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44-477: All Finnish fells of over 1,000 meters of height, except for nearby Saana , are situated in the Käsivarsi Wilderness Area. Finland's highest peak Halti , about 1324 masl, is located in northern part of area. Kilpisjärvi-Halti hiking route is 55km long. 800km long Nordkalottleden Trail also goes through the area. Also marked path goes up to Saana. Kilpisjärvi Visitor Centre provides information about

88-611: A protected area in Europe is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Fell A fell (from Old Norse fell , fjall , "mountain" ) is a high and barren landscape feature, such as a mountain or moor -covered hill. The term is most often employed in Fennoscandia , Iceland , the Isle of Man , parts of northern England , and Scotland . The English word "fell" comes from Old Norse fell and fjall (both forms existed). It

132-632: A collective rather than a specific location or specific summit (the "s" in til fjells is an old genitive form remaining only in fixed expressions). According to Ivar Aasen, berg refers to cliffs, bedrock and notable elevations of the surface underpinned by bedrock; berg also refers to the substance of bedrock. For all practical purposes, fjell can be translated as "mountain" and the Norwegian language has no other commonly used word for mountain. In Sweden, fjäll generally refers to any mountain or upland high enough that forest will not naturally survive at

176-427: A physical invitation to interact with the environment around you, but there are many voices that oppose the construction of cairns. Concerns have been raised over the construction of needless cairns. Cairns have been noted to hold cultural significance to indigenous people , the construction of inauthentic cairns by visitors can be seen as an appropriation of indigenous traditions. The concerns arise primely over how

220-594: A process which would help shed further light on local history and facilitate their preservation for posterity. Since Neolithic times, the climate of North Africa has become drier. A reminder of the desertification of the area is provided by megalithic remains, which occur in a great variety of forms and in vast numbers in presently arid and uninhabitable wastelands: cairns ( kerkour ), dolmens and circles like Stonehenge , underground cells excavated in rock, barrows topped with huge slabs, and step pyramid -like mounds. The Biblical place name Gilead (mentioned in

264-463: A stone from the pile. The stones that remained were built into a cairn to honour the dead. Cairns in the region were also put to vital practical use. For example, Dún Aonghasa , an all-stone Iron Age Irish hill fort on Inishmore in the Aran Islands , is still surrounded by small cairns and strategically placed jutting rocks, used collectively as an alternative to defensive earthworks because of

308-399: A stone up from the bottom of a hill to place on a cairn at its top. In such a fashion, cairns would grow ever larger. An old Scottish Gaelic blessing is Cuiridh mi clach air do chàrn , "I'll put a stone on your cairn". In Highland folklore it is recounted that before Highland clans fought in a battle, each man would place a stone in a pile. Those who survived the battle returned and removed

352-566: A survey conducted, 75 participants out of 144 participants stated that they believe in ovoo ceremonies. However, mining and other industrial operations today threaten the ovoos In Hawaii , cairns, called by the Hawaiian word ahu , are still being built today. Though in other cultures, the cairns were typically used as trail markers and sometimes funerary sites, the ancient Hawaiians also used them as altars or security towers. The Hawaiian people are still building these cairns today, using them as

396-468: A word limited to far-Northern dialects of Finnish and Karelian, is a loan from Sami , compare Proto-Sami *tuontër , South Sami doedtere , Northern Sami duottar , Inari Sami tuodâr "uplands, mountains, tundra", Kildin Sami tūndâr , which means "uplands, treeless mountain tract" and is cognate with Finnish tanner "hard ground". From this Sami word, the word " tundra " is borrowed, as well, through

440-619: Is cognate with Danish fjeld , Faroese fjall and fjøll , Icelandic fjall and fell , Norwegian fjell with dialects fjøll , fjødd , fjedd , fjedl , fjill , fil(l) , and fel , and Swedish fjäll , all referring to mountains rising above the alpine tree line . In northern England, especially in the Lake District and in the Pennine Dales , the word "fell" originally referred to an area of uncultivated high ground used as common grazing usually on common land and above

484-819: Is the inuksuk (plural inuksuit), used by the Inuit and other peoples of the Arctic region of North America. The building of cairns for various purposes goes back into prehistory in Eurasia , ranging in size from small rock sculptures to substantial human-made hills of stone (some built on top of larger, natural hills). The latter are often relatively massive Bronze Age or earlier structures which, like kistvaens and dolmens , frequently contain burials; they are comparable to tumuli ( kurgans ), but of stone construction instead of earthworks . Cairn originally could more broadly refer to various types of hills and natural stone piles, but today

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528-527: Is the case with the Seathwaite Fell. In other cases the reverse is true; for instance, the name of Wetherlam , in the Coniston Fells , though understood to refer to the mountain as a whole, strictly speaking refers to the summit; the slopes have names such as Tilberthwaite High Fell, Low Fell and Above Beck Fells. The word "fell" is also used in the names of various breeds of livestock , bred for life on

572-474: Is used exclusively of artificial ones. The word cairn derives from Scots cairn (with the same meaning), in turn from Scottish Gaelic càrn , which is essentially the same as the corresponding words in other native Celtic languages of Britain , Ireland and Brittany , including Welsh carn (and carnedd ), Breton karn , Irish carn , and Cornish karn or carn . Cornwall ( Kernow ) itself may actually be named after

616-559: The Bronze Age , burial cists were sometimes interred into cairns, which would be situated in conspicuous positions, often on the skyline above the village of the deceased. Though most often found in the British Isles, evidence of Bronze Age cists have been found in Mongolia . The stones may have been thought to deter grave robbers and scavengers. Another explanation is that they were to stop

660-465: The Krajina , they are known as gromila . In Portugal, a cairn is called a moledro . In a legend the moledros are enchanted soldiers, and if one stone is taken from the pile and put under a pillow, in the morning a soldier will appear for a brief moment, then will change back to a stone and magically return to the pile. The cairns that mark the place where someone died or cover the graves alongside

704-579: The Russian language . Hills that are over 50 m high, but do not reach the tree line are referred to as vaara , while the general term for hills including hills of 50 m or less is mäki . In place names, however, tunturi , vaara and vuori are used inconsistently, e.g. Rukatunturi is technically a vaara , as it lacks alpine tundra. The term förfjäll (literally "fore-fell") is used in Sweden and Finland to denote mountainous zones lower and less dissected than

748-493: The University of Bergen , Anders Lundeberg, has summed up the problem by stating, "There simply is no fixed and unambiguous definition of fjell ." Ivar Aasen defined fjell as a "tall berg ", primarily referring to a berg that reaches an altitude where trees do not grow, lower berg are referred to as "berg", ås (hill, ridge) or hei (moor, heathland). The fixed expression til fjells refers to mountains (or uplands) as

792-737: The continental United States and Canada, some Indigenous peoples of the Americas have built structures similar to cairns. In some cases, these are general trail markers, and in other cases they mark game-driving "lanes", such as those leading to buffalo jumps . Peoples from some of the Indigenous cultures of arctic North America (i.e. northern Canada, Alaska and Greenland ) have built carefully constructed stone sculptures called inuksuit and inunnguat , which serve as landmarks and directional markers. The oldest of these structures are very old and pre-date contact with Europeans . They are iconic of

836-708: The karst landscape's lack of soil. In February 2020, ancient cairns dated back to 4,500 year-old used to bury the leaders or chieftains of neolithic tribes people were revealed in the Cwmcelyn in Blaenau Gwent by the Aberystruth Archaeological Society. In Scandinavia , cairns have been used for centuries as trail and sea marks, among other purposes, the most notable being the Three-Country Cairn . In Iceland , cairns were often used as markers along

880-415: The modern era , cairns are often raised as landmarks, especially to mark the summits of mountains. Cairns are also used as trail markers . They vary in size from small stone markers to entire artificial hills, and in complexity from loose conical rock piles to elaborate megalithic structures. Cairns may be painted or otherwise decorated, whether for increased visibility or for religious reasons. A variant

924-501: The tree line . Examples can be seen in the lava fields of Volcanoes National Park to mark several hikes. Placed at regular intervals, a series of cairns can be used to indicate a path across stony or barren terrain, even across glaciers . In Acadia National Park , in Maine , the trails are marked by a special type of cairn instituted in the 1890s by Waldron Bates and dubbed Bates cairns. Coastal cairns called sea marks are also common in

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968-740: The Kielder Forest is on the border between the Scottish Borders to the north and the English county of Northumberland to the south. In Norway, fjell , in common usage, is generally interpreted as simply a summit or area of greater altitude than a hill, which leads to a great deal of local variation in what is defined as a fjell . Fjell is mostly used about areas above the forest line . Distinct summits can be referred to as et fjell (a mountain). High plateaus ( vidde landscape) such as Hardangervidda are also regarded as fjell. Professor of geography at

1012-460: The Old Testament books of Genesis , Numbers , Judges and elsewhere) means literally 'a heap of testimony (or evidence)' as does its Aramaic translation Yegar Sahaduta . In modern Hebrew, gal-'ed ( גל-עד ) is the actual word for "cairn". In Genesis 31 the cairn of Gilead was set up as a border demarcation between Jacob and his father-in-law Laban at their last meeting. Starting in

1056-575: The area and routes. Käsivarsi , the Finnish word for arm, refers to the location of the area—in the raised arm of the Maiden of Finland . It is adjacent to Reisa National Park in Norway. Official Website: Nationalparks.fi/kasivarsi Official Website for Kilpisjarvi Visitor Centre This Lapland (Finland) location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to

1100-407: The ashes of a Buddhist saint or lama . A traditional and often decorated, heap-formed cairn called an ovoo is made in Mongolia . It primarily serves religious purposes, and finds use in both Tengriist and Buddhist ceremonies. Ovoos were also often used as landmarks and meeting points in traditional nomadic Mongolian culture . Traditional ceremonies still take place at ovoos today, and in

1144-459: The cairns that dot its landscape, such as Cornwall's highest point, Brown Willy Summit Cairn , a 5 m (16 ft) high and 24 m (79 ft) diameter mound atop Brown Willy hill in Bodmin Moor , an area with many ancient cairns. Burial cairns and other megaliths are the subject of a variety of legends and folklore throughout Britain and Ireland. In Scotland , it is traditional to carry

1188-448: The dead from rising . There remains a Jewish tradition of placing small stones on a person's grave as a token of respect, known as visitation stones , though this is generally to relate the longevity of stone to the eternal nature of the soul and is not usually done in a cairn fashion. Stupas in India and Tibet probably started out in a similar fashion, although they now generally contain

1232-462: The fell proper. However, its more pronounced relief, its often higher amount of plateaux, and its coherent valley systems distinguishes the förfjäll also from the undulating hilly terrain ( bergkullsterräng ) and the plains with residual hills ( bergkullslätt ). Generally, the förfjäll do not surpass 1000 m ASL. As a geomorphic unit, the förfjäll extends across Sweden as a 650 km-long and 40 km to 80 km-broad belt from Dalarna in

1276-581: The focal points for ceremonies honoring their ancestors and spirituality. In South Korea , cairns are quite prevalent, often found along roadsides and trails, up on mountain peaks, and adjacent to Buddhist temples. Hikers frequently add stones to existing cairns trying to get just one more on top of the pile, to bring good luck. This tradition has its roots in the worship of San-shin, or Mountain Spirit, so often still revered in Korean culture. Throughout what today are

1320-411: The intent of visitors creating cairns disrespects traditional practices and attempts at land preservation. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory asks visitors to say “no” to rock piles after a surge in the creation of cairns by visitors. The construction of these rock formations comes at the cost of important geological features that visitors pry rocks off of. The practice is viewed as an act of graffiti on

1364-590: The landscape of the park. The US National Park Service has a set of rules regarding public interaction with cairns found within the boundaries of the park. Falling within the rules set by the Leave No Trace rule, the Park Service has three rules: This guideline is made with the intent of preventing needless cairns created by visitors and preventing the destruction of important trail-marking cairns. [REDACTED]   This article incorporates text from

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1408-500: The northern latitudes, especially in the island-strewn waters of Scandinavia and eastern Canada. They are placed along shores and on islands and islets. Usually painted white for improved offshore visibility, they serve as navigation aids . In Sweden, they are called kummel , in Finland kummeli , in Norway varde , and are indicated in navigation charts and maintained as part of the nautical marking system. Cairns can be seen as

1452-427: The numerous single-file roads or paths that crisscrossed the island; many of these ancient cairns are still standing, although the paths have disappeared. In Norse Greenland , cairns were used as a hunting implement, a game-driving "lane", used to direct reindeer towards a game jump . In the mythology of ancient Greece, cairns were associated with Hermes , the god of overland travel. According to one legend, Hermes

1496-665: The old, highly eroded, gently shaped terrain without glaciers, as found in Finland. They are round inselbergs rising from the otherwise flat surroundings. The tree line can be at a rather low altitude, such as 600 m in Enontekiö, owing to the high latitude. The fells in Finnish Lapland form vestiges of the Karelides mountains, formed two billion years ago. The term tunturi is also generally used to refer to treeless plains at high altitudes in far north regions. The term tunturi , originally

1540-641: The region (an inuksuk even features on the flag of the Canadian far-northeastern territory, Nunavut ). Cairns have been used throughout what is now Latin America , since pre-Columbian times, to mark trails. Even today, in the Andes of South America , the Quechuan peoples build cairns as part of their spiritual and religious traditions. Cairns can be used to mark hiking trails, especially in mountain regions at or above

1584-596: The rest of Great Britain as hillwalking . The word "fell" also enjoys limited use in Scotland; with, for example, the Campsie Fells in central Scotland, to the north-east of Glasgow. One of the most famous examples of the use of the word "fell" in Scotland is Goat Fell , the highest point on the Isle of Arran . Criffel and the nearby Long Fell in Galloway may be seen from the northern Lake District of England. Peel Fell in

1628-556: The roads where in the past people were buried are called Fiéis de Deus . The same name given to the stones was given to the dead whose identity was unknown. Cairns ( taalo ) are a common feature at El Ayo , Haylan , Qa'ableh , Qombo'ul , Heis , Salweyn and Gelweita , among other places. Somaliland in general is home to a lot of such historical settlements and archaeological sites wherein are found numerous ancient ruins and buildings, many of obscure origins. However, many of these old structures have yet to be properly explored,

1672-555: The south to Norrbotten in the north. Cairn A cairn is a human-made pile (or stack) of stones raised for a purpose, usually as a marker or as a burial mound . The word cairn comes from the Scottish Gaelic : càrn [ˈkʰaːrˠn̪ˠ] (plural càirn [ˈkʰaːrˠɲ] ). Cairns have been and are used for a broad variety of purposes. In prehistory , they were raised as markers, as memorials and as burial monuments (some of which contained chambers ). In

1716-529: The summit – there are fine examples on Wild Boar Fell in Mallerstang Dale, Cumbria , and on Nine Standards Rigg just outside Kirkby Stephen , Cumbria. As the most mountainous region of England, the Lake District is the area most closely associated with the sport of fell running , which takes its name from the fells of the district. "Fellwalking" is also the term used locally for the activity known in

1760-488: The timberline. Today, generally, "fell" refers to the mountains and hills of the Lake District and the Pennine Dales. Names that originally referred to grazing areas have been applied to these hilltops. This is the case with Seathwaite Fell , for example, which would be the common grazing land used by the farmers of Seathwaite . The fellgate marks the road from a settlement onto the fell (see photograph for example), as

1804-672: The top, in effect a mountain tundra . Fjäll is primarily used to describe mountains in the Nordic countries, but also more generally to describe mountains shaped by massive ice sheets, primarily in Arctic and subarctic regions. There are however dialectal differences in usage, with comparatively low mountains or plateaus, sometimes tree-covered, in Bohuslän and Västergötland (e.g. Safjällets nationalpark  [ sv ] and Kynnefjäll  [ sv ] ) being referred to as "fjäll", similar to how

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1848-523: The uplands, such as Rough Fell sheep, Fell terriers and Fell ponies . It is also found in many place names across the north of England, often attached to the name of a community; thus the township of Cartmel Fell . In northern England, there is a Lord of the Fells – this ancient aristocratic title being associated with the Lords of Bowland . Groups of cairns are a common feature on many fells, often marking

1892-479: The word is used in Norwegian In Finnish, the mountains characteristic of the region of Lapland are called tunturi (plural: tunturit ), i.e. "fell". A tunturi is a hill high enough that its top is above the tree line and has alpine tundra . In Finnish, the geographical term vuori is used for mountains recently uplifted and with jagged terrain featuring permanent glaciers, while tunturi refers to

1936-455: Was put on trial by Hera for slaying her favorite servant, the monster Argus . All of the other gods acted as a jury, and as a way of declaring their verdict they were given pebbles, and told to throw them at whichever person they deemed to be in the right, Hermes or Hera. Hermes argued so skillfully that he ended up buried under a heap of pebbles, and this was the first cairn. In Croatia , in areas of ancient Dalmatia , such as Herzegovina and

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