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78-569: Kyocera's original product was a ceramic insulator known as a "kelcima" for use in cathode-ray tubes . The company quickly adapted its technologies to produce an expanding range of ceramic components for electronic and structural applications. In the 1960s, as the NASA space program, the birth of Silicon Valley and the advancement of computer technology created demand for semiconductor integrated circuits (ICs), Kyocera developed ceramic semiconductor packages that remain among its core product lines today. In

156-431: A picture tube . CRTs have also been used as memory devices , in which case the screen is not intended to be visible to an observer. The term cathode ray was used to describe electron beams when they were first discovered, before it was understood that what was emitted from the cathode was a beam of electrons. In CRT TVs and computer monitors, the entire front area of the tube is scanned repeatedly and systematically in

234-419: A voltage multiplier for the current delivered by the flyback. For the inner funnel coating, monochrome CRTs use aluminum while color CRTs use aquadag ; Some CRTs may use iron oxide on the inside. On the outside, most CRTs (but not all) use aquadag. Aquadag is an electrically conductive graphite-based paint. In color CRTs, the aquadag is sprayed onto the interior of the funnel whereas historically aquadag

312-455: A CRT and limits its practical size (see § Size ). The funnel and neck glass comprise the remaining 30% and 5% respectively. The glass in the funnel can vary in thickness, to join the thin neck with the thick screen. Chemically or thermally tempered glass may be used to reduce the weight of the CRT glass. The outer conductive coating is connected to ground while the inner conductive coating

390-472: A CRT as a display device. The Braun tube became the foundation of 20th century TV. In 1908, Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton , fellow of the Royal Society (UK), published a letter in the scientific journal Nature , in which he described how "distant electric vision" could be achieved by using a cathode-ray tube (or "Braun" tube) as both a transmitting and receiving device. He expanded on his vision in

468-406: A CRT can be measured by the screen's entire area (or face diagonal ) or alternatively by only its viewable area (or diagonal) that is coated by phosphor and surrounded by black edges. While the viewable area may be rectangular, the edges of the CRT may have a curvature (e.g. black stripe CRTs, first made by Toshiba in 1972) or the edges may be black and truly flat (e.g. Flatron CRTs), or

546-515: A CRT is related to its screen size. Usual deflection angles were 90° for computer monitor CRTs and small CRTs and 110° which was the standard in larger TV CRTs, with 120 or 125° being used in slim CRTs made since 2001–2005 in an attempt to compete with LCD TVs. Over time, deflection angles increased as they became practical, from 50° in 1938 to 110° in 1959, and 125° in the 2000s. 140° deflection CRTs were researched but never commercialized, as convergence problems were never resolved. The size of

624-440: A CRT is usually made up of three parts: A screen/faceplate/panel, a cone/funnel, and a neck. The joined screen, funnel and neck are known as the bulb or envelope. The neck is made from a glass tube while the funnel and screen are made by pouring and then pressing glass into a mold. The glass, known as CRT glass or TV glass, needs special properties to shield against x-rays while providing adequate light transmission in

702-526: A cross hatch pattern. CRT glass used to be made by dedicated companies such as AGC Inc. , O-I Glass , Samsung Corning Precision Materials, Corning Inc. , and Nippon Electric Glass ; others such as Videocon, Sony for the US market and Thomson made their own glass. The funnel and the neck are made of leaded potash-soda glass or lead silicate glass formulation to shield against x-rays generated by high voltage electrons as they decelerate after striking

780-414: A fixed pattern called a raster . In color devices, an image is produced by controlling the intensity of each of three electron beams , one for each additive primary color (red, green, and blue) with a video signal as a reference. In modern CRT monitors and TVs the beams are bent by magnetic deflection , using a deflection yoke . Electrostatic deflection is commonly used in oscilloscopes. The tube

858-543: A light source company called SLD laser. The company innovated a product that uses phosphor to convert blue laser light to produce a broad-spectrum, incoherent, high luminance white light source. Kyocera Document Solutions Corporation manufactures a wide range of printers, MFPs. and toner cartridges which are sold throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Australia and the Americas. Kyocera printing devices are also marketed under

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936-600: A mainstay of display technology for decades, CRT-based computer monitors and TVs are now obsolete . Demand for CRT screens dropped in the late 2000s. Despite efforts from Samsung and LG to make CRTs competitive with their LCD and plasma counterparts, offering slimmer and cheaper models to compete with similarly sized and more expensive LCDs, CRTs eventually became obsolete and were relegated to developing markets and vintage enthusiasts once LCDs fell in price, with their lower bulk, weight and ability to be wall mounted coming as pluses. Some industries still use CRTs because it

1014-426: A metal funnel insulated with polyethylene instead of glass with conductive material. Others had ceramic or blown Pyrex instead of pressed glass funnels. Early CRTs did not have a dedicated anode cap connection; the funnel was the anode connection, so it was live during operation. The funnel is coated on the inside and outside with a conductive coating, making the funnel a capacitor, helping stabilize and filter

1092-464: A sheet of glass and the electrons were accelerated to a nearby sheet of glass with phosphors using an anode voltage. The electrons were not focused, making each subpixel essentially a flood beam CRT. They were never put into mass production as LCD technology was significantly cheaper, eliminating the market for such displays. The last large-scale manufacturer of (in this case, recycled) CRTs, Videocon , ceased in 2015. CRT TVs stopped being made around

1170-666: A speech given in London in 1911 and reported in The Times and the Journal of the Röntgen Society . The first cathode-ray tube to use a hot cathode was developed by John Bertrand Johnson (who gave his name to the term Johnson noise ) and Harry Weiner Weinhart of Western Electric , and became a commercial product in 1922. The introduction of hot cathodes allowed for lower acceleration anode voltages and higher electron beam currents, since

1248-444: A target, such as the phosphor screen or shadow mask of a color CRT. The velocity of the electrons depends on the anode voltage of the CRT; the higher the voltage, the higher the speed. The amount of x-rays emitted by a CRT can also lowered by reducing the brightness of the image. Leaded glass is used because it is inexpensive, while also shielding heavily against x-rays, although some funnels may also contain barium. The screen

1326-500: A tradeoff between the two. It consists of a metal clip that expands on the inside of an anode button that is embedded on the funnel glass of the CRT. The connection is insulated by a silicone suction cup, possibly also using silicone grease to prevent corona discharge . Mindtree Mindtree Limited was an Indian multinational information technology services and consulting company, headquartered in Bangalore . Mindtree

1404-412: A variety of shapes. In 2009 Kyocera sold its Indian R&D Division (Wireless) to Mindtree Limited . In March 2010, Kyocera launched its first Smartphone ( Zio ) since 2001, after focusing on lower cost phones. In March, 2010, Kyocera announced the merger of its two wholly owned subsidiaries: San Diego–based Kyocera Wireless Corp. and Kyocera Communications, Inc. The merged enterprise continued under

1482-412: Is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns , which emit electron beams that are manipulated to display images on a phosphorescent screen. The images may represent electrical waveforms on an oscilloscope , a frame of video on an analog television set (TV), digital raster graphics on a computer monitor , or other phenomena like radar targets. A CRT in a TV is commonly called

1560-444: Is a glass envelope which is heavy, fragile, and long from front screen face to rear end. Its interior must be close to a vacuum to prevent the emitted electrons from colliding with air molecules and scattering before they hit the tube's face. Thus, the interior is evacuated to less than a millionth of atmospheric pressure . As such, handling a CRT carries the risk of violent implosion that can hurl glass at great velocity. The face

1638-440: Is connected using the anode button/cap through a series of capacitors and diodes (a Cockcroft–Walton generator ) to the high voltage flyback transformer ; the inner coating is the anode of the CRT, which, together with an electrode in the electron gun, is also known as the final anode. The inner coating is connected to the electrode using springs. The electrode forms part of a bipotential lens. The capacitors and diodes serve as

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1716-677: Is either too much effort, downtime, and/or cost to replace them, or there is no substitute available; a notable example is the airline industry. Planes such as the Boeing 747-400 and the Airbus A320 used CRT instruments in their glass cockpits instead of mechanical instruments. Airlines such as Lufthansa still use CRT technology, which also uses floppy disks for navigation updates. They are also used in some military equipment for similar reasons. As of 2022 , at least one company manufactures new CRTs for these markets. A popular consumer usage of CRTs

1794-584: Is focused clients on Banking, Capital Markets, Consumer Devices & Electronics, Consumer Packed Goods, Independent Software Vendors, Manufacturing, Insurance, Media & Entertainment, Retail, Semiconductors and the Travel and Hospitality industry. Mindtree's workforce includes thousands of employees who serve as Microsoft Azure outsourced support agents. Mindtree has a total of 35,071 employees as of fiscal year 2022. Its workforce consists of employees from over 80 nationalities working from various offices around

1872-399: Is for retrogaming . Some games are impossible to play without CRT display hardware. Light guns only work on CRTs because they depend on the progressive timing properties of CRTs. Another reason people use CRTs due to the natural blending of these displays. Some games designed for CRT displays exploit this, which allows them to look more aesthetically pleasing on these displays. The body of

1950-506: Is gradually reduced. This means that flat-screen CRTs may not be completely flat on the inside. The glass used in CRTs arrives from the glass factory to the CRT factory as either separate screens and funnels with fused necks, for Color CRTs, or as bulbs made up of a fused screen, funnel and neck. There were several glass formulations for different types of CRTs, that were classified using codes specific to each glass manufacturer. The compositions of

2028-537: Is typically made of thick lead glass or special barium - strontium glass to be shatter-resistant and to block most X-ray emissions. This tube makes up most of the weight of CRT TVs and computer monitors. Since the early 2010s, CRTs have been superseded by flat-panel display technologies such as LCD , plasma display , and OLED displays which are cheaper to manufacture and run, as well as significantly lighter and thinner. Flat-panel displays can also be made in very large sizes whereas 40–45 inches (100–110 cm)

2106-419: Is usually instead made out of a special lead-free silicate glass formulation with barium and strontium to shield against x-rays, as it doesn't brown unlike glass containing lead. Another glass formulation uses 2–3% of lead on the screen. Alternatively zirconium can also be used on the screen in combination with barium, instead of lead. Monochrome CRTs may have a tinted barium-lead glass formulation in both

2184-471: The Aiken tube was invented. It was a CRT in a flat-panel display format with a single electron gun. Deflection was electrostatic and magnetic, but due to patent problems, it was never put into production. It was also envisioned as a head-up display in aircraft. By the time patent issues were solved, RCA had already invested heavily in conventional CRTs. 1968 marked the release of Sony Trinitron brand with

2262-486: The cathode (negative electrode) which could cast shadows on the glowing wall of the tube, indicating the rays were travelling in straight lines. In 1890, Arthur Schuster demonstrated cathode rays could be deflected by electric fields , and William Crookes showed they could be deflected by magnetic fields. In 1897, J. J. Thomson succeeded in measuring the mass-to-charge ratio of cathode rays, showing that they consisted of negatively charged particles smaller than atoms,

2340-575: The BREW 2003 Developers Conference. In 2008, Kyocera acquired Sanyo Mobile , the mobile phone division of Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. , and its associated operations in Japan, the United States and Canada. In April 2009, Kyocera unveiled its EOS concept phone at CTIA , with an OLED and which is powered by kinetic energy from the user. The prototype phone also has a foldable design which is capable of morphing into

2418-421: The CRT cathode wears out due to cathode poisoning before browning becomes apparent. The glass formulation determines the highest possible anode voltage and hence the maximum possible CRT screen size. For color, maximum voltages are often 24–32 kV, while for monochrome it is usually 21 or 24.5 kV, limiting the size of monochrome CRTs to 21 inches, or ~1 kV per inch. The voltage needed depends on

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2496-461: The CRT. In 1954, RCA produced some of the first color CRTs, the 15GP22 CRTs used in the CT-100 , the first color TV set to be mass produced . The first rectangular color CRTs were also made in 1954. However, the first rectangular color CRTs to be offered to the public were made in 1963. One of the challenges that had to be solved to produce the rectangular color CRT was convergence at the corners of

2574-459: The CRT. In 1965, brighter rare earth phosphors began replacing dimmer and cadmium-containing red and green phosphors. Eventually blue phosphors were replaced as well. The size of CRTs increased over time, from 20 inches in 1938, to 21 inches in 1955, 25 inches by 1974, 30 inches by 1980, 35 inches by 1985, and 43 inches by 1989. However, experimental 31 inch CRTs were made as far back as 1938. In 1960,

2652-552: The Copystar name in Americas and under TA Triumph-Adler and Utax names in EMEA (Europe-Middle East-Africa) region. This division is overseen by Aaron Thomas (North American division President), Henry Goode, and Adam Stevens In the past, Kyocera manufactured satellite phones for the Iridium network. Three handsets were released in 1999 including one with an unusual docking station which contained

2730-652: The EMEA (Europe-Middle East-Africa) region. TA Triumph-Adler GmbH is located in Nuremberg, Germany and UTAX GmbH (subsidiary of TA Triumph-Adler) in Norderstedt, Germany. In July 2011, Kyocera's wholly owned Germany-based subsidiary Kyocera Fineceramics GmbH acquired 100% ownership of the shares in Denmark -based industrial cutting tool manufacturing and sales company Unimerco Group A/S. Unimerco had been founded in Denmark in 1964. Today,

2808-537: The Iridium transceiver and antenna, as well as a pager for the Iridium network. Kyocera manufactures mobile phones for wireless carriers in the United States and Canada. Marketing is done by its subsidiary Kyocera International, Inc. Kyocera acquired the terminal business of US digital communications technology company Qualcomm in February 2000, and became a major supplier of mobile handsets. In 2008, Kyocera also took over

2886-468: The Kyocera, Yashica and Contax trade names until 2005, when the company discontinued all film and digital camera production. In the 1980s, Kyocera marketed audio components, such as CD players , receivers , turntables , and cassette decks . These featured unique elements, including Kyocera ceramic-based platforms. At one time, Kyocera owned the famous KLH brand founded by Henry Kloss , though Kloss and

2964-766: The United States called HORIZON (stylized in all capital letters and designated by year: e.g. HORIZON '98). The program's purpose was to acquaint these students with the Japanese people and their culture, and to facilitate friendship and understanding. The program was open to students ages 10–14; applicants were chosen randomly. The brand Mita was the first main sponsor of the Argentinian team Atlético Independiente , from 1985 to 1992. Mita also sponsored English club Aston Villa F.C. , appearing on shirt fronts from 1984 to 1993. Between 2005 and 2008, Kyocera also sponsored Reading F.C. and Brazilian football team Atlético Paranaense , having

3042-408: The anode now only accelerated the electrons emitted by the hot cathode, and no longer had to have a very high voltage to induce electron emission from the cold cathode. In 1926, Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated a CRT TV receiver with a mechanical video camera that received images with a 40-line resolution. By 1927, he improved the resolution to 100 lines, which was unrivaled until 1931. By 1928, he

3120-441: The anode voltage of the CRT, and significantly reducing the amount of time needed to turn on a CRT. The stability provided by the coating solved problems inherent to early power supply designs, as they used vacuum tubes. Because the funnel is used as a capacitor, the glass used in the funnel must be an excellent electrical insulator ( dielectric ). The inner coating has a positive voltage (the anode voltage that can be several kV) while

3198-408: The center of the screen with a 546 nm wavelength light, and a 10.16mm thick screen. Transmittance goes down with increasing thickness. Standard transmittances for Color CRT screens are 86%, 73%, 57%, 46%, 42% and 30%. Lower transmittances are used to improve image contrast but they put more stress on the electron gun, requiring more power on the electron gun for a higher electron beam power to light

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3276-640: The company to create Kyocera Solar Corporation in Japan in 1996, and Kyocera Solar, Inc. in the U.S. in 1999. On August 4, 1999, Kyocera completed its merger with solar energy systems integrator Golden Genesis Company (Nasdaq:GGGO). In January 2000, Kyocera acquired photocopier manufacturer Mita Industrial Company, following Mita's decline and bankruptcy in the late 1990s. This resulted in the creation of Kyocera Mita Corporation (now Kyocera Document Solutions Corporation), headquartered in Osaka, Japan, with subsidiaries in more than 25 nations. Also in 2000, Kyocera acquired

3354-499: The first " subatomic particles ", which had already been named electrons by Irish physicist George Johnstone Stoney in 1891. The earliest version of the CRT was known as the "Braun tube", invented by the German physicist Ferdinand Braun in 1897. It was a cold-cathode diode , a modification of the Crookes tube with a phosphor -coated screen. Braun was the first to conceive the use of

3432-651: The first CRT with HD resolution, the Sony KW-3600HD, was released to the market. It is considered to be "historical material" by Japan's national museum. The Sony KWP-5500HD, an HD CRT projection TV, was released in 1992. In the mid-1990s, some 160 million CRTs were made per year. In the mid-2000s, Canon and Sony presented the surface-conduction electron-emitter display and field-emission displays , respectively. They both were flat-panel displays that had one (SED) or several (FED) electron emitters per subpixel in place of electron guns. The electron emitters were placed on

3510-467: The first CRTs to last 1,000  hours of use, which was one of the factors that led to the widespread adoption of TV. The first commercially made electronic TV sets with cathode-ray tubes were manufactured by Telefunken in Germany in 1934. In 1947, the cathode-ray tube amusement device , the earliest known interactive electronic game as well as the first to incorporate a cathode-ray tube screen,

3588-415: The first manufacturers to stop CRT production was Hitachi in 2001, followed by Sony in Japan in 2004, Flat-panel displays dropped in price and started significantly displacing cathode-ray tubes in the 2000s. LCD monitor sales began exceeding those of CRTs in 2003–2004 and LCD TV sales started exceeding those of CRTs in some markets in 2005. Samsung SDI stopped CRT production in 2012. Despite being

3666-401: The furnace, to allow production of CRTs of several sizes. Only the glass used on the screen needs to have precise optical properties. The optical properties of the glass used on the screen affect color reproduction and purity in color CRTs. Transmittance, or how transparent the glass is, may be adjusted to be more transparent to certain colors (wavelengths) of light. Transmittance is measured at

3744-455: The globe. Out of its total workforce, 95% are software professionals and remaining 5% work in support and sales. Mindtree Foundation is a unit of Mindtree that works towards improving the lives of people with disabilities and the enhancement in the quality of primary education. Mindtree Foundation was incorporated on 20 November 2007, under section 25 of Companies Act. Mindtree's employees, assistive technologies and associations with NGOs led to

3822-466: The handset business of Sanyo , eventually forming 'Kyocera Communications, Inc.'. The Kyocera Communications terminal division is located in San Diego . Kyocera Corporation manufactures and markets phones for the Japanese market which are sold under different brands. Kyocera makes phones for some Japanese wireless carriers including au , willcom , SoftBank and Y!mobile . In May 2012, Kyocera released

3900-546: The largest conglomerates in India, took over control of Mindtree in June 2019 and currently has a 61.08% stake in the company. L&T's takeover of Mindtree was described at the time as the first hostile takeover in the Indian IT industry . In March 2020, Mindtree announced the appointment of Dayapatra Nevatia as COO with immediate effect. He joins the company from Accenture where he was

3978-759: The managing director as well as the director for delivery for advanced technology centers in India . In May 2022, L&T announced that Mindtree will be merged into Larsen & Toubro Infotech (LTI). The merger was completed in November 2022 and the combined entity was named LTIMindtree . Mindtree works in Application Development and Maintenance, Data Analytics, Digital Services, Enterprise Application Integration and Business Process Management , Engineering R&D, Enterprise Application Services, Testing, and Infrastructure Management Services. Mindtree's business

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4056-489: The melts were also specific to each manufacturer. Those optimized for high color purity and contrast were doped with Neodymium, while those for monochrome CRTs were tinted to differing levels, depending on the formulation used and had transmittances of 42% or 30%. Purity is ensuring that the correct colors are activated (for example, ensuring that red is displayed uniformly across the screen) while convergence ensures that images are not distorted. Convergence may be modified using

4134-689: The mid-1970s, Kyocera began expanding its material technologies to produce a diverse range of applied ceramic products, including solar photovoltaic modules; biocompatible tooth- and joint-replacement systems; industrial cutting tools; consumer ceramics, such as ceramic-bladed kitchen knives and ceramic-tipped ballpoint pens; and lab-grown gemstones, including rubies , emeralds , sapphires , opals , alexandrites and padparadschahs . The company acquired electronic equipment manufacturing and radio communication technologies in 1979 through an investment in Cybernet Electronics Corporation, which

4212-542: The mobile phone manufacturing operations of Qualcomm Incorporated to form Kyocera Wireless Corp. In 2003, Kyocera Wireless Corp. established Kyocera Wireless India (KWI), a mobile phone subsidiary in Bangalore. KWI has established alliances with several leading players providing CDMA services in India. Kyocera Wireless Corporation was the first to combine BREW capabilities and enhanced brilliant Color displays on entry-level CDMA Handsets, when it demonstrated BREW-enabled handsets at

4290-589: The model KV-1310, which was based on Aperture Grille technology. It was acclaimed to have improved the output brightness. The Trinitron screen was identical with its upright cylindrical shape due to its unique triple cathode single gun construction. In 1987, flat-screen CRTs were developed by Zenith for computer monitors, reducing reflections and helping increase image contrast and brightness. Such CRTs were expensive, which limited their use to computer monitors. Attempts were made to produce flat-screen CRTs using inexpensive and widely available float glass . In 1990,

4368-621: The name Kyocera Advanced Ceramics. Kyocera's headquarters building in Kyoto is 95 metres (312 ft) tall. A 1,900-panel photovoltaic power system is on the roof and south wall of the building, which can supply 12.5% of the facility's needed energy, generating 182 megawatt hours per year. Between 1978 and 1998, Kyocera and the International Affairs Board of the City of San Diego sponsored an all-expense paid tour of Japan for students from

4446-560: The name Kyocera Communications, Inc. Later that month, Kyocera agreed to acquire part of the thin film transistor (TFT) liquid crystal display (LCD) design and manufacturing business of Sony Corporation's subsidiary Sony Mobile Display Corporation. In October 2010, Kyocera acquired 100% ownership of the shares of TA Triumph-Adler AG (Nuremberg, Germany) and converted the daughter company into TA Triumph-Adler GmbH. TA Triumph-Adler GmbH currently distributes Kyocera-made printing devices and software with TA Triumph-Adler and UTAX trademarks within

4524-712: The naming rights of their stadium . Kyocera is currently the sponsor of the football club Kyoto Sanga F.C. of the J-League (its hometown team; here the word "Kyocera" is written in Japanese katakana , everywhere else in the Latinized logo). Kyocera holds the naming rights for the Kyocera Dome Osaka , colloquially known as Osaka Dome. The indoor dome is the home field of the baseball teams Orix Buffaloes and Hanshin Tigers . Cathode-ray tube A cathode-ray tube ( CRT )

4602-623: The original Cambridge design and engineering staff had left the company by the time of the Kyocera purchase. In 1989, Kyocera stopped production of audio components and sought a buyer for the KLH brand. In 1989, Kyocera acquired Elco Corporation, a manufacturer of electronic connectors. In 1990, Kyocera's global operations expanded significantly with the addition of AVX Corporation , a global manufacturer of passive electronic components , such as ceramic chip capacitors, filters and voltage suppressors. Expanding sales of photovoltaic solar energy products led

4680-530: The outer coating is connected to ground. CRTs powered by more modern power supplies do not need to be connected to ground , due to the more robust design of modern power supplies. The value of the capacitor formed by the funnel is 5–10  nF , although at the voltage the anode is normally supplied with. The capacitor formed by the funnel can also suffer from dielectric absorption , similarly to other types of capacitors. Because of this CRTs have to be discharged before handling to prevent injury. The depth of

4758-443: The phosphors more brightly to compensate for the reduced transmittance. The transmittance must be uniform across the screen to ensure color purity. The radius (curvature) of screens has increased (grown less curved) over time, from 30 to 68 inches, ultimately evolving into completely flat screens, reducing reflections. The thickness of both curved and flat screens gradually increases from the center outwards, and with it, transmittance

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4836-674: The same time. In 2012, Samsung SDI and several other major companies were fined by the European Commission for price fixing of TV cathode-ray tubes. The same occurred in 2015 in the US and in Canada in 2018. Worldwide sales of CRT computer monitors peaked in 2000, at 90 million units, while those of CRT TVs peaked in 2005 at 130 million units. Beginning in the late 1990s to the early 2000s, CRTs began to be replaced with LCDs, starting first with computer monitors smaller than 15 inches in size, largely because of their lower bulk. Among

4914-406: The screen and funnel, with a potash-soda lead glass in the neck; the potash-soda and barium-lead formulations have different thermal expansion coefficients. The glass used in the neck must be an excellent electrical insulator to contain the voltages used in the electron optics of the electron gun, such as focusing lenses. The lead in the glass causes it to brown (darken) with use due to x-rays, usually

4992-427: The screen may contain 12% of barium oxide , and 12% of strontium oxide . A typical CRT contains several kilograms of lead as lead oxide in the glass depending on its size; 12 inch CRTs contain 0.5 kg of lead in total while 32 inch CRTs contain up to 3 kg. Strontium oxide began being used in CRTs, its major application, in the 1970s. Before this, CRTs used lead on the faceplate. Some early CRTs used

5070-449: The screen or being very electrically insulating in the funnel and neck. The formulation that gives the glass its properties is also known as the melt. The glass is of very high quality, being almost contaminant and defect free. Most of the costs associated with glass production come from the energy used to melt the raw materials into glass. Glass furnaces for CRT glass production have several taps to allow molds to be replaced without stopping

5148-444: The size and type of CRT. Since the formulations are different, they must be compatible with one another, having similar thermal expansion coefficients. The screen may also have an anti-glare or anti-reflective coating, or be ground to prevent reflections. CRTs may also have an anti-static coating. The leaded glass in the funnels of CRTs may contain 21–25% of lead oxide (PbO), The neck may contain 30–40% of lead oxide, and

5226-474: The subsidiary is known as Kyocera Unimerco A/S, and comprises a tooling division and fastening division. In February 2012, Kyocera became the total stock holder of Optrex Corporation, which was subsequently renamed Kyocera Display Corporation. In March 2016, Kyocera acquired an international cutting tool company called SGS Tool Company for $ 89 million. In August 2017, Kyocera acquired 100% ownership of Senco Industrial Tools. In November, 2020, Kyocera acquired

5304-457: The viewable area may follow the curvature of the edges of the CRT (with or without black edges or curved edges). Small CRTs below 3 inches were made for handheld TVs such as the MTV-1 and viewfinders in camcorders. In these, there may be no black edges, that are however truly flat. Most of the weight of a CRT comes from the thick glass screen, which comprises 65% of the total weight of

5382-483: The world's first speaker-less smartphone, the Kyocera Urbano Progresso. This phone produces vibration to conduct sound through the ear canal instead of the customary speaker, making it easier to hear phone conversations in busy and noisy places. This also benefits those who are having difficulty hearing, but are not totally deaf. It could be used across the world on CDMA, GSM, GPRS and UMTS networks. This phone

5460-539: Was about the largest size of a CRT. A CRT works by electrically heating a tungsten coil which in turn heats a cathode in the rear of the CRT, causing it to emit electrons which are modulated and focused by electrodes. The electrons are steered by deflection coils or plates, and an anode accelerates them towards the phosphor -coated screen, which generates light when hit by the electrons. Cathode rays were discovered by Julius Plücker and Johann Wilhelm Hittorf . Hittorf observed that some unknown rays were emitted from

5538-509: Was acquired by Larsen & Toubro in 2019, before being merged with L&T Infotech (LTI) in 2022 to form LTIMindtree . The company had business interests in e-commerce , mobile applications , cloud computing , digital transformation , data analytics , testing, enterprise application integration , and enterprise resource planning . Mindtree had more than 307 active clients and 43 offices in over 18 countries, as of 31 March 2019. In August 1999, Mindtree Consulting Private Limited

5616-421: Was created. From 1949 to the early 1960s, there was a shift from circular CRTs to rectangular CRTs, although the first rectangular CRTs were made in 1938 by Telefunken. While circular CRTs were the norm, European TV sets often blocked portions of the screen to make it appear somewhat rectangular while American sets often left the entire front of the CRT exposed or only blocked the upper and lower portions of

5694-713: Was founded by ten IT professionals, three of which invested through an entity incorporated in Mauritius . It was funded by the venture capital firms Walden International and Sivan Securities and received further funding in 2001 from the Capital Group and Franklin Templeton . It became a public company on 12 December 2006, and was listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange . Its IPO debuted on 9 February 2007, and closed on 14 February 2007. The IPO

5772-485: Was merged into Kyocera in 1982. Shortly afterward, Kyocera introduced one of the first portable, battery-powered laptop computers, sold in the U.S. as the Tandy Model 100 , which featured an LCD screen and telephone-modem data transfer capability. Kyocera gained optical technology by acquiring Yashica in 1983, along with Yashica's prior licensing agreement with Carl Zeiss , and manufactured film and digital cameras under

5850-554: Was only available in Japan. Kyocera maintains production bases for photovoltaic cells and solar modules in Japan and China. In 2009, it was announced that Kyocera's solar modules were available as on option on the Toyota Prius . The company also operates solar power plants, such as the Kagoshima Nanatsujima Mega Solar Power Plant . Kyocera sells ceramic knives via its web store and retail outlets under

5928-518: Was oversubscribed by more than a hundred times. Mindtree announced a new brand identity and logo, with the slogan "Welcome to possible" on 28 September 2012. In 2012, Mindtree set up its first U.S. delivery center (USDC) in Gainesville , Florida , under the leadership of Scott Staples, co-founder and Global Head of Sales. As of 2017, the company has 43 offices in over 17 countries. Larsen & Toubro (L&T), an infrastructure major and one of

6006-428: Was painted into the interior of monochrome CRTs. The anode is used to accelerate the electrons towards the screen and also collects the secondary electrons that are emitted by the phosphor particles in the vacuum of the CRT. The anode cap connection in modern CRTs must be able to handle up to 55–60kV depending on the size and brightness of the CRT. Higher voltages allow for larger CRTs, higher image brightness, or

6084-425: Was the first to transmit human faces in half-tones on a CRT display. In 1927, Philo Farnsworth created a TV prototype. The CRT was named in 1929 by inventor Vladimir K. Zworykin . He was subsequently hired by RCA , which was granted a trademark for the term "Kinescope", RCA's term for a CRT, in 1932; it voluntarily released the term to the public domain in 1950. In the 1930s, Allen B. DuMont made

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