter. Only searching for items by 'title' or other descriptive fields, such as 'author' or 'publisher', would take more time and potentially miss locating many items because of

136-422: A synonym dictionary or dictionary of synonyms , is a reference work which arranges words by their meanings (or in simpler terms, a book where one can find different words with similar meanings to other words), sometimes as a hierarchy of broader and narrower terms , sometimes simply as lists of synonyms and antonyms . They are often used by writers to help find the best word to express an idea: ...to find

204-495: A bill or score, ...; and adjectives: in debt, indebted, owing, .... Numbers in parentheses are cross-references to other Heads. The book starts with a Tabular Synopsis of Categories laying out the hierarchy, then the main body of the thesaurus listed by the Head, and then an alphabetical index listing the different Heads under which a word may be found: Liable, subject to , 177; debt , 806; duty , 926. Some recent versions have kept

272-574: A computer out of an old television set he had purchased from a repair shop. After graduation, Berners-Lee worked as an engineer at the telecommunications company Plessey in Poole , Dorset. In 1978, he joined D. G. Nash in Ferndown , Dorset, where he helped create typesetting software for printers. Berners-Lee worked as an independent contractor at CERN from June to December 1980. While in Geneva , he proposed

340-601: A fellow. In 1989, CERN was the largest Internet node in Europe and Berners-Lee saw an opportunity to join hypertext with the Internet: I just had to take the hypertext idea and connect it to the TCP and DNS ideas and—ta-da!—the World Wide Web. Creating the web was really an act of desperation, because the situation without it was very difficult when I was working at CERN later. Most of

408-573: A given meaning. It has the novel and unique goal of "charting the semantic development of the huge and varied vocabulary of English". Different senses of a word are listed separately. For example, three different senses of "debt" are listed in three different places in the taxonomy: A sum of money that is owed or due; a liability or obligation to pay An immaterial debt; is an obligation to do something An offence requiring expiation (figurative, Biblical) Other thesauri and synonym dictionaries are organized alphabetically. Most repeat

476-561: A project based on the concept of hypertext , to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers. To demonstrate it, he built a prototype system named ENQUIRE . After leaving CERN in late 1980, he went to work at John Poole's Image Computer Systems, Ltd, in Bournemouth, Dorset. He ran the company's technical side for three years. The project he worked on was a " real-time remote procedure call " which gave him experience in computer networking . In 1984, he returned to CERN as

544-499: A taxonomy. Benjamin Lafaye's Synonymes français (1841) is organized around morphologically related families of synonyms ( e.g. logis, logement ), and his Dictionnaire des synonymes de la langue française (1858) is mostly alphabetical, but also includes a section on morphologically related synonyms, which is organized by prefix, suffix, or construction. Before Roget, most thesauri and dictionary synonym notes included discussions of

612-650: A valuable tool for "the decolonization of library collections created for and by Indigenous people,” as it allows for the "expression of indigenous world views." The Xwi7xwa Library at the Vancouver branch of the University of British Columbia use First Nations House of Learning (FNHL) Subject Headings, a local variant of Brian Deer's system. It is fully integrated with the main UBC Library. Thesaurus A thesaurus ( pl. : thesauri or thesauruses ), sometimes called

680-449: Is a professor of ecology and climate change management. Berners-Lee attended Sheen Mount Primary School, then attended Emanuel School (a direct grant grammar school at the time) from 1969 to 1973. A keen trainspotter as a child, he learnt about electronics from tinkering with a model railway . From 1973 to 1976, he studied at The Queen's College, Oxford , where he received a first-class BA in physics. While there, he made

748-673: Is broadened in the developing world, where only 31% of people are online. Berners-Lee will work with those aiming to decrease Internet access prices so that they fall below the UN Broadband Commission 's worldwide target of 5% of monthly income. Berners-Lee holds the founders chair in Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , where he heads the Decentralized Information Group and

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816-584: Is leading Solid , a joint project with the Qatar Computing Research Institute that aims to radically change the way Web applications work today, resulting in true data ownership as well as improved privacy. In October 2016, he joined the Department of Computer Science at Oxford University as a professorial research fellow and as a fellow of Christ Church , one of the Oxford colleges. From

884-411: Is located. But, because LCSH are not necessarily expressed in natural language, many users may choose to search OPACs by keywords. Moreover, users unfamiliar with OPAC searching and LCSH, may incorrectly assume their library has no items on their desired topic, if they chose to search by 'subject' field, and the terms they entered do not strictly conform to a LCSH. For example, 'body temperature regulation'

952-423: Is often criticised by usage manuals: "Writers sometimes use them not just to vary their vocabularies but to dress them up too much". The word "thesaurus" comes from Latin thēsaurus , which in turn comes from Greek θησαυρός ( thēsauros ) 'treasure, treasury, storehouse'. The word thēsauros is of uncertain etymology. Until the 19th century, a thesaurus was any dictionary or encyclopedia , as in

1020-826: Is used in place of 'thermoregulation'. The easiest way to find and use LCSH is to start with a 'keyword' search and then look at the Subject Headings of a relevant item to locate other related material. Indigenous material classification under LCSH has been criticized by scholars in Indigenous studies and library science for its inaccurate representation of Indigenous identities and works. LCSH has also been faulted for not recognizing Indigenous sovereignty and segregating Indigenous materials in Class E . The majority of Indigenous material are confined to 'E 99---Indian tribes and cultures', strictly separating Indigenous historical material from

1088-727: The Thesaurus Linguae Latinae ( Dictionary of the Latin Language , 1532), and the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae ( Dictionary of the Greek Language , 1572). It was Roget who introduced the meaning "collection of words arranged according to sense", in 1852. In antiquity, Philo of Byblos authored the first text that could now be called a thesaurus. In Sanskrit , the Amarakosha is a thesaurus in verse form, written in

1156-638: The Chapel Royal , St. James's Palace in London. Leith is a Canadian Internet and banking entrepreneur and a founding director of Berners-Lee's World Wide Web Foundation . The couple also collaborate on venture capital to support artificial intelligence companies. Berners-Lee was raised as an Anglican , but he turned away from religion in his youth. After he became a parent, he became a Unitarian Universalist (UU). When asked whether he believes in God, he stated: "Not in

1224-578: The Indian Act , or similar historical legislature. The ambiguous nature of the word also perpetuates a cycle of miscataloguing. On WorldCat , the search terms "Indians---Food" give results on South Asian Cuisine, while "Indian cooking" does not yield any results relating to Indigenous cooking. The compilation, Library of Congress Subject Headings in Jewish Studies, does not have a separate list of generally applicable subdivisions or geographic headings, but

1292-676: The Internet Governance Forum in Berlin, Berners-Lee and the WWWF launched Contract for the Web , a campaign initiative to persuade governments, companies and citizens to commit to nine principles to stop "misuse", with the warning that "if we don't act now – and act together – to prevent the web being misused by those who want to exploit, divide and undermine, we are at risk of squandering [its potential for good]". "He wove

1360-516: The Open Data Institute and is currently an advisor at social network MeWe . In 2004, Berners-Lee was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his pioneering work. He received the 2016 Turing Award "for inventing the World Wide Web, the first web browser, and the fundamental protocols and algorithms allowing the Web to scale". He was named in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of

1428-601: The Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS). Thesauri are used in natural language processing for word-sense disambiguation and text simplification for machine translation systems. Tim Berners-Lee Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee (born 8 June 1955), also known as TimBL , is an English computer scientist best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web , the HTML markup language ,

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1496-532: The URL system, and HTTP . He is a professorial research fellow at the University of Oxford and a professor emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Berners-Lee proposed an information management system on 12 March 1989 and implemented the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and server via the Internet in mid-November. He devised and implemented

1564-607: The 2016 Association for Computing Machinery 's Turing Award for his invention of the World Wide Web, the first web browser, and their fundamental protocols and algorithms. Berners-Lee has said "I like to keep work and personal life separate." Berners-Lee married Nancy Carlson, an American computer programmer, in 1990. She was also working in Switzerland at the World Health Organization . They had two children and divorced in 2011. In 2014, he married Rosemary Leith at

1632-524: The 20th century and has received a number of other accolades for his invention. Berners-Lee was born in London on 8 June 1955, the son of mathematicians and computer scientists Mary Lee Woods (1924–2017) and Conway Berners-Lee (1921–2019). His parents were both from Birmingham and worked on the Ferranti Mark 1 , the first commercially-built computer. He has three younger siblings; his brother, Mike ,

1700-522: The 20th century. Until the 1990s, the LCSH administrators had a strict policy of not changing terms for a subject category. This was enforced to tighten and eliminate the duplication or confusion that might arise if subject headings were changed. As a result, the term 'Afro-American' to describe African-American topics in LCSH was used long after it lost currency and acceptance in the population. In 1996 LCSH decided to allow some alteration of terms to better reflect

1768-439: The 4th century. The study of synonyms became an important theme in 18th-century philosophy, and Condillac wrote, but never published, a dictionary of synonyms. Some early synonym dictionaries include: Roget's Thesaurus , first compiled in 1805 by Peter Mark Roget, and published in 1852, follows John Wilkins ' semantic arrangement of 1668. Unlike earlier synonym dictionaries, it does not include definitions or aim to help

1836-578: The EME specification became a formal W3C recommendation in September 2017. On 30 September 2018, Berners-Lee announced his new open-source startup Inrupt to fuel a commercial ecosystem around the Solid project, which aims to give users more control over their personal data and lets them choose where the data goes, who's allowed to see certain elements and which apps are allowed to see that data. In November 2019, at

1904-754: The East Dorset Heritage Trust, having previously lived in Colehill in Wimborne , East Dorset . In December 2004, he accepted a chair in computer science at the School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton , Hampshire, to work on the Semantic Web . In a Times article in October 2009, Berners-Lee admitted that the initial pair of slashes ("//") in a web address were "unnecessary". He told

1972-823: The Judaica cataloger to identify the subdivisions of Israel that may be applied to Holocaust for example. LCSH representatives worked with staff of the National Library of Canada to create a complementary set of Canadian Subject Headings (CSH) to express the topic content of documents on Canada and Canadian topics. In addition, the Brian Deer Classification System , developed by librarian A. Brian Deer ( Mohawk ) for Aboriginal materials to express First Nations relationships, has been adapted for use in several First Nations libraries in Canada. It has been described as

2040-740: The Prime Minister. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2001 . He was also elected as a member into the American Philosophical Society in 2004 and the National Academy of Engineering in 2007. He has been conferred honorary degrees from a number of universities around the world, including Manchester (his parents worked on the Manchester Mark 1 in the 1940s), Harvard and Yale . In 2012, Berners-Lee

2108-501: The United States since the late 20th century, the LCSH has been criticized for biased organization and description of materials on sexuality. For instance, works about heterosexuality are scarcely labeled as such in LCSH; this suggests that heterosexuality is the norm and only queer sexuality needs a separate classification. The Subject Headings were formerly published in large red volumes (currently ten), which are typically displayed in

Library of Congress Subject Headings - Misplaced Pages Continue

2176-406: The United States use the National Library of Medicine 's Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Historically, given the complicated nature of the United States, its various ethnic groups, and changing society, numerous classification issues have been related to the terms used to identify racial or ethnic groups. The terms used to describe African Americans have changed over time, especially during

2244-438: The Web to empower humanity by launching transformative programs that build local capacity to leverage the Web as a medium for positive change". Berners-Lee is one of the pioneer voices in favour of net neutrality , and has expressed the view that ISPs should supply "connectivity with no strings attached", and should neither control nor monitor the browsing activities of customers without their expressed consent. He advocates

2312-416: The World Wide Web and created a mass medium for the 21st century. The World Wide Web is Berners-Lee's alone. He designed it. He loosed it on the world. And he more than anyone else has fought to keep it open, nonproprietary and free." —Tim Berners-Lee's entry in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century , March 1999. Berners-Lee has received many awards and honours. He

2380-462: The World Wide Web was, and how people could use a browser and set up a web server, as well as how to get started with your own website. On 6 August 1991, Berners-Lee first posted, on Usenet , a public invitation for collaboration with the WorldWideWeb project. In a list of 80 cultural moments that shaped the world, chosen by a panel of 25 eminent scientists, academics, writers and world leaders,

2448-500: The audience. Berners-Lee joined the board of advisors of start-up State.com , based in London. As of May 2012, he is president of the Open Data Institute , which he co-founded with Nigel Shadbolt in 2012. The Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) was launched in October 2013, and Berners-Lee is leading the coalition of public and private organisations that includes Google , Facebook , Intel and Microsoft . The A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable so that access

2516-491: The category ( hyponyms ), e.g. breeds of dogs. Bilingual synonym dictionaries are designed for language learners. One such dictionary gives various French words listed alphabetically, with an English translation and an example of use. Another one is organized taxonomically with examples, translations, and some usage notes. In library and information science , a thesaurus is a kind of controlled vocabulary . A thesaurus can form part of an ontology and be represented in

2584-549: The differences among near-synonyms, as do some modern ones. Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Synonyms is a stand-alone modern English synonym dictionary that does discuss differences. In addition, many general English dictionaries include synonym notes. Several modern synonym dictionaries in French are primarily devoted to discussing the precise demarcations among synonyms. Some include short definitions. Some give illustrative phrases. Some include lists of objects within

2652-458: The distinctions between similar words, with notes on their "connotations and varying shades of meaning". Some synonym dictionaries are primarily concerned with differentiating synonyms by meaning and usage. Usage manuals such as Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage or Garner's Modern English Usage often prescribe appropriate usage of synonyms. Writers sometimes use thesauri to avoid repetition of words – elegant variation – which

2720-570: The first web browser . His software also functioned as an editor (called WorldWideWeb , running on the NeXTSTEP operating system), and the first Web server, CERN HTTPd (short for Hypertext Transfer Protocol daemon ). Berners-Lee published the first web site, which described the project itself, on 20 December 1990; it was available to the Internet from the CERN network. The site provided an explanation of what

2788-594: The first Web browser and Web server and helped foster the Web's subsequent explosive development. He is the founder and director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the continued development of the Web. He co-founded (with Rosemary Leith ) the World Wide Web Foundation . In April 2009, he was elected as Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences . Berners-Lee

Library of Congress Subject Headings - Misplaced Pages Continue

2856-553: The idea that net neutrality is a kind of human network right: "Threats to the Internet, such as companies or governments that interfere with or snoop on Internet traffic, compromise basic human network rights." Berners-Lee participated in an open letter to the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC). He and 20 other Internet pioneers urged the FCC to cancel a vote on 14 December 2017 to uphold net neutrality. The letter

2924-449: The ineffective and inefficient search capability. Subject heading is a human and intellectual endeavor, by which trained professionals apply topic descriptions to items in their collections. Without a uniform standard, each library might choose to categorize the subject matter of their items differently. The widespread use and acceptance of the Library of Congress Subject Headings facilitates

2992-409: The introduction notes that it does include "the generally applicable subdivisions for Jews, Judaism, Hebrew language, and Israel ' The compiler goes on to explain that "some of these subdivisions are based on the pattern headings for ethnic groups, religions, languages , and places " Subdivisions based on pattern headings are interfiled with generally applicable ones (e g Encyclopedias), so it is hard for

3060-494: The invention of the World Wide Web was ranked number one, with the entry stating, "The fastest growing communications medium of all time, the Internet has changed the shape of modern life forever. We can connect with each other instantly, all over the world." In 1994, Berners-Lee founded the W3C at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . It comprised various companies that were willing to create standards and recommendations to improve

3128-646: The list of synonyms under each word. Some designate a principal entry for each concept and cross-reference it. A third system interfiles words and conceptual headings. Francis March 's Thesaurus Dictionary gives for liability : CONTINGENCY, CREDIT–DEBT, DUTY–DERELICTION, LIBERTY–SUBJECTION, MONEY , each of which is a conceptual heading. The CREDIT—DEBT article has multiple subheadings, including Nouns of Agent, Verbs, Verbal Expressions, etc. Under each are listed synonyms with brief definitions, e.g. " Credit. Transference of property on promise of future payment." The conceptual headings are not organized into

3196-476: The mid-2010s, Berners-Lee initially remained neutral on the emerging Encrypted Media Extensions (EME) proposal with its controversial digital rights management (DRM) implications. In March 2017 he felt he had to take a position which was to support the EME proposal. He reasoned EME's virtues whilst noting DRM was inevitable. As W3C director, he went on to approve the finalised specification in July 2017. His stance

3264-462: The needs and access of library users. But, many common terms, or 'natural language' terms, are not used in LCSH. This may limit the ability of users to locate items. Research has increased in Library and Information Science faculties related to identifying and understanding the cultural and gender biases that affect the terms used in LCSH; these may limit or deprive library users access to information stored and disseminated in collections. In 2016 LCSH

3332-531: The newspaper that he easily could have designed web addresses without the slashes. "There you go, it seemed like a good idea at the time," he said in his lighthearted apology. By 2010, he created data.gov.uk alongside Nigel Shadbolt . Commenting on the Ordnance Survey data in April 2010, Berners-Lee said: "The changes signal a wider cultural change in government based on an assumption that information should be in

3400-461: The public domain unless there is a good reason not to—not the other way around." He went on to say: "Greater openness, accountability and transparency in Government will give people greater choice and make it easier for individuals to get more directly involved in issues that matter to them." In November 2009, Berners-Lee launched the World Wide Web Foundation (WWWF) in order to campaign to "advance

3468-501: The quality of the Web. Berners-Lee made his idea available freely, with no patent and no royalties due. The World Wide Web Consortium decided that its standards should be based on royalty-free technology, so that they easily could be adopted by anyone. Berners-Lee participated in Curl Corp's attempt to develop and promote the Curl programming language . In 2001, Berners-Lee became a patron of

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3536-458: The reference sections of research libraries. They also may be accessed online in the Library of Congress Classification Web , a subscription service, or free of charge (as individual records) at Library of Congress Authorities . The Library of Congress adds new headings and revisions to LCSH each month. A web service, lcsh.info , was set up by Ed Summers, a Library of Congress employee, circa April 2008, using SKOS to allow for simple browsing of

3604-399: The rest of U.S History. Most materials on Indigenous art are placed under Class E instead of Class N , leading to the implications that Indigenous art is not serious art. LCSH also fail to represent how Indigenous ways of learning focus heavily on spatial, social and cultural relationships. LCSH use the term " Indian " which is considered inappropriate for scholarly use outside of referencing

3672-466: The same organization, though often with more detail under each Head. Others have made modest changes such as eliminating the four-level taxonomy and adding new heads: one has 1075 Heads in fifteen Classes. Some non-English thesauri have also adopted this model. In addition to its taxonomic organization, the Historical Thesaurus of English (2009) includes the date when each word came to have

3740-452: The standardized language of LCSH to find material. These include systems that allow patrons to informally tag materials in the catalog, book creators and publishers who do their own cataloging, and the incorrect application of LCSH to controversial material. Increasingly, the use of hyperlinked , web-based Online Public Access Catalogues, or OPACs , allow users to hyperlink to a list of similar items displayed by LCSH once one item of interest

3808-561: The subject headings. lcsh.info was shut down by the Library of Congress's order on December 18, 2008. The library science and semantic web communities were dismayed, as expressed by Tim Berners-Lee and Tim Spalding of LibraryThing . After some delay, the Library set up its own web service for LCSH browsing at id.loc.gov in April 2009. Timothy Binga, director of libraries at the Center for Inquiry , notes issues that make it more difficult to use

3876-489: The technology involved in the web, like the hypertext, like the Internet, multifont text objects, had all been designed already. I just had to put them together. It was a step of generalising, going to a higher level of abstraction, thinking about all the documentation systems out there as being possibly part of a larger imaginary documentation system. Berners-Lee wrote his proposal in March 1989 and, in 1990, redistributed it. It then

3944-565: The uniform access to and retrieval of items in libraries across the world; users can use the same search strategy and LCSH thesaurus , if the correct headings have been applied to the item by the library. Some LCSH decisions are achieved by extensive debate and even controversy in the library community. LCSH is the world's most widely used subject vocabulary. Despite LCSH's wide-ranging and comprehensive scope, libraries that deal with more specific types of collections or user communities may use other vocabularies; for example, many medical libraries in

4012-490: The user choose among synonyms. It has been continuously in print since 1852 and remains widely used across the English-speaking world. Roget described his thesaurus in the foreword to the first edition: It is now nearly fifty years since I first projected a system of verbal classification similar to that on which the present work is founded. Conceiving that such a compilation might help to supply my deficiencies, I had, in

4080-560: The word, or words, by which [an] idea may be most fitly and aptly expressed Synonym dictionaries have a long history. The word 'thesaurus' was used in 1852 by Peter Mark Roget for his Roget's Thesaurus . While some works called "thesauri", such as Roget's Thesaurus , group words in a hierarchical hypernymic taxonomy of concepts, others are organised alphabetically or in some other way. Most thesauri do not include definitions, but many dictionaries include listings of synonyms. Some thesauri and dictionary synonym notes characterise

4148-629: The year 1805, completed a classed catalogue of words on a small scale, but on the same principle, and nearly in the same form, as the Thesaurus now published. Roget's original thesaurus was organized into 1000 conceptual Heads (e.g., 806 Debt) organized into a four-level taxonomy . For example, debt is classed under V. ii .iv: Each head includes direct synonyms: Debt, obligation, liability, ...; related concepts: interest, usance, usury; related persons: debtor, debitor, ... defaulter (808); verbs: to be in debt, to owe, ... see Borrow (788); phrases: to run up

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4216-598: Was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in the 2004 New Year Honours "for services to the global development of the Internet", and was invested formally on 16 July 2004. On 13 June 2007, he was appointed to the Order of Merit (OM), an order restricted to 24 living members, plus any honorary members. Bestowing membership of the Order of Merit is within the personal purview of the Sovereign and does not require recommendation by ministers or

4284-455: Was accepted by his manager, Mike Sendall, who called his proposals "vague, but exciting". Robert Cailliau had independently proposed a project to develop a hypertext system at CERN, and joined Berners-Lee as a partner in his efforts to get the web off the ground. They used similar ideas to those underlying the ENQUIRE system to create the World Wide Web , for which Berners-Lee designed and built

4352-453: Was addressed to Senator Roger Wicker , Senator Brian Schatz , Representative Marsha Blackburn and Representative Michael F. Doyle. Berners-Lee was honoured as the "Inventor of the World Wide Web" during the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony , in which he appeared working with a vintage NeXT Computer . He tweeted "This is for everyone" which appeared in LED lights attached to the chairs of

4420-564: Was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires to mark his 80th birthday. In 2013, he was awarded the inaugural Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering . On 4 April 2017, he received

4488-420: Was opposed by some including Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), the anti-DRM campaign Defective by Design and the Free Software Foundation . Varied concerns raised included being not supportive of the Internet's open philosophy against commercial interests and risks of users being forced to use a particular web browser to view specific DRM content. The EFF raised a formal appeal which did not succeed and

4556-425: Was previously a senior researcher and holder of the 3Com founder's chair at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL). He is a director of the Web Science Research Initiative (WSRI) and a member of the advisory board of the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence . In 2011, he was named as a member of the board of trustees of the Ford Foundation . He is a founder and president of

4624-525: Was subject to national news coverage when the Library of Congress decided to revise the heading ' Illegal aliens ', an action opposed by congressional Republicans. Sanford Berman , a notable American science scholar on this subject, has noted the difficulty in finding material on certain topics, such as various denialisms , because the Library of Congress has not yet incorporated the natural language terms for them, for example, climate change denialism , into LCSH. As ideas about human sexuality have changed in

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