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50-455: The vehicle was actively being marketed at the time for countries that want to purchase a wheeled fire support vehicle as an alternative to tracked fire support vehicles at a cheaper price. As of 2020, it is not being marketed by Textron since it was never mass-produced. The LAV-600 was developed as a private venture by Cadillac Gage targeting the export market. The first prototype of the LAV-600

100-525: A contract with US Navy worth $ 84 million to build two new Landing Craft Air Cushion vehicles, LCACs 102 and 103. The craft are part of the Ship to Shore Connector (SSC) program, developed to replace the existing fleet of LCACs. This United States manufacturing company–related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Armored vehicles Military vehicles are commonly armoured (or armored; see spelling differences ) to withstand

150-403: A fixed thickness of armour plate, a projectile striking at an angle must penetrate more armour than one impacting perpendicularly . An angled surface also increases the chance of deflecting a projectile. This can be seen on v-hull designs, which direct the force of an Improvised explosive device or landmine away from the crew compartment, increasing crew survivability . Beginning during

200-551: A hammer, an axe, etc. The plastic provides little in the way of bullet-resistance. The glass, which is much harder than plastic, flattens the bullet and thereby prevents penetration. This type of bullet-resistant glass is usually 70–75 mm (2.8–3.0 in) thick. Bullet-resistant glass constructed of laminated glass layers is built from glass sheets bonded together with polyvinyl butyral , polyurethane or ethylene-vinyl acetate . This type of bullet-resistant glass has been in regular use on combat vehicles since World War II ; it

250-490: A layer two inches thick and backed by half an inch of steel . Plastic armour was highly effective at stopping armour piercing bullets because the hard granite particles would deflect the bullet, which would then lodge between plastic armour and the steel backing plate. Plastic armour could be applied by pouring it into a cavity formed by the steel backing plate and a temporary wooden form. Some main battle tank (MBT) armour utilises polymers, for example polyurethane as used in

300-413: A maximum speed of 100 km/h, and has a range of 600 km. It has a weight of 18,500 kg with a length of 6.30 m, a width of 2.667 m and a height of 2.74 m. Inclusion of low observable technologies for reconnaissance operations are also supported, such as minimization of infrared signatures, acoustic signatures and seismic signatures. A Halon fire detection and suppression system can be used for

350-672: A potential customer. When production of the vehicle was reorganized and placed at New Orleans, its name changed from the V-600 to the LAV-600 in 1994. In 1989, the LAV-600 was reported to be considered by the US military as a candidate for the Armored Gun System program alongside Teledyne Continental AGS, FMC's CCVL and the IKV 91-105. In 1999, the LAV-300 was considered alongside the LAV-600 to be selected for

400-450: A shaped-charge warhead hits, the explosive detonates and pushes the steel plates into the warhead, disrupting the flow of the charge's liquid metal penetrator (usually copper at around 500 degrees Celsius; it can be made to flow like water by sufficient pressure). Traditional "light" ERA is less effective against kinetic penetrators. "Heavy" reactive armour, however, offers better protection. The only example currently in widespread service

450-669: A sort of armour in the form of an aramid composite kevlar bandage around the fan casing or debris containment walls built into the casing of their gas turbine engines to prevent injuries or airframe damage should the fan, compressor, or turbine blades break free. The design and purpose of the vehicle determines the amount of armour plating carried, as the plating is often very heavy and excessive amounts of armour restrict mobility. In order to decrease this problem, some new materials ( nanomaterials ) and material compositions are being researched which include buckypaper , and aluminium foam armour plates. Rolled homogeneous armour

500-548: A type of Reactive armour . These elements are often a laminate consisting of two hard plates (usually high hardness steel) with some low density interlayer material between them. Upon impact, the interlayer swells and moves the plates, disrupting heat 'jets' and possibly degrading kinetic energy projectiles. Behind these elements will be some backing element designed to stop the degraded jet or projectile element, which may be of high hardness steel, or some composite of steel and ceramic or possibly uranium. Soviet main battle tanks from

550-477: A way that each tank component functions as added back-up armour to protect the crew. Outer armour is modular and enables quickly replacing damaged parts. For efficiency, the heaviest armour on an armoured fighting vehicle (AFV) is placed on its front. Tank tactics require the vehicle to always face the likely direction of enemy fire as much as possible, even in defence or withdrawal operations. Sloping and curving armour can both increase its protection. Given

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600-404: A whole, spaced armour can provide significantly increased protection while saving weight. The analogous Whipple shield uses the principle of spaced armour to protect spacecraft from the impacts of very fast micrometeoroids . The impact with the first wall melts or breaks up the incoming particle, causing fragments to be spread over a wider area when striking the subsequent walls. Sloped armour

650-421: Is Russian Kontakt-5 . Explosive reactive armour poses a threat to friendly troops near the vehicle. Non-explosive reactive armour is an advanced spaced armour which uses materials which change their geometry so as to increase protection under the stress of impact. Active protection systems use a sensor to detect an incoming projectile and explosively launch a counter-projectile into its path. Slat armour

700-785: Is a concern, such as personal armour and military aviation . Some notable examples of its use include the USAF A-10 Thunderbolt II and the Soviet/Russian-built Sukhoi Su-25 ground-attack aircraft, utilising a bathtub-shaped titanium enclosure for the pilot, as well as the Soviet/Russian Mil Mi-24 attack helicopter. Because of its high density, depleted uranium can also be used in tank armour, sandwiched between sheets of steel armour plate. For instance, some late-production M1A1HA and M1A2 Abrams tanks built after 1998 have DU reinforcement as part of

750-420: Is a layer of armour-plating outside the hull (watercraft) of warships, typically on battleships , battlecruisers , cruisers and some aircraft carriers . Typically, the belt covers from the deck down someway below the waterline of the ship. If built within the hull, rather than forming the outer hull, it can be fitted at an inclined angle to improve the protection. When struck by a shell or torpedo ,

800-416: Is a material with the appearance and light-transmitting behaviour of standard glass, which offers varying degrees of protection from small arms fire. The polycarbonate layer, usually consisting of products such as Armormax, Makroclear , Cyrolon, Lexan or Tuffak, is often sandwiched between layers of regular glass. The use of plastic in the laminate provides impact-resistance, such as physical assault with

850-456: Is armour that is mounted at a non-vertical and non-horizontal angle, typically on tanks and other armoured fighting vehicles. For a given normal to the surface of the armour, its plate thickness, increasing armour slope improves the armour's level of protection by increasing the thickness measured on a horizontal plane, while for a given area density of the armour the protection can be either increased or reduced by other sloping effects, depending on

900-487: Is common. Civilian armoured cars are also routinely used by security firms to carry money or valuables to reduce the risk of highway robbery or the hijacking of the cargo. Armour may also be used in vehicles to protect from threats other than a deliberate attack. Some spacecraft are equipped with specialised armour to protect them against impacts from micrometeoroids or fragments of space debris . Modern aircraft powered by jet engines usually have them fitted with

950-404: Is designed to protect against anti-tank rocket and missile attacks, where the warhead is a shaped charge . The slats are spaced so that the warhead is either partially deformed before detonating, or the fuzing mechanism is damaged, thereby preventing detonation entirely. As shaped charges rely on very specific structure to create a jet of hot metal, any disruption to this structure greatly reduces

1000-508: Is owned by Textron , and was formed in the merger between Cadillac Gage and Textron Marine in 1994. Today, as Textron Marine & Land Systems it produces: The main office for Textron Marine & Land Systems is located in Slidell, Louisiana . Cadillac Gage, located in Warren, Michigan manufactured many Vietnam War-era military vehicles and artillery pieces: On March 31, 2015, Textron signed

1050-614: Is produced loses its coherence before reaching the main armour and impacting over a broader area. Sometimes the interior surfaces of these hollow cavities are sloped, presenting angles to the anticipated path of the shaped charge's jet in order to further dissipate its power. Taken to the extreme, relatively thin armour plates, metal mesh, or slatted plates , much lighter than fully protective armour, can be attached as side skirts or turret skirts to provide additional protection against such weapons. This can be seen in middle and late-World War II German tanks , as well as many modern AFVs . Taken as

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1100-403: Is strong, hard, and tough (does not shatter when struck with a fast, hard blow). Steel with these characteristics are produced by processing cast steel billets of appropriate size and then rolling them into plates of required thickness. Rolling and forging (hammering the steel when it is red hot) irons out the grain structure in the steel, removing imperfections which would reduce the strength of

1150-570: Is the fact that sloping armour is a more efficient way of covering the necessary equipment since it encloses less volume with less material. The sharpest angles are usually seen on the frontal glacis plate, both as it is the hull side most likely to be hit and because there is more room to slope in the longitudinal direction of a vehicle. Explosive reactive armour , initially developed by German researcher Manfred Held while working in Israel, uses layers of high explosive sandwiched between steel plates. When

1200-455: Is typically about 100–120 mm (3.9–4.7 in) thick and is usually extremely heavy. Newer materials are being developed. One such, aluminium oxynitride , is much lighter but at US$ 10–15 per square inch is much more costly. Ceramic 's precise mechanism for defeating HEAT was uncovered in the 1980s. High speed photography showed that the ceramic material shatters as the HEAT round penetrates,

1250-480: The Cold War , many AFVs have spall liners inside of the armour, designed to protect crew and equipment inside from fragmentation (spalling) released from the impact of enemy shells, especially high-explosive squash head warheads. Spall liners are made of aramids ( Kevlar , Twaron ), UHMWPE ( Dyneema , Spectra Shield ), or similar materials. Appliqué armour, or add-on armour, consists of extra plates mounted onto

1300-760: The T-64 onward utilised composite armour which often consisted of some low density filler between relatively thick steel plates or castings, for example Combination K . For example, the T-64 turret had a layer of ceramic balls and aluminum sandwiched between layers of cast steel armour, whilst some models of the T-72 features a glass filler called "Kvartz". The tank glacis was often a sandwich of steel and some low density filler, either textolite (a fibreglass reinforced polymer) or ceramic plates. Later T-80 and T-72 turrets contained NERA elements, similar to those discussed above. Belt armour

1350-477: The "BDD" appliqué armour applied to modernized T-62 and T-55 . Bulletproof glass is a colloquial term for glass that is particularly resistant to being penetrated when struck by bullets . The industry generally refers to it as bullet-resistant glass or transparent armour . Bullet-resistant glass is usually constructed using a strong but transparent material such as polycarbonate thermoplastic or by using layers of laminated glass . The desired result

1400-570: The "bathtub" for its shape. In addition, the windscreens of larger aircraft are generally made of impact-resistant, laminated materials , even on civilian craft, to prevent damage from bird strikes or other debris. The most heavily armoured vehicles today are the main battle tanks , which are the spearhead of the ground forces, and are designed to withstand anti-tank guided missiles , kinetic energy penetrators , high-explosive anti-tank weapons, NBC threats and in some tanks even steep-trajectory shells. The Israeli Merkava tanks were designed in

1450-682: The Americans. Moreover, there was the Killdozer incident , with the modified bulldozer being armoured with steel and concrete composite, which proved to be highly resistant to small arms. Armour with two or more plates spaced a distance apart, called spaced armour, has been in use since the First World War , where it was used on the Schneider CA1 and Saint-Chamond tanks. Spaced armour can be advantageous in several situations. For example, it can reduce

1500-423: The LAV-300, and also several improved components, including heavier armor, better vision devices and weapons. The vehicle holds a four-person crew, consisting of a driver, loader, gunner and commander. Powered by a turbocharged 6CTA 8.3 diesel engine providing a power output of 275 hp (205 kW), the LAV-600 includes an Allison fully automatic transmission with six forward gears. The vehicle can travel at

1550-501: The US Army's Brigade Combat Team. The M1117 was chosen instead. Due to this, Textron decided to discontinue marketing in 2000. In 2010, Federal Defense Industries announced that they entered into an agreement with Textron Marine & Land Systems in order to provide authorized aftermarket parts, support and other types of assistance for the LAV-600 since FDI maintains a technical library for spare parts. The LAV-600 uses many components of

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1600-472: The armour materials used and the qualities of the projectile hitting it. The increased protection caused by increasing the slope while keeping the plate thickness constant, is due to a proportional increase of area density and thus mass, and thus offers no weight benefit. Therefore, the other possible effects of sloping, such as deflection, deforming and ricochet of a projectile, have been the reasons to apply sloped armour in armoured vehicles design. Another motive

1650-481: The armour plating in the front of the hull and the front of the turret, and there is a program to upgrade the rest (see Chobham armour ). Plastic metal was a type of vehicle armour originally developed for merchant ships by the British Admiralty in 1940. The original composition was described as 50% clean granite of half-inch size, 43% of limestone mineral, and 7% of bitumen . It was typically applied in

1700-411: The belt armour is designed to prevent penetration, by either being too thick for the warhead to penetrate, or sloped to a degree that would deflect either projectile. Often, the main belt armour was supplemented with a torpedo bulkhead spaced several metres behind the main belt, designed to maintain the ship's watertight integrity even if the main belt were penetrated. The air-space between the belt and

1750-413: The effectiveness of kinetic energy penetrators because the interaction with each plate can cause the round to tumble, deflect, deform, or disintegrate. This effect can be enhanced when the armour is sloped . Spaced armour can also offer increased protection against HEAT projectiles. This occurs because the shaped charge warhead can detonate prematurely (at the first surface), so that the metal jet that

1800-564: The effectiveness of the warhead. Slat armour can be defeated by tandem-charge designs such as the RPG-27 and RPG-29 . Electric armour is a recent development in the United Kingdom by the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory . A vehicle is fitted with two thin shells, separated by insulating material. The outer shell holds an enormous electric charge , while the inner shell

1850-484: The front of the hull. The gunner's sight has an Optic-Electronic M36E1 day/night sight, which can be optionally replaced with the M36E1 SIRE day/night sight incorporating an integral laser rangefinder or an unspecified thermal sight. The turret has a traverse arc of 360 degrees. As the auxiliary weapon, it is fitted with a FN M240 machine gun . This can be replaced by a 12.7 mm M2 HB machine gun and another mounted on

1900-494: The highly energetic fragments destroying the geometry of the metal jet generated by the hollow charge , greatly diminishing the penetration. Ceramic layers can also be used as part of composite armour solutions. The high hardness of some ceramic materials serves as a disruptor that shatters and spreads the kinetic energy of projectiles. Composite armour is armour consisting of layers of two or more materials with significantly different physical properties; steel and ceramics are

1950-671: The hull also adds buoyancy . Several wartime vessels had belt armour that was thinner or shallower than was desirable, to speed production and conserve resources. Deck armour on aircraft carriers is usually at the flight deck level, but on some early carriers was at the hangar deck . (See armoured flight deck .) Armour plating is not common on aircraft, which generally rely on their speed and maneuverability to avoid attacks from enemy aircraft and ground fire, rather than trying to resist impacts. Additionally, any armour capable of stopping large-calibre anti-aircraft fire or missile fragments would result in an unacceptable weight penalty. So, only

2000-500: The hull for additional protection against ballistic impacts. Optionally, run-flat inserts can be used on the tires with a central tire pressure system. The LAV-600 features an optional nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) protection system. Cadillac Gage Textron Marine & Land Systems , formerly Cadillac Gage , is an American military contractor that manufactures armored vehicles , turrets, advanced marine craft, surface effects ships, and other weapon systems. It

2050-521: The hull or turret of an AFV. The plates can be made of any material and are designed to be retrofitted to an AFV to withstand weapons that can penetrate the original armour of the vehicle. An advantage of appliqué armour is the possibility to tailor a vehicle's protection level to a specific threat scenario. Vehicle armour is sometimes improvised in the midst of an armed conflict by vehicle crews or individual units. In World War II , British, Canadian and Polish tank crews welded spare strips of tank track to

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2100-759: The hulls of their Sherman tanks. U.S. tank crews often added sand bags in the hull and turrets on Sherman tanks, often in an elaborate cage made of girders. Some Sherman tanks were up-armoured in the field with glacis plates and other armour cut from knocked-out tanks to create Improvised Jumbos , named after the heavily armoured M4A3E2 assault tank. In the Vietnam War , U.S. " gun trucks " were armoured with sandbags and locally fabricated steel armour plate. More recently, U.S. troops in Iraq armoured Humvees and various military transport vehicles with scrap materials: this came to be known as " hillbilly armour " or "haji armour" by

2150-401: The impact of shrapnel , bullets , shells , rockets , and missiles , protecting the personnel inside from enemy fire. Such vehicles include armoured fighting vehicles like tanks , aircraft , and ships . Civilian vehicles may also be armoured. These vehicles include cars used by officials (e.g., presidential limousines ), reporters and others in conflict zones or where violent crime

2200-654: The most common types of material in composite armour. Composite armour was initially developed in the 1940s, although it did not enter service until much later and the early examples are often ignored in the face of newer armour such as Chobham armour . Composite armour's effectiveness depends on its composition and may be effective against kinetic energy penetrators as well as shaped charge munitions ; heavy metals are sometimes included specifically for protection from kinetic energy penetrators. Composite armour used on modern Western and Israeli main battle tanks largely consists of non-explosive reactive armour (NERA) elements -

2250-478: The roof. 16 smoke grenades are carried for Peak Engineering Number 12 smoke grenade launchers mounted on each side of the turret. The hull and turret are of welded cadloy armored steel which provides protection against hits from up to 7.62 mm ammunition and artillery shell splinters. The vehicle's armor can withstand impacts from up to 7.62mm ammunition and offers protection against land mines and fragmentation hand grenades . Armor plates can be fitted on to

2300-468: The steel. Rolling also elongates the grain structure in the steel to form long lines, which enable the stress the steel is placed under when loaded to flow throughout the metal, and not be concentrated in one area. Aluminium is used when light weight is a necessity. It is most commonly used on APCs and armoured cars . While certainly not the strongest metal, it is cheap, lightweight, and tough enough that it can serve as easy armour. Wrought iron

2350-481: The vehicle. The LAV-600 is designed to allow it to be air-transported using C-130 Hercules aircraft. The complete power operated, low recoil force gun turret of the Stingray light tank is used on the LAV-600. This incorporates a BAE Systems RO Defence 105 mm M-68 gun ( L7 ) as the primary weapon of the LAV-600. A computerized fire control system is used for this weapon, with the power operated winch mounted at

2400-615: The vital parts of an aircraft, such as the ejection seat and engines, are usually armoured. This is one area where titanium is used extensively as armour plating. For example, in the American Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II and the Soviet-built Sukhoi Su-25 ground attack aircraft, as well as the Mil Mi-24 Hind ground-attack helicopter, the pilot sits in a titanium enclosure known as

2450-476: Was built in 1985 and development was announced on the same year. It was first known as LAV-300 A1. Gunnery trials carried out with the 105 mm gun were very successful. These trials included firing the gun at all angles of elevation and firing with the turret traversed 90 degrees to the vehicle's centerline, the results of both being satisfactory. Mobility and firepower trials were carried out in late 1988 in Egypt as

2500-529: Was used on ironclad warships . Early European iron armour consisted of 10 to 12.5 cm of wrought iron backed by up to one metre of solid wood . It has since been replaced by steel due to steel being significantly stronger. Titanium has almost twice the density of aluminium, but can have a yield strength similar to high strength steels, giving it a high specific strength . It also has a high specific resilience and specific toughness. So, despite being more expensive, it finds an application in areas where weight

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