82-999: Family name Lõhmus [REDACTED] Origin Language(s) Estonian Meaning Linden Region of origin Estonia Other names Variant form(s) Pärn Lõhmus is a common surname in Estonia (meaning linden ), and may refer to: Aivo Lõhmus [ et ] (1950–2005), writer Ants-Enno Lõhmus (born 1936), Estonian politician Kaire Lõhmus (better known as Kaire Vilgats; born 1976), singer and actress Lembit Lõhmus (born 1947), graphic artist Sven Lõhmus (born 1972), composer, producer and lyricist Uno Lõhmus (born 1952), jurist See also [ edit ] Pärn , more famous Estonian surname meaning Linden [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with
164-583: A 700-year-old T. cordata , is the thickest tree in Slovenia . Next to the 英華殿/Yinghua Temple in the Forbidden City in Beijing , there are two Tilia trees planted by Empress Dowager Li, the biological mother of Wanli Emperor about five hundred years ago. Elm See Elms are deciduous and semi-deciduous trees comprising the genus Ulmus in the family Ulmaceae . They are distributed over most of
246-509: A density of 560 kg/m . It was often used by Germanic tribes for constructing shields. It is a popular wood for model building and for intricate carving. Especially in Germany, it was the classic wood for sculpture from the Middle Ages onwards and is the material for the elaborate altarpieces of Veit Stoss , Tilman Riemenschneider , and many others. In England, it was the favoured medium of
328-639: A distinction in the human mind rather than a measured degree of genetic variation'. Eight species are endemic to North America and three to Europe, but the greatest diversity is in Asia with approximately two dozen species. The oldest fossils of Ulmus are leaves dating Paleocene , found across the Northern Hemisphere. The classification adopted in the List of elm species is largely based on that established by Brummitt. A large number of synonyms have accumulated over
410-661: A few days. They are planted in sandy potting soil at a depth of 1 cm, and germinate in three weeks. Slow-germinating American elm will remain dormant until the second season. Seeds from autumn-flowering elms ripen in the fall and germinate in the spring. Since elms may hybridize within and between species, seed propagation entails a hybridisation risk. In unfavourable seasons, elm seeds are usually sterile. Elms outside their natural range, such as English elm U. minor 'Atinia' , and elms unable to pollinate because pollen sources are genetically identical, are sterile and are propagated by vegetative reproduction . Vegetative reproduction
492-639: A material for drum shells, both to enhance their sound and for their aesthetics. Linden wood is also the material of choice for window blinds and shutters. Real-wood blinds are often made from this lightweight but strong and stable wood, which is well suited to natural and stained finishes. In China, 冻蘑/"dongmo" grows well on decomposing logs of Tilia trees in the old-growth forest ; therefore, people use logs of Tilia trees to cultivate S. edulis and even Black fungus or shiitake mushrooms with excellent results. Currently, "椴木黑木耳/ Tilia -logs-black fungus" or "椴木香菇/ Tilia -logs-shiitake mushrooms" has become
574-492: A pale but richly flavoured monofloral honey . In European and North American herbal medicine, the flowers are also used for herbal teas and tinctures . The flowers are used for herbal tea in the winter in the Balkans. In China, dried Tilia flowers are also used to make tea. In English landscape gardens , avenues of linden trees were fashionable, especially during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Many country houses have
656-565: A petal-like scale among their stamens and the European varieties are devoid of these appendages. All of the Tilia species may be propagated by cuttings and grafting, as well as by seed. They grow rapidly in rich soil, but are subject to the attack of many insects. Tilia is notoriously difficult to propagate from seed unless collected fresh in fall. If allowed to dry, the seeds go into a deep dormancy and take 18 months to germinate. This list comprises
738-468: A result, the population of American elms planted on the Mall and its surrounding areas has remained intact for more than 80 years. Elm wood is valued for its interlocking grain, and consequent resistance to splitting, with significant uses in wagon -wheel hubs, chair seats, and coffins . The bodies of Japanese Taiko drums are often cut from the wood of old elm trees, as the wood's resistance to splitting
820-523: A single variety that possessed of any significant resistance. The first, less aggressive strain of the disease fungus, Ophiostoma ulmi , arrived in Europe from Asia in 1910, and was accidentally introduced to North America in 1928. It was steadily weakened by viruses in Europe and had all but disappeared by the 1940s. However, the disease had a much greater and longer-lasting impact in North America, owing to
902-559: A surviving "lime avenue" or "lime walk", the example at Hatfield House was planted between 1700 and 1730. The fashion was derived from the earlier practice of planting lindens in lines as shade trees in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and northern France. Most of the trees used in British gardens were cultivars propagated by layering in the Netherlands. Linden trees produce soft and easily worked timber, which has very little grain and
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#1733269560321984-476: A term for a method of cultivating black fungus and shiitake mushrooms and "椴木/ Tilia -logs" no longer exclusively refers to Tilia tree wood but also to other woods suitable for black fungus or shiitake mushrooms cultivation. In Russian, "linden-made" (липовый, lipoviy ) is a term for forgery, due to the popularity of the material for making forged seals in the past centuries. Known in the trade as basswood, particularly in North America, its name originates from
1066-445: Is hermaphroditic , having apetalous perfect flowers which are wind-pollinated. Elm leaves are alternate, with simple, single- or, most commonly, doubly serrate margins, usually asymmetric at the base and acuminate at the apex . The fruit is a round wind-dispersed samara flushed with chlorophyll , facilitating photosynthesis before the leaves emerge. The samarae are very light, those of British elms numbering around 50,000 to
1148-599: Is a nationwide trial to assess strengths and weaknesses of the 19 leading cultivars raised in the US over a 10-year period; European cultivars have been excluded. Meanwhile, in Europe, American and European cultivars are being assessed in field trials started in 2000 by the UK charity Butterfly Conservation . The oldest American elm trees in New York City's Central Park were planted in the 1860s by Frederick Law Olmsted , making them among
1230-453: Is also resistant to decay when permanently wet, and hollowed trunks were widely used as water pipes during the medieval period in Europe. Elm was also used as piers in the construction of the original London Bridge , but this resistance to decay in water does not extend to ground contact. The Romans, and more recently the Italians, planted elms in vineyards as supports for vines. Lopped at 3 m,
1312-480: Is also used to produce genetically identical elms (clones). Methods include the winter transplanting of root suckers ; taking hardwood cuttings from vigorous one-year-old shoots in late winter, taking root cuttings in early spring; taking softwood cuttings in early summer; grafting ; ground and air layering ; and micropropagation . A bottom heat of 18 °C and humid conditions are maintained for hard- and softwood cuttings. The transplanting of root suckers remains
1394-458: Is an altered form of Middle English lind , in the 16th century also line , from Old English feminine lind or linde , Proto-Germanic *lindō (cf. Dutch /German Linde, plural Linden ), cognate to Latin lentus "flexible" and Sanskrit latā " liana ". Within Germanic languages , English "lithe" and Dutch /German lind for "lenient, yielding" are from the same root. "Linden" was originally
1476-415: Is basswood, derived from bast , the name for the inner bark (see Uses , below). Teil is an old name for the lime tree. Aphids are attracted by the rich supply of sap, and are in turn often "farmed" by ants for the production of the sap, which the ants collect for their own use, and the result can often be a dripping of excess sap onto the lower branches and leaves, and anything else below. Cars left under
1558-569: Is being paid to trees as sources of energy. In Italy, the Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante is (2012) in the process of releasing to commerce very fast-growing elm cultivars, able to increase in height by more than 2 m (6 ft) per year. Elm bark , cut into strips and boiled, sustained much of the rural population of Norway during the great famine of 1812. The seeds are particularly nutritious, containing 45% crude protein, and less than 7% fibre by dry mass. Elm has been listed as one of
1640-674: Is called "white honey" or "snow honey". Heilongjiang is well-known throughout the country for producing high-quality " Tilia honey": Heilongjiang not only has lush Tilia trees, but also a rare and excellent bee species - " 东北黑蜂/Northeast Black Bee " to collect honey（ Raohe County is the location of the national "东北黑蜂自然保护区/Northeast Black Bee Nature Reserve". It is the only nature reserve for bees in Asia. ). " Tilia honey" mainly comes from Tilia amurensis and Tilia mandshurica . " Tilia honey" and southern " longan honey" and " lychee honey" are called "China's three famous honeys". " Tilia honey", " rape honey" and " black acacia honey " are
1722-401: Is caused by phytoplasmas that infect the phloem (inner bark) of the tree. Infection and death of the phloem effectively girdles the tree and stops the flow of water and nutrients. The disease affects both wild-growing and cultivated trees. Occasionally, cutting the infected tree before the disease completely establishes itself and cleanup and prompt disposal of infected matter has resulted in
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#17332695603211804-415: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Tilia About 30 Tilia is a genus of about 30 species of trees or bushes, native throughout most of the temperate Northern Hemisphere. The tree is known as linden for the European species, and basswood for North American species. In Great Britain and Ireland they are commonly called lime trees , although they are not related to
1886-479: Is highly desired for nailing the skins to them, and a set of three or more is often cut from the same tree. The elm's wood bends well and distorts easily. The often long, straight trunks were favoured as a source of timber for keels in ship construction. Elm is also prized by bowyers ; of the ancient bows found in Europe, a large portion are elm. During the Middle Ages , elm was also used to make longbows if yew
1968-546: Is invariably carried by the female parent. Some of these cultivars, notably those with the Siberian elm ( Ulmus pumila ) in their ancestry, lack the forms for which the iconic American elm and English elm were prized. Moreover, several exported to northwestern Europe have proven unsuited to the maritime climate conditions there, notably because of their intolerance of anoxic conditions resulting from ponding on poorly drained soils in winter. Dutch hybridizations invariably included
2050-491: Is no longer monitored. Sapsucker woodpeckers have a great love of young elm trees. One of the earliest of ornamental elms was the ball-headed graft narvan elm, Ulmus minor 'Umbraculifera' , cultivated from time immemorial in Persia as a shade tree and widely planted in cities through much of south-west and central Asia. From the 18th century to the early 20th century, elms, whether species, hybrids, or cultivars , were among
2132-547: Is not favoured by the vector bark beetles. Thus it becomes colonized and infected only when no other elms are available, a rare situation in western Europe. Research in Spain has suggested that it may be the presence of a triterpene , alnulin , which makes the tree bark unattractive to the beetle species that spread the disease. This possibility, though, has not been conclusively proven. More recently, field elms Ulmus minor highly resistant to DED have been discovered in Spain, and form
2214-476: Is the only known ectomycorrhizal genus in the family Malvaceae . Studies of ectomycorrhizal relations of Tilia species indicate a wide range of fungal symbionts and a preference toward Ascomycota fungal partners. Tilia species are mostly large, deciduous trees, reaching typically 20 to 40 m (65 to 130 ft) tall, with oblique-cordate (heart-shaped) leaves 6 to 20 cm ( 2 + 1 ⁄ 4 to 7 + 3 ⁄ 4 in) across. As with elms ,
2296-458: Is thought to have originated in Asia. The two subspecies have now hybridized in Europe where their ranges have overlapped. The hypothesis that O. novo-ulmi arose from a hybrid of the original O. ulmi and another strain endemic to the Himalayas , Ophiostoma himal-ulmi , is now discredited. No sign indicates the current pandemic is waning, and no evidence has been found of a susceptibility of
2378-580: The Iliad , when the River Scamander , indignant at the sight of so many corpses in his water, overflows and threatens to drown Achilles, the latter grasps a branch of a great elm in an attempt to save himself ("ὁ δὲ πτελέην ἕλε χερσὶν εὐφυέα μεγάλην". The nymphs also planted elms on the tomb in the Thracian Chersonese of "great-hearted Protesilaus " ("μεγάθυμου Πρωτεσιλάου"), the first Greek to fall in
2460-592: The Siberian elm is drought tolerant, in dry countries, new varieties of elm are often root-grafted onto this species. Dutch elm disease (DED) devastated elms throughout Europe and much of North America in the second half of the 20th century. It derives its name "Dutch" from the first description of the disease and its cause in the 1920s by Dutch botanists Bea Schwarz and Christina Johanna Buisman . Owing to its geographical isolation and effective quarantine enforcement, Australia has so far remained unaffected by DED, as have
2542-466: The Southern Hemisphere , notably Australasia . Some individual elms reached great size and age. However, in recent decades, most mature elms of European or North American origin have died from Dutch elm disease , caused by a microfungus dispersed by bark beetles . In response, disease-resistant cultivars have been developed, capable of restoring the elm to forestry and landscaping . The genus
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2624-640: The larvae of some Lepidoptera ; see List of Lepidoptera that feed on Tilia . In Europe, some linden trees reached considerable ages. A coppice of T. cordata in Westonbirt Arboretum in Gloucestershire is estimated to be 2,000 years old. In the courtyard of the Imperial Castle at Nuremberg is a Tilia , which by tradition recounted in 1900, was planted by the Empress Cunigunde ,
2706-455: The pound (454 g ). (Very rarely anomalous samarae occur with more than two wings. ) All species are tolerant of a wide range of soils and pH levels but, with few exceptions, demand good drainage. The elm tree can grow to great height, the American elm in excess of 30 m (100 ft), often with a forked trunk creating a vase profile. There are about 30 to 40 species of Ulmus (elm);
2788-483: The surname Lõhmus . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lõhmus&oldid=1243729716 " Categories : Surnames Estonian-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Short description
2870-467: The 19th century, while in northern Japan Japanese elm ( U. davidiana var. japonica ) was widely planted as a street tree. From about 1850 to 1920, the most prized small ornamental elm in parks and gardens was the 'Camperdown' elm ( U. glabra 'Camperdownii') , a contorted, weeping cultivar of the wych elm grafted on to a nonweeping elm trunk to give a wide, spreading, and weeping fountain shape in large garden spaces. In northern Europe, elms were among
2952-654: The 38 substances that are used to prepare Bach flower remedies , a kind of alternative medicine . Chinese elm ( Ulmus parvifolia ) is a popular choice for bonsai owing to its tolerance of severe pruning. In 1997, a European Union elm project was initiated, its aim to coordinate the conservation of all the elm genetic resources of the member states and, among other things, to assess their resistance to Dutch elm disease. Accordingly, over 300 clones were selected and propagated for testing. Many elm trees of various kinds have attained great size or otherwise become particularly noteworthy. Many artists have admired elms for
3034-673: The American elm ( U. americana ), resulting in the release of DED-resistant clones, notably the cultivars 'Valley Forge' and 'Jefferson' . Much work has also been done into the selection of disease-resistant Asiatic species and cultivars. In 1993, Mariam B. Sticklen and James L. Sherald reported the results of experiments funded by the US National Park Service and conducted at Michigan State University in East Lansing that were designed to apply genetic engineering techniques to
3116-569: The Himalayan elm ( Ulmus wallichiana ) as a source of antifungal genes and have proven more tolerant of wet ground; they should also ultimately reach a greater size. However, the susceptibility of the cultivar 'Lobel', used as a control in Italian trials, to elm yellows has now (2014) raised a question mark over all the Dutch clones. Several highly resistant Ulmus cultivars have been released since 2000 by
3198-645: The Institute of Plant Protection in Florence, most commonly featuring crosses of the Dutch cultivar 'Plantijn' with the Siberian elm to produce resistant trees better adapted to the Mediterranean climate. Elms take many decades to grow to maturity, and as the introduction of these disease-resistant cultivars is relatively recent, their long-term performance and ultimate size and form cannot be predicted with certainty. The National Elm Trial in North America, begun in 2005,
3280-478: The Netherlands in 1928 and continued, uninterrupted by World War II, until 1992. Similar programmes were initiated in North America (1937), Italy (1978) and Spain (1986). Research has followed two paths: In North America, careful selection has produced a number of trees resistant not only to DED, but also to the droughts and cold winters that occur on the continent. Research in the United States has concentrated on
3362-687: The Northern Hemisphere, inhabiting the temperate and tropical - montane regions of North America and Eurasia, presently ranging southward in the Middle East to Lebanon and Israel, and across the Equator in the Far East into Indonesia. Elms are components of many kinds of natural forests . Moreover, during the 19th and early 20th centuries, many species and cultivars were also planted as ornamental street, garden, and park trees in Europe , North America, and parts of
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3444-508: The absence of the predators in their native lands. In Australia, introduced elm trees are sometimes used as food plants by the larvae of hepialid moths of the genus Aenetus . These burrow horizontally into the trunk then vertically down. Circa 2000, the Asian Zig-zag sawfly Aproceros leucopoda appeared in Europe and North America, although in England, its impact has been minimal and it
3526-470: The adjective, "made from linwood or lime-wood" (equivalent to "wooden" or "oaken"); from the late 16th century, "linden" was also used as a noun, probably influenced by translations of German romance, as an adoption of Linden , the plural of Linde in Dutch and German. Neither the name nor the tree is related to Citrus genus species and hybrids that go by the same name, such as Key limes ( Citrus × aurantifolia ). Another common name used in North America
3608-664: The age of three, the infant goddess Artemis practised her newly acquired silver bow and arrows, made for her by Hephaestus and the Cyclopes , by shooting first at an elm, then at an oak, before turning her aim on a wild animal: The first reference in literature to elms occurs in the Iliad . When Eetion , father of Andromache , is killed by Achilles during the Trojan War , the mountain nymphs plant elms on his tomb ("περί δὲ πτελέας ἐφύτευσαν νύμφαι ὀρεστιάδες, κoῦραι Διὸς αἰγιόχoιo"). Also in
3690-451: The ambiguity in number results from difficulty in delineating species, owing to the ease of hybridization between them and the development of local seed-sterile vegetatively propagated microspecies in some areas, mainly in the Ulmus field elm ( Ulmus minor ) group. Oliver Rackham describes Ulmus as the most critical genus in the entire British flora, adding that 'species and varieties are
3772-451: The basis of a major breeding programme. Owing to their innate resistance to DED, Asiatic species have been crossed with European species, or with other Asiatic elms, to produce trees that are both highly resistant to disease and tolerant of native climates. After a number of false dawns in the 1970s, this approach has produced a range of reliable hybrid cultivars now commercially available in North America and Europe. Disease resistance
3854-428: The beetles, invade the xylem or vascular system. The tree responds by producing tyloses , effectively blocking the flow from roots to leaves. Woodland trees in North America are not quite as susceptible to the disease because they usually lack the root grafting of the urban elms and are somewhat more isolated from each other. In France, inoculation with the fungus of over 300 clones of the European species failed to find
3936-412: The burden of disease - one of the major contributors to pollinator decline. A beverage made from dried linden leaves and flowers is brewed and consumed as a folk medicine and relaxant in many Balkan countries, including Serbia and Greece . Usually, the double-flowered species are used to make perfumes. The leaf buds and young leaves are also edible raw. Tilia species are used as food plants by
4018-571: The citrus lime . The genus occurs in Europe and eastern North America, but the greatest species diversity is found in Asia. Under the Cronquist classification system , this genus was placed in the family Tiliaceae , but genetic research summarised by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group has resulted in the incorporation of this genus, and of most of the previous family, into the Fabaceae . Tilia
4100-642: The countryside, the former in northern areas including Scandinavia and northern Britain , the latter further south. The hybrid between these two, Dutch elm ( U. × hollandica ) , occurs naturally and was also commonly planted. In much of England, the English elm later came to dominate the horticultural landscape. Most commonly planted in hedgerows, it sometimes occurred in densities over 1000/km . In south-eastern Australia and New Zealand, large numbers of English and Dutch elms, as well as other species and cultivars, were planted as ornamentals following their introduction in
4182-566: The development of DED-resistant strains of American elm trees. In 2007, A. E. Newhouse and F. Schrodt of the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry in Syracuse reported that young transgenic American elm trees had shown reduced DED symptoms and normal mycorrhizal colonization. In Europe, the European white elm ( U. laevis ) has received much attention. While this elm has little innate resistance to DED, it
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#17332695603214264-511: The ease and grace of their branching and foliage, and have painted them with sensitivity. Elms are a recurring element in the landscapes and studies of, for example, John Constable , Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller , Frederick Childe Hassam , Karel Klinkenberg , and George Inness . In Greek mythology, the nymph Ptelea (Πτελέα, Elm) was one of the eight hamadryads , nymphs of the forest and daughters of Oxylos and Hamadryas. In his Hymn to Artemis , poet Callimachus (third century BC) tells how, at
4346-422: The easiest most and common propagation method for European field elm and its hybrids. For specimen urban elms, grafting to wych-elm rootstock may be used to eliminate suckering or to ensure stronger root growth. The mutant-elm cultivars are usually grafted, the "weeping" elms 'Camperdown' and 'Horizontalis' at 2–3 m (7–10 ft), the dwarf cultivars 'Nana' and 'Jacqueline Hillier' at ground level. Since
4428-451: The elms' quick growth, twiggy lateral branches, light shade, and root suckering made them ideal trees for this purpose. The lopped branches were used for fodder and firewood. Ovid in his Amores characterizes the elm as "loving the vine": ulmus amat vitem, vitis non deserit ulmum (the elm loves the vine, the vine does not desert the elm), and the ancients spoke of the "marriage" between elm and vine . The mucilaginous inner bark of
4510-456: The exact number of species is uncertain, as many of the species can hybridise readily, both in the wild and in cultivation. They are hermaphroditic , having perfect flowers with both male and female parts, pollinated by insects. The Tilia 's sturdy trunk stands like a pillar and the branches divide and subdivide into numerous ramifications on which the twigs are fine and thick. In summer, these are profusely clothed with large leaves and
4592-566: The few trees tolerant of saline deposits from sea spray, which can cause "salt-burning" and die-back. This tolerance made elms reliable both as shelterbelt trees exposed to sea wind, in particular along the coastlines of southern and western Britain and in the Low Countries, and as trees for coastal towns and cities. This belle époque lasted until the First World War , when the elm began its slide into horticultural decline. The impact of
4674-538: The fungus to a disease of its own caused by d-factors : naturally occurring virus-like agents that severely debilitated the original O. ulmi and reduced its sporulation. Elm phloem necrosis (elm yellows) is a disease of elm trees that is spread by leafhoppers or by root grafts. This very aggressive disease, with no known cure, occurs in the Eastern United States , southern Ontario in Canada, and Europe. It
4756-510: The greater susceptibility of the American elm, Ulmus americana , which masked the emergence of the second, far more virulent strain of the disease Ophiostoma novo-ulmi . It appeared in the United States sometime in the 1940s, and was originally believed to be a mutation of O. ulmi . Limited gene flow from O. ulmi to O. novo-ulmi was probably responsible for the creation of the North American subspecies O. novo-ulmi subsp. americana . It
4838-510: The hostilities on Germany , the origin of at least 40 cultivars, coincided with an outbreak of the early strain of DED, Ophiostoma ulmi . The devastation caused by the Second World War , and the demise in 1944 of the huge Späth nursery in Berlin , only accelerated the process. The outbreak of the new, three times more virulent, strain of DED Ophiostoma novo-ulmi in the late 1960s, brought
4920-574: The inner fibrous bark of the tree, known as bast. A strong fibre is obtained from the tree by peeling off the bark and soaking it in water for a month, after which the inner fibres can be easily separated. Bast obtained from the inside of the bark of the Tilia japonica tree has been used by the Ainu people of Japan to weave their traditional clothing, the attus . Excavations in Britain have shown that lime tree fibre
5002-510: The last three centuries; their currently accepted names can be found in the list of Elm synonyms and accepted names . Botanists who study elms and argue over elm identification and classification are called "pteleologists", from the Greek πτελέα (elm). As part of the suborder urticalean rosids , they are distantly related to cannabis , mulberries , figs , hops , and nettles . Elm propagation methods vary according to elm type and location, and
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#17332695603215084-715: The majority of the trees, although several are still lost each year. Younger American elms that have been planted in Central Park since the outbreak are of the DED-resistant 'Princeton' and 'Valley Forge' cultivars. Several rows of American elm trees that the National Park Service (NPS) first planted during the 1930s line much of the 1.9-mile-length (3 km) of the National Mall in Washington, DC. DED first appeared on
5166-437: The most widely accepted species, hybrids, and cultivars. The Latin tilia is cognate to Greek πτελέᾱ, ptelea , " elm tree ", τιλίαι, tiliai , " black poplar " ( Hes. ), ultimately from a Proto-Indo-European word *ptel-ei̯ā with a meaning of "broad" (feminine); perhaps "broad-leaved" or similar. The genus is generally called "lime" or "linden" in Britain and "linden", "lime", or "basswood" in North America. "Lime"
5248-408: The most widely planted ornamental trees in both Europe and North America. They were particularly popular as a street tree in avenue plantings in towns and cities, creating high-tunnelled effects. Their quick growth and variety of foliage and forms, their tolerance of air-pollution, and the comparatively rapid decomposition of their leaf litter in the fall were further advantages. In North America,
5330-641: The oldest stands of American elms in the world. Along the Mall and Literary Walk four lines of American elms stretch over the walkway forming a cathedral-like covering. A part of New York City's urban ecology , the elms improve air and water quality, reduce erosion and flooding, and decrease air temperatures during warm days. While the stand is still vulnerable to DED, in the 1980s the Central Park Conservancy undertook aggressive countermeasures such as heavy pruning and removal of extensively diseased trees. These efforts have largely been successful in saving
5412-547: The pandemic, and a number may survive, or have regenerated, unrecognised. Enthusiasm for the newer clones often remains low owing to the poor performance of earlier, supposedly disease-resistant Dutch trees released in the 1960s and 1970s. In the Netherlands, sales of elm cultivars slumped from over 56,000 in 1989 to just 6,800 in 2004, whilst in the UK , only four of the new American and European releases were commercially available in 2008. Efforts to develop DED-resistant cultivars began in
5494-475: The plant's survival via stump sprouts. Most serious of the elm pests is the elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola , which can decimate foliage, although rarely with fatal results. The beetle was accidentally introduced to North America from Europe. Another unwelcome immigrant to North America is the Japanese beetle Popillia japonica . In both instances, the beetles cause far more damage in North America owing to
5576-434: The plantsman's needs. Native species may be propagated by seed. In their natural setting, native species, such as wych elm and European white elm in central and northern Europe and field elm in southern Europe, set viable seed in "favourable" seasons. Optimal conditions occur after a late warm spring. After pollination, seeds of spring-flowering elms ripen and fall at the start of summer (June); they remain viable for only
5658-402: The provinces of Alberta and British Columbia in western Canada . DED is caused by a micro fungus transmitted by two species of Scolytus elm-bark beetles , which act as vectors . The disease affects all species of elms native to North America and Europe, but many Asiatic species have evolved antifungal genes and are resistant. Fungal spores, introduced into wounds in the tree caused by
5740-412: The result is a dense head of abundant foliage. The leaves of all Tilia species are heart-shaped, and most are asymmetrical. The tiny, pea-like fruit hangs attached to a ribbon-like, greenish-yellow bract whose apparent purpose is to launch the ripened seed clusters just a little beyond the parent tree. The flowers of the European and American Tilia species are similar, except the American ones bear
5822-644: The sculptor Grinling Gibbons (1648–1721). The wood is used in marionette - and puppet -making and -carving. Having a fine, light grain and being comparatively light in weight, it has been used for centuries for this purpose; despite the availability of modern alternatives, it remains one of the main materials used as of 2015 . In China, it was also widely used in carving or furniture, interior decorating, handicrafts, etc. Ease of working and good acoustic properties also make limewood popular for electric and bass guitar bodies and for wind instruments such as recorders . Percussion manufacturers sometimes use Tilia as
5904-587: The slippery elm ( Ulmus rubra ) has long been used as a demulcent , and is still produced commercially for this purpose in the US with approval for sale as a nutritional supplement by the Food and Drug Administration . Elms also have a long history of cultivation for fodder , with the leafy branches cut to feed livestock . The practice continues today in the Himalaya, where it contributes to serious deforestation. As fossil fuel resources diminish, increasing attention
5986-402: The species most commonly planted was the American elm ( U. americana ), which had unique properties that made it ideal for such use - rapid growth, adaptation to a broad range of climates and soils, strong wood, resistance to wind damage, and vase-like growth habit requiring minimal pruning . In Europe, the wych elm ( U. glabra ) and the field elm ( U. minor ) were the most widely planted in
6068-449: The three most productive honeys in China. The dried flowers are mildly sweet and sticky, and the fruit is somewhat sweet and mucilaginous. Linden flower tea has a pleasing taste, due to the aromatic volatile oil found in the flowers. Phytochemicals in the Tilia flowers include flavonoids and tannins with astringent properties. The nectar contains a major secondary metabolite with
6150-452: The tree to its nadir. Since around 1990, the elm has enjoyed a renaissance through the successful development in North America and Europe of cultivars highly resistant to DED. Consequently, the total number of named cultivars, ancient and modern, now exceeds 300, although many of the older clones, possibly over 120, have been lost to cultivation. Some of the latter, however, were by today's standards inadequately described or illustrated before
6232-408: The trees can quickly become coated with a film of the syrup ("honeydew") thus dropped from higher up. The ant/aphid "farming" process does not appear to cause any serious damage to the trees. The linden is recommended as an ornamental tree when a mass of foliage or a deep shade is desired. It produces fragrant and nectar-producing flowers and is an important honey plant for beekeepers, giving rise to
6314-406: The trees during the 1950s and reached a peak in the 1970s. The NPS used a number of methods to control the epidemic , including sanitation , pruning , injecting trees with fungicide , and replanting with DED-resistant cultivars. The NPS combated the disease's local insect vector , the smaller European elm bark beetle ( Scolytus multistriatus ), by trapping and by spraying with insecticides . As
6396-402: The trivial name tiliaside (1-[4-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1,3-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate]-6-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranose) which is transformed in the gut of bumblebees to the aglycone (i.e., the gentiobiose group is cleaved) which is bioactive against a common and debilitating gut parasite of bumblebees, Crithidia bombi . This naturally occurring compound may support bees to manage
6478-514: The wife of Henry II of Germany circa 1000. The Tilia of Neuenstadt am Kocher in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, was estimated at 1000 years old when it fell. The Alte Linde tree of Naters, Switzerland, is mentioned in a document in 1357 and described by the writer at that time as already magnam (large). A plaque at its foot mentions that in 1155, a linden tree was already on this spot. The Najevnik linden tree ( Slovene : Najevska lipa ),
6560-471: Was first recognized in Britain in the early 1970s, believed to have been introduced via a cargo of Canadian rock elm destined for the boatbuilding industry, and rapidly eradicated most of the mature elms from western Europe. A second subspecies, O. novo-ulmi subsp. novo-ulmi , caused similar devastation in Eastern Europe and Central This subspecies, which was introduced to North America, and like O. ulmi ,
6642-477: Was preferred for clothing there during the Bronze Age. The Manchu people in the mountains of Northeast China made ropes, baskets, raincoats, large fishing nets, and guide lines for gunpowder from the bast. Similar fibres obtained from other plants are also called bast: see Bast fibre . Tilia is a high-quality wild honey plant. In China, "椴树蜜/ Tilia honey" is produced in the northeast region. White in color, it
6724-589: Was unavailable. The first written references to elm occur in the Linear B lists of military equipment at Knossos in the Mycenaean period . Several of the chariots are of elm (" πτε-ρε-ϝα ", pte-re-wa ), and the lists twice mention wheels of elmwood. Hesiod says that ploughs in Ancient Greece were also made partly of elm. The density of elm wood varies between species, but averages around 560 kg/m . Elm wood
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