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16-450: A stronghold on Kłodzko's Castle Hill was mentioned for the first time in the Chronicle of Bohemians , written by Cosmas of Prague . Most probably, it was a complex of wooden buildings, protected with a palisade . Kłodzko itself is located along the strategic route between Wrocław and Prague , and its role as a trading point must have been significant since the early Middle Ages . In 1114,

32-472: A Pole and a Russian, managed to escape from the prison (on 23 September 1944). In January and February 1945, many prisoners from other locations, including Katowice , Racibórz , Brzeg and Nysa , were brought to the prison during either death marches or transports, and many were then sent further west to Bautzen . A part of the prison's population was sent in January 1945 to nearby Ząbkowice Śląskie . With

48-567: A son, named Hermann or Zdic, and remained in minor orders . His son later became Bishop of Olomouc . In 1094, he was ordained a deacon , and in 1099, he was ordained a priest at Esztergom , Hungary . His magnum opus , written in Latin , is called Chronica Boemorum . The Chronica is divided into three books: In the later 12th and 13th centuries, Cosmas's continuators brought his history down to 1283. Ludwikowice K%C5%82odzkie Ludwikowice Kłodzkie [ludvikɔˈvit͡sɛ ˈkwɔt͡skʲɛ]

64-528: Is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowa Ruda , within Kłodzko County , Lower Silesian Voivodeship , in south-western Poland. It is situated on the Włodzica River. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north of Nowa Ruda , 24 kilometres (15 mi) north-west of Kłodzko , and 69 kilometres (43 mi) south-west of the regional capital Wrocław . The oldest known mention of

80-501: Is one of the main tourist attractions of the city. Between May and October, it is open from 9:00 to 19:00 and in the winter, it is open from 9:00 to 16:00. From its top, there are views of the Kłodzko Valley. It is also possible to visit the cellars, with a labyrinth of underground corridors, excavated in the 19th century by prisoners of war. The stronghold's complex covers an area of 17 hectares. Its lower walls are 11 meters thick, and

96-693: The Wingless Dragon and the Black Sow to fire upon the walls of Kłodzko and the city surrendered on October 25. In subsequent years the Austrians modernized the fortress and replaced ancient fortifications with up-to-date bastions . In 1742, during the War of the Austrian Succession the city together with its stronghold was conquered by Prussia under Frederick II . The city itself surrendered on January 14, but

112-494: The eastern front . The Germans also carried out executions of prisoners in the fortress, whereas some following their death sentences were executed in Wrocław . 198 prisoners were deported from the prison to various concentration camps , chiefly Gross-Rosen. In 1944, the AEG arms factory with 1,500 Polish forced laborers was relocated from Łódź to the fortress. Presumably only two men,

128-572: The Germanized name Glatz ) under the guard of Heinrich August de la Motte Fouqué was imprisoned a Prussian officer Friedrich von der Trenck . Next year he escaped from the fortress. In the 19th century, the stronghold, which in 1807 was captured by the French Army supported by Bavarian troops became a prison. In early 19th century, due to economic depression, prisoners' earnings in Glatz were so low that

144-402: The administration would send a prisoner every Saturday to beg for help in the city. During the 19th-century Polish national liberation fights , many Polish insurgents and activists were imprisoned in the fortress, including publicist Włodzimierz Adolf Wolniewicz  [ pl ] , historian Wojciech Kętrzyński and priest Augustyn Szamarzewski  [ pl ] . Among prisoners there,

160-619: The court of Prince Ernest of Bavaria , built the Lower Castle. In the 16th century, there were five wells in the castle with the oldest one from 1393. In 1622, during the Thirty Years' War , after the long siege, the fortress was captured by the Austrian Army. The city was besieged in June of that year, but for a long time resisted the attackers. Finally, the Austrians brought in two large cannons -

176-681: The defeat of Germany in the war, the fortress, along with the town, became again part of Poland in 1945. There are several memorials in the fortress, dedicated to its former prisoners, including Polish insurgents of the January Uprising and members of the Polish resistance movement in World War II , Polish historian Wojciech Kętrzyński , Polish forced laborers of the AEG arms factory and Allied POWs of various nationalities. The Kłodzko Fortress looks like it did 200 years ago with little changes, and it

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192-529: The fortress, with 2000 soldiers, held out until April 25, when starvation made further resistance impossible. Out of the initial Austrian garrison of 2000, only 200 survived, "pale as shadows". The Prussians expanded the fortress, making it a defensive one. Major works continued during the Silesian Wars , until 1770, however, the fortress was not fully completed 200 years after the Austrians began to modernize it. in 1745 by Frederick II order at Kłodzko (then under

208-471: The stronghold was captured and destroyed by Bohemian troops under Duke Soběslav , who at the same time reconquered the whole area. In 1129, Soběslav rebuilt the town and placed a castellan there. Some time around 1300, a spacious castle was built on the hill, which became seat of the Kłodzko County. Gradually, the castle grew, a church and a chapel were added and in 1557, Lorenz Krischke , architect at

224-531: The upper walls are around four meters. According to some sources, it is the largest and the best preserved fortress of its kind in Poland. Cosmas of Prague Cosmas of Prague ( Czech : Kosmas Pražský ; Latin : Cosmas Decanus ; c.  1045 – October 21, 1125) was a priest, writer and historian. Between 1075 and 1081, he studied in Liège . After his return to Bohemia, he married Božetěcha with whom he had

240-615: The village comes from 1352, although it certainly existed earlier. Between 1871 and 1945, it was part of Germany . During World War II in 1942, the Germans established a forced labour camp for Jews in the village and a forced labour subcamp of the Nazi prison in Kłodzko . A group of Polish forced laborers were sent to the Nazi prison in Kłodzko for making contact with Jewish forced laborers. In 1944, it

256-913: Was also a British Army captain Bertrand Stewart , who in 1911 was accused of espionage and released in 1913. During World War II , the fortress housed a Nazi prison administered by the Reich Ministry of Justice and Wehrmacht . It housed prisoners of various nationalities, including Allied prisoners of war. The stronghold also housed a subcamp of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp . In 1941–1942, many prisoners were sent to forced labour in various locations, including Ludwikowice Kłodzkie , Sieradz , Kędzierzyn , Hlučín , Blechhammer , Wiener Neustadt , Döllersheim and Moosbierbaum , and in 1942–1943, six FStGA field penal battalions (1, 7, 10, 13, 16, 20) were established in there and afterwards relocated to

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