Kurume Domain ( 久留米藩 , Kurume-han ) was a Japanese domain of the Edo period . It was associated with Chikugo Province in modern-day Fukuoka Prefecture on the island of Kyushu .
78-448: Following Toyotomi Hideyoshi 's conquest of Kyushu of 1586-1587, he assigned Kobayakawa Hidekane a fief of 75,000 koku in three counties of Chikugo Province and renovated Kurume Castle to be his stronghold. Due to his service in the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) , his holdings were increased to 130,000 koku . However, as he sided with the pro-Toyotomi Western Army during
156-872: A political movement in Japan in the 1850s and 1860s, during the Bakumatsu period. Based on Neo-Confucianism and Japanese nativism , the movement sought to overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate and restore the power of the Emperor of Japan . Sonnō jōi is the Japanese reading of the Chinese idiom Zunwang Rangyi ( 尊王攘夷 ; lit. "Revere the King, Expel the Barbarians"). During the Spring and Autumn period of China, Chancellor Guan Zhong of Qi initiated
234-961: A sword hunt to confiscate arms. The swords were melted down to create a statue of the Buddha . This measure effectively stopped peasant revolts, and ensured greater stability at the expense of freedom of the individual daimyō . In 1590, Hideyoshi carried out the Odawara Campaign against the Hōjō clan in the Kantō region . This was the first battle that involved the alliance between Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu . Hideyoshi's army of 220,000 men surrounded Odawara Castle and its 82,000-strong Hōjō garrison, in what has been called "the most unconventional siege lines in samurai history". The samurai were entertained by everything from concubines, prostitutes, and musicians to acrobats , fire-eaters, and jugglers . The defenders slept on
312-565: A Western-style warship. However, in 1868, the Sonnō-jōi faction was restored when word was received of the defeat of Tokugawa forces at the Battle of Toba-Fushimi and in the domain became an enthusiastic supporter of the new government in the Boshin War . However, there was considerably much less support for ending Japan's national isolation policy and the domain's samurai were important players in both
390-566: A campaign against Shimonoseki, overrunning the meager defences and briefly occupying the region. While this incident showed that Japan was no match for Western military powers, it also served to further weaken the Shogunate, permitting the rebel provinces to ally and overthrow it, bringing about the Meiji Restoration . The slogan itself was never actually a government or rebel policy; for all its rhetoric, Satsuma in particular had close ties with
468-500: A claimant to daimyo of the Nanbu clan , launched a rebellion against his rival Nanbu Nobunao which spread across Mutsu Province. Nobunao was backed by Hideyoshi, who along with sent a large army into the Tōhoku region in mid-1591 which quickly defeated the rebels. Hideyoshi's army arrived at Kunohe Castle in early September. Masazane, outnumbered, surrendered Kunohe Castle and was executed with
546-554: A final assault. While Hideyoshi's battle at Sacheon led by Shimazu Yoshihiro was a major Japanese victory, all three parties to the war were exhausted. He told his commander in Korea, "Don't let my soldiers become spirits in a foreign land.". Toyotomi Hideyoshi died at Fushimi Castle on September 18, 1598 ( Keichō 3, 18th day of the 8th month). His last words, delivered to his closest daimyō and generals, were "I depend upon you for everything. I have no other thoughts to leave behind. It
624-471: A governmental system that balanced out the most powerful Japanese warlords (or daimyō ). A council was created to include the most influential lords. At the same time, a regent was designated to be in command. Sonn%C5%8D-j%C5%8Di Sonnō jōi ( 尊 王 攘 夷 , "revere the Emperor, expel the barbarians") was a yojijukugo (four-character compound) phrase used as the rallying cry and slogan of
702-559: A heavy blow. Ieyasu and Hideyoshi never fought against each other in person, but the former managed to check the advance of the latter's allies. After Hideyoshi and Ieyasu heard the news of Ikeda Tsuneoki and Mori Nagayoshi 's deaths, both withdrew their troops. Later, Hideyoshi made peace with Nobukatsu and Ieyasu, ending the pretext for war between the Tokugawa and Hashiba clans. Hideyoshi sent his younger sister Asahi no kata and mother Ōmandokoro to Tokugawa Ieyasu as hostages. Like Oda Nobunaga before him, Hideyoshi never achieved
780-603: A long relationship with tea master Sen no Rikyū , which eventually soured leading to Hideyoshi ordering Sen no Rikyū to commit suicide. The exact reason is disputed. Inspired by the dazzling Golden Pavilion in Kyoto , he had the Golden Tea Room constructed, which was covered with gold leaf and lined inside with red gossamer. Using this mobile innovation, he was able to practice the tea ceremony wherever he went, displaying his power and status at all times. Politically, he set up
858-465: A policy known as Zunwang Rangyi , in reference to the Zhou kings . Adopting and adhering to it, Duke Huan of Qi assembled the Chinese feudal lords to strike down the threat of barbarians from China. For it, Confucius himself praised Guan Zhong for the preservation of Chinese civilization through the example of the contrast in the hairstyles and clothing styles between them and barbaric peoples. Through
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#1732851947964936-639: A secret route into Mount Inaba , after which much of the local garrison surrendered. In 1564, Hideyoshi found success as a negotiator. He managed to convince a number of Mino warlords to desert the Saitō clan , mostly with liberal bribes. This included the Saitō clan's strategist, Takenaka Shigeharu . Nobunaga's easy victory at the siege of Inabayama Castle in 1567 was largely due to Hideyoshi's efforts, and despite his peasant origins, in 1568 Hideyoshi became one of Nobunaga's most distinguished generals, eventually taking
1014-643: A sign of goodwill. In 1582, Hideyoshi began construction of Osaka Castle . Built on the site of the temple Ishiyama Hongan-ji , which was destroyed by Nobunaga , construction was completed in 1597. The castle would become the last stronghold of the Toyotomi clan after Hideyoshi's death. In late 1582, Hideyoshi was in a very strong position. He summoned the powerful daimyō to Kiyosu Castle so that they could determine Nobunaga's heir. Oda Nobukatsu and Oda Nobutaka quarreled, causing Hideyoshi to instead choose Nobunaga's infant grandson Oda Hidenobu . Having won
1092-591: Is known for certain about Toyotomi Hideyoshi before 1570, when he begins to appear in surviving documents and letters. His autobiography starts in 1577, but in it, Hideyoshi spoke very little about his past. According to tradition, Hideyoshi was born on 16 February 1537 according to the lunar Japanese calendar (17 March 1537 according to the Julian calendar ; 27 March 1537 ( Proleptic Gregorian calendar )) in Nakamura , Owari Province (present-day Nakamura Ward , Nagoya ), in
1170-622: Is sad to part from you." His death was kept secret by the Council of Five Elders to preserve morale, and they ordered Japanese forces in Korea to return to Japan. According to the Tokugawa Jikki record, Hideyoshi held a secret meeting with Koide Hidemasa and Katagiri Katsumoto where he shared his regret of launching invasions of Korea. Hideyoshi also instructed Hidemasa and Katsumoto to guide Hideyori into making an alliance with Ieyasu, as he predicted
1248-467: Is today Saga Prefecture , on Kyūshū , Hideyoshi memorised the shite (lead role) parts of ten Noh plays, which he then performed, forcing various daimyō to accompany him onstage as the waki (secondary, accompanying role). He even performed before the emperor. The Kunohe rebellion , an insurrection that occurred in Mutsu Province from 13 March to 4 September 1591, began when Kunohe Masazane ,
1326-758: The Analects of Confucius, the Chinese expression came to be transmitted to Japan as sonnō jōi . The origin of the philosophy as used in Japan can be traced to the Confucian classic the Gongyang Commentary of the Chunqiu . The Tokugawa shogunate promulgated the Zhu Xi school of Neo-Confucianism ( Shushi-gaku ), which interpreted the Chunqiu using this concept. 17th-century Confucian scholars Yamazaki Ansai and Yamaga Sokō wrote on
1404-430: The de facto leader of Japan and acquired the prestigious positions of daijō-daijin and kampaku by the mid-1580s. Hideyoshi launched the Japanese invasions of Korea in 1592 to initial success, but eventual military stalemate damaged his prestige before his death in 1598. Hideyoshi's young son and successor Toyotomi Hideyori was displaced by Tokugawa Ieyasu at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 which would lead to
1482-472: The Anegakōji clan of Hida while Hideyoshi carried out the siege of Toyama Castle. The Toyama Castle garrison of 20,000, led by Hideyoshi's former ally Sassa Narimasa , tried to defend against Hideyoshi's 100,000 soldiers; in the end, Narimasa's defense was shattered, opening the way for Toyotomi's supremacy over Etchū Province and Hida Province . In 1586 Hideyoshi conquered Kyūshū , wresting control from
1560-569: The Battle of Anegawa to lay siege to two fortresses of the Azai and Asakura clans, and Hideyoshi was assigned to lead Oda troops into open battle for the first time. In 1573, after victorious campaigns against the Azai and Asakura, Nobunaga appointed Hideyoshi daimyō of three districts in the northern part of Ōmi Province . Initially, Hideyoshi stayed at the former Azai headquarters at Odani Castle , but moved to Kunitomo town and renamed it " Nagahama " in tribute to Nobunaga. Hideyoshi later moved to
1638-631: The Battle of Nagashino against the Takeda clan . In 1576, he took part in the Siege of Mitsuji , part of the eleven-year Ishiyama Hongan-ji War . Later, Nobunaga sent Hideyoshi to Himeji Castle to conquer the Chūgoku region from the Mori clan . Hideyoshi then fought in the Battle of Tedorigawa (1577), the siege of Miki (1578), the siege of Tottori (1581) and the siege of Takamatsu (1582). On June 21, 1582, during
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#17328519479641716-477: The Battle of Shizugatake in the following year, Hideyoshi destroyed Katsuie's forces. Hideyoshi had thus consolidated his own power, dealt with most of the Oda clan, and now controlled some 30 provinces. In 1584, Nobukatsu allied himself with Tokugawa Ieyasu , and the two sides fought at the inconclusive Battle of Komaki and Nagakute . This ultimately resulted in a stalemate, although Hideyoshi's forces were delivered
1794-561: The Hōjō clan and the Uesugi clan invaded Kai and Shinano province when they heard of Nobunaga's death, beginning the Tenshō-Jingo war . When the Oda clan learned of the defeat of Takigawa Kazumasu at the Battle of Kanagawa by the Hōjō clan, Hideyoshi sent a letter to Ieyasu on July 7 giving him authorization to lead military operations to secure the two provinces from the Hōjō and Uesugi clans. As
1872-473: The Sengoku period , it had become common for peasants to become warriors, or for samurai to farm due to the constant uncertainty caused by the lack of centralised government and always tentative peace. Upon taking control, Hideyoshi decreed that all peasants be disarmed completely. Conversely, he required samurai to leave the land and take up residence in the castle towns. This solidified the social class system for
1950-598: The Shimazu clan . Toyotomi Hidenaga , Hideyoshi's half-brother, landed to the south of Bungo province on Kyūshū's eastern coast. Meanwhile, Hideyoshi took his own forces down a more western route, in Chikuzen province . Later that year, with a total of 200,000 soldiers against the 30,000 men of the Shimazu forces, the two brothers met in Satsuma province . They besieged Kagoshima castle ,
2028-601: The Siege of Takamatsu , Oda Nobunaga and his eldest son and heir Nobutada were both killed in the Honnō-ji incident . Their assassination ended Nobunaga's quest to consolidate centralised power in Japan under his authority. Hideyoshi, seeking vengeance for the death of his lord, made peace with the Mōri clan and thirteen days later met Akechi Mitsuhide and defeated him at the Battle of Yamazaki , avenging his Nobunaga and taking Nobunaga's authority and power for himself. Meanwhile,
2106-601: The Toyotomi clan castellan Ishida Mitsunari in power. He held the generals in contempt, and they sided with Ieyasu. Hideyori lost the power his father once held, and Ieyasu's power was consolidated when his Eastern Army defeated the Mitsunari's Western Army at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. Ieyasu, who was appointed as a shogun in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate , attacked Osaka Castle twice in 1614 and 1615 (the Siege of Osaka ), forcing Hideyoshi's concubine Yodo-dono and Hideyori to commit suicide, destroying
2184-532: The Toyotomi clan . It is now believed that Hideyoshi's loss of all his adult heirs, leaving only the five-year-old Hideyori as his successor, was the primary reason for the weakening of the Toyotomi regime and its eventual downfall. Toyotomi Hideyoshi changed Japanese society in many ways. These include the imposition of a rigid class structure, restrictions on travel, and surveys of land and production. Class reforms affected commoners and warriors. During
2262-569: The Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan . They included five European Franciscan missionaries , one Mexican Franciscan missionary, three Japanese Jesuits and seventeen Japanese laymen including three young boys. They were tortured, mutilated, and paraded through towns across Japan. On February 5, they were executed in Nagasaki by public crucifixion . After several years of negotiations, broken off because envoys of both sides falsely reported that
2340-486: The Two Lords Incident which attempted to overthrow the fledgling Meiji government and the occupation of Kumamoto Castle (the "Kurume clan incident" of 1871). In July 1871, Kurume Domain became "Kurume Prefecture" with the abolition of the han system . In November of the same year, it was incorporated into "Mizuma Prefecture", and in 1876, it became part of Fukuoka Prefecture. In 1884, Arima Yoritsumu (the son of
2418-574: The Wanli Emperor of Ming China sent an army under general Li Rusong to block the planned Japanese invasion of China and recapture the Korean peninsula. On January 7, 1593, the Ming relief forces recaptured Pyongyang and surrounded Seoul , but Kobayakawa Takakage , Ukita Hideie , Tachibana Muneshige and Kikkawa Hiroie were able to win the Battle of Byeokjegwan north of Seoul, in modern day Goyang City. At
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2496-487: The 1600 Battle of Sekigahara , he was dispossessed by the victorious Tokugawa Ieyasu . The Tokugawa shogunate re-assigned his territories to Tanaka Yoshimasa, formerly the castellan of Okazaki Castle in Mikawa Province . Tanaka Yoshimasa made Yanagawa Castle his stronghold, with Kurume Castle assigned to his son Tanaka Yoshinobu as a secondary fortification. During this era Kurume Castle was expanded and modernized but
2574-493: The Emperor by enforcing the Emperor’s will. The philosophy was thus adopted as a battle cry of the rebellious regions of Chōshū Domain and Satsuma Province . The Imperial court in Kyoto sympathized with the movement. Emperor Kōmei personally agreed with such sentiments, and – breaking with centuries of imperial tradition – personally began to take an active role in matters of state: as opportunities arose, he fulminated against
2652-563: The Imperial Court. He built a lavish palace in 1587, the Jurakudai , and entertained the reigning Emperor Go-Yōzei the following year. Also in 1585, Hideyoshi launched the siege of Negoro-ji and subjugated Kii Province . The Negoro-gumi , the warrior monks of Negoro-ji , were allied with the Ikkō-ikki and with Tokugawa Ieyasu , whom they supported in the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute
2730-683: The Shimazu clan's home. The Shimazu surrendered, and Hideyoshi was able to return his attention to the Hōjō clan of Kantō , the last major clan to oppose him. Later in 1587, Hideyoshi banished Christian missionaries from Kyūshū, either to exert greater control over the Kirishitan daimyō or to prohibit human trafficking. Around that time, at least 50,000 Japanese people were sold overseas as slaves, mainly by Portuguese merchants. However, since he did much trade with Europeans, individual Christians were unofficially overlooked. In 1588, Hideyoshi forbade ordinary peasants from owning weapons and started
2808-462: The adopted daughter of Asano Nagakatsu , a descendant of Minamoto no Yorimitsu . Hideyoshi carried out repairs on Sunomata Castle with his younger half-brother, Hashiba Koichirō , along with Hachisuka Masakatsu , and Maeno Nagayasu . Hideyoshi's efforts were well-received because Sunomata was in enemy territory, and according to legend Hideyoshi constructed a fort in Sunomata overnight and discovered
2886-484: The aesthetics of the tea ceremony that had a lasting influence over many aspects of Japanese culture. Even after Rikyū's death, Hideyoshi is said to have built his many construction projects based upon aesthetics promoted by Rikyū. Following Rikyū's death, Hideyoshi turned his attention from tea ceremony to Noh , which he had been studying since becoming Imperial Regent. During his brief stay in Nagoya Castle in what
2964-456: The basis for systematic taxation. In 1590, Hideyoshi completed construction of the Osaka Castle , the largest and most formidable in all Japan, to guard the western approaches to Kyoto . In that same year, Hideyoshi banned "unfree labour" or slavery in Japan , but forms of contract and indentured labour persisted alongside the period penal codes' forced labour . Hideyoshi also influenced
3042-719: The castle defenders. The Kunohe rebellion was the final battle in Hideyoshi's campaigns during the Sengoku period and completed the unification of Japan. The future stability of the Toyotomi dynasty after Hideyoshi's eventual death was put in doubt with the death of his only son, three-year-old Tsurumatsu, in September 1591. When his half-brother Hidenaga died of illness shortly after, Hideyoshi named his nephew Hidetsugu his heir, adopting him in January 1592. Hideyoshi resigned as kampaku to take
3120-432: The deteriorating finances of the domain. On the other hand, one of the achievements of his tenure is that he opened a han school in 1783, which was named "Shuukan" in 1787; it was later renamed "Meizendo". This disinterest in the domain's finances continued into the tenure of Arima Yorinori, and widespread uprisings occurred in 1832. The 10th daimyō , Arima Yorinaga, attempted reforms in 1846, but fell ill and died young. He
3198-977: The end of the first campaign, Japan's entire navy was destroyed by Admiral Yi Sun-sin of Korea, whose base was located in a part of Korea the Japanese could not control. This destroyed Japan's ability to resupply their troops in Seoul, effectively ending the invasion. The birth of Hideyoshi's second son in 1593, Hideyori , created a potential succession problem. To avoid it, Hideyoshi exiled his nephew and current heir Hidetsugu to Mount Kōya for suspected rebellion, and then ordered him to commit suicide in August 1595. Hidetsugu's family members who did not follow his example, including 31 women and several children, were then murdered in Kyoto . In January 1597, Toyotomi Hideyoshi had twenty-six Christians arrested as an example to Japanese who wanted to convert to Christianity . They are known as
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3276-637: The family in 1729 at the age of 16 and remained the lord for the next 54 years. He was famous as a mathematician and author of textbooks on mathematics. However, the Kyōhō famine of 1732 caused many deaths from starvation at a time when the domain was burdened by the shogunate with expenses in rebuilding palaces and repairs along to Tōkaidō . Increased taxes in the domain led to uprisings. The daimyō , Arima Yoritaka, loved sumo and sponsored many wrestlers (including yokozuna Onogawa Kisaburō ), he devoted himself to his many hobbies, such as collecting dogs, and ignored
3354-571: The founding of the Tokugawa Shogunate . Hideyoshi's rule covers most of the Azuchi–Momoyama period of Japan, partially named after his castle, Momoyama Castle . Hideyoshi left an influential and lasting legacy in Japan, including Osaka Castle , the Tokugawa class system , the restriction on the possession of weapons to the samurai, and the construction and restoration of many temples, some of which are still visible in Kyoto . Very little
3432-504: The last daimyō , Arima Yorishige), became a count in the kazoku peerage. As with most domains in the han system , Kurume Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned kokudaka , based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields. Toyotomi Hideyoshi Toyotomi Hideyoshi ( 豊臣 秀吉 , 17 March 1537 – 18 September 1598) , otherwise known as Kinoshita Tōkichirō ( 木下 藤吉郎 ) and Hashiba Hideyoshi ( 羽柴 秀吉 ) ,
3510-478: The late 18th and early 19th century, the sakoku ("national seclusion") policy came increasingly into question. The jōi "expel the barbarians" portion of sonnō jōi , changed into a reaction against the Convention of Kanagawa of 1854, which opened Japan to foreign trade. Under military threat from United States Navy Commodore Matthew C. Perry 's so-called " black ships ", the treaty was signed under duress and
3588-467: The leader of the warrior class, was because he was of peasant origin. Hideyoshi rose from a peasant background as a retainer of the prominent lord Oda Nobunaga to become one of the most powerful men in Japanese history. Hideyoshi succeeded Nobunaga after the Honnō-ji Incident in 1582 and continued Nobunaga's campaign to unite Japan that led to the closing of the Sengoku period. Hideyoshi became
3666-488: The material culture of Japan . He lavished time and money on the Japanese tea ceremony , collecting implements, sponsoring lavish social events, and patronizing acclaimed masters. As interest in the tea ceremony rose among the ruling class, so too did the demand for fine ceramic implements, and during the course of the Korean campaigns, not only were large quantities of prized ceramic ware confiscated but many Korean artisans were forcibly relocated to Japan. Hideyoshi also had
3744-450: The middle of the chaotic Sengoku period under the collapsed Ashikaga Shogunate . Hideyoshi had no traceable samurai lineage, and his father Kinoshita Yaemon was an ashigaru – a peasant employed by the samurai as a foot soldier. Hideyoshi had no surname, and his childhood given name was Hiyoshi-maru ( 日吉丸 ) ("Bounty of the Sun") although variations exist. Yaemon died in 1543 when Hideyoshi
3822-514: The name Hashiba Hideyoshi ( 羽柴 秀吉 ) . The new surname included two characters, one each from Oda's right-hand men Ni wa Nagahide ( 丹 羽 長秀 ) and Shiba ta Katsuie ( 柴 田 勝家 ) , and the new given name included characters from Akechi Mitsu hide ( 明智 光 秀 ) and Mori Yoshi nari ( 森 吉 成 ) . In 1570, Hideyoshi protected Nobunaga's retreat from Azai - Asakura forces at Kanegasaki . Later, in June 1570, Nobunaga allied with Tokugawa Ieyasu at
3900-403: The next 300 years. Furthermore, he ordered comprehensive surveys and a complete census of Japan. Once this was done and all citizens were registered, he required all Japanese to stay in their respective han (fiefs) unless they obtained official permission to go elsewhere. This ensured order in a period when bandits still roamed the countryside and peace was still new. The land surveys formed
3978-401: The nobility class. He was the first person in history to become a Kampaku who was not born a noble. He then passed the position and title of Kampaku to his nephew, Toyotomi Hidetsugu . He remained in power as Taikō ( 太閤 ) , the title of retired Kampaku , until his death. It is believed, but not certain, that the reason he refused or could not obtain the title of shogun ( 征夷大将軍 ) ,
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#17328519479644056-569: The opposition had surrendered, Hideyoshi appointed Kobayakawa Hideaki to lead a renewed invasion of Korea. This invasion met with less success than the first; Japanese troops remained pinned down in Gyeongsang Province , and although the Japanese forces turned back several Chinese offensives in Suncheon and Sacheon in June 1598, they were unable to make further progress as the Ming army prepared for
4134-462: The port at Imahama on Lake Biwa , where he began work on Imahama Castle and took control of the nearby Kunitomo firearms factory that had been established some years previously by the Azai and Asakura. Under Hideyoshi's administration, the factory's output of firearms increased dramatically. Later, Hideyoshi participated in the 1573 siege of Nagashima . In 1574, Hideyoshi and Araki Murashige captured Itami Castle , and later in 1575, he fought in
4212-454: The power of the Tokugawa clan would grow unchecked after his death, and only solution for the Toyotomi clan to survive was to not oppose Ieyasu. After Hideyoshi's death, the other members of the Council of Five Elders were unable to keep Ieyasu's ambitions in check. Two of Hideyoshi's top generals , Katō Kiyomasa and Fukushima Masanori , had fought bravely during the war but returned to find
4290-515: The previous year. After attacking a number of other outposts in the area, Hideyoshi's forces attacked Negoro-ji from two sides. Many of the Negoro-gumi had already fled to Ōta Castle by this time, which Hideyoshi later besieged . The complex was set aflame, beginning with the residences of the priests, and Hideyoshi's samurai cut down monks as they escaped the blazing buildings. In the 1585 invasion of Shikoku , Toyotomi forces seized Shikoku island,
4368-404: The ramparts with their arquebuses and armor; despite their smaller numbers, they discouraged Hideyoshi from attacking. Hideyoshi had Ishigakiyama Ichiya Castle secretly constructed in a nearby forest, and then had the forest chopped down, giving the impression it have been built overnight. This demoralized the defenders, leading to their surrender three months after the start of the siege. During
4446-527: The rulers of his home province of Owari , now headed by the ambitious Oda Nobunaga . Hideyoshi soon became Nobunaga's sandal-bearer , a position of relatively high status. According to his biographers, Hideyoshi also supervised the repair of Kiyosu Castle , a claim described as " apocryphal ", and managed the kitchen. After Nobunaga noticed his talents at the Battle of Okehazama in 1560, when Nobunaga defeated Imagawa Yoshimoto , he became one of Nobunaga's trusted retainers. In 1561, Hideyoshi married One ,
4524-527: The sanctity of the Imperial House of Japan and its superiority to the ruling houses of other nations. These ideas were expanded by Kokugaku scholar Motoori Norinaga , and seen in Takenouchi Shikibu's theory of absolute loyalty to the Emperor of Japan ( 尊皇論 sonnōron ), that implied that less loyalty should be given to the ruling Tokugawa shogunate. Mitogaku scholar Aizawa Seishisai introduced
4602-505: The shelling of foreign shipping in Shimonoseki . Rōnins (masterless samurai) also rallied to the cause, assassinating Shogunate officials and Westerners. This turned out to be the zenith of the sonnō jōi movement, since the Western powers responded by demanding reparations for the assassinations and other acts by samurai against Western interests. In 1864, four Western nations launched
4680-547: The shogunate ordered that it be destroyed in 1615 under the "one domain-one castle" ordinance. In 1620, when the daimyō of Yanagawa Domain , Tanaka Tadamasa, died without heir, the domain fell to attainder and was divided. The central portion, with a kokudaka of 210,000 koku in central and northern Chikugo (including Kurume) was assigned to Arima Toyouji, formerly daimyō of the 80,000 koku Fukuchiyama Domain in Tanba Province . The significant increase in kokudaka
4758-427: The siege of Ichinomiya Castle , which lasted for 26 days. Chōsokabe made a half-hearted attempt to relieve his castle from the siege, but eventually surrendered. He was allowed to keep Tosa Province , while the rest of Shikoku was divided among Hideyoshi's generals. During the late summer of August 1585, Hideyoshi launched an attack on Etchū Province and Hida Province . He dispatched Kanamori Nagachika to destroy
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#17328519479644836-445: The siege, Hideyoshi offered Ieyasu the eight Hōjō-ruled provinces in the Kantō region , in exchange for the submission of Ieyasu's five provinces, which Ieyasu accepted. In February 1591, Hideyoshi ordered Sen no Rikyū to commit suicide, likely in one of his angry outbursts. Rikyū had been a trusted retainer and master of the tea ceremony under both Hideyoshi and Nobunaga. Under Hideyoshi's patronage, Rikyū made significant changes to
4914-470: The smallest of Japan's four main islands, from Chōsokabe Motochika . Toyotomi's forces arrived 113,000 strong under Toyotomi Hidenaga , Toyotomi Hidetsugu , Ukita Hideie and the Mōri clan 's "Two Rivers", Kobayakawa Takakage and Kikkawa Motoharu . Opposing them were 40,000 men of Chōsokabe's. Despite the overwhelming size of Hideyoshi's army, and the suggestions of his advisors, Motochika chose to fight to defend his territories. The battles culminated in
4992-517: The support of the other two Oda clan elders, Niwa Nagahide and Ikeda Tsuneoki , Hideyoshi was able to distribute Nobunaga's provinces among the generals and form a council of four generals to help Hidenobu govern. Shibata Katsuie initially supported Hideyoshi's decision, but later supported Nobunaga's third son Nobutaka, for whom Katsuie had performed the genpuku ritual. He allied with Nobutaka and Takigawa Kazumasu against Hideyoshi. Tension quickly escalated between Hideyoshi and Katsuie, and at
5070-481: The term sonnō jōi into modern Japanese in his work Shinron in 1825, where sonnō was regarded as the reverence expressed by the Tokugawa Shogunate to the emperor and jōi was the proscription of Christianity . Sonnō jōi was an anti-imperialist expression of Western imperialism before Japan transitioned to imperialism. With the increasing number of incursions of foreign ships into Japanese waters in
5148-460: The title of shōgun . Instead, he arranged to have himself adopted by Konoe Sakihisa , one of the noblest men belonging to the Fujiwara clan , and secured a succession of high court titles. These included Chancellor ( Daijō-daijin ), and in 1585, the prestigious position of Imperial Regent ( kampaku ). Also in 1585, Hideyoshi was formally given the new clan name Toyotomi (instead of Fujiwara ) by
5226-412: The title of taikō (retired regent), and Hidetsugu succeeded him as kampaku . Hideyoshi adopted Oda Nobunaga 's dream of a Japanese conquest of China , and launched the conquest of the Ming dynasty by way of Korea (at the time known as Koryu or Joseon ). In 1592, Hideyoshi began an invasion of Korea with the intent of conquering Korea and eventually Ming China. Hideoyoshi's explicit war goal
5304-423: The treaties and attempted to interfere in the shogunal succession. His efforts culminated in March 1863 with his " Order to Expel Barbarians " ( 攘夷勅命 ). Although the Shogunate had no intention of enforcing the order, it nevertheless inspired attacks against the Shogunate itself and against foreigners in Japan, the most notable incident being the killing of the trader Charles Lennox Richardson . Other attacks included
5382-471: The war turned in Ieyasu's favor and Sanada Masayuki defected to the Tokugawa side, the Hōjō clan negotiated a truce. Hōjō Ujinobu and Ii Naomasa were the Hōjō and Tokugawa representatives for the preliminary meetings. Representatives from the Oda clan such as Oda Nobukatsu , Oda Nobutaka , and Hideyoshi himself mediated the negotiation until the truce officially took effect in October with both Ieyasu and Hōjō Ujinao exchanging family members as hostages as
5460-406: Was a Japanese samurai and daimyō ( feudal lord) of the late Sengoku and Azuchi-Momoyama periods and regarded as the second "Great Unifier" of Japan . Although he came from a peasant background, his immense power earned him the rank and title of Kampaku ( 関白 , Imperial Regent) and Daijō-daijin ( 太政大臣 , Chancellor of the Realm) , the highest official position and title in
5538-434: Was a reward for his successes during the Siege of Osaka , although history does not record any details as to the nature of these achievements. When the Shimabara Rebellion broke out in 1637, Arima Toyouji was in Edo . Although he was old, he led his forces to Shimabara in person, and during the campaign the domain dispatched more than 6,300 troops and suffered 173 killed and 1412 wounded. Under Arima Toyouji, Kurume Castle
5616-609: Was for Japan to replace China at the top of the international order. Hideyoshi wrote to his adopted son Hidetsugu that "it is not Ming China alone that is destined to be subjugated by us, but India, the Philippines, and many islands in the South Sea will share a like fate." In the first campaign, Hideyoshi appointed Ukita Hideie as field marshal, and had him go to the Korean peninsula in April 1592. Konishi Yukinaga occupied Seoul , which
5694-570: Was rebuilt and the jōkamachi castle town developed. From 1664 to 1676, the domain carried out extensive public works projects for flood control and irrigation on the Chikugo River . While aimed at increasing paddy fields and thereby the domain's rice production, the result was severe pressure on the domain's finances. At the time of the fourth daimyō , Arima Yorimoto, the domain was forced to start borrowing money from its own retainers, and in 1681 began issuing hansatsu paper money. Yorimoto
5772-469: Was seven years old. Many legends describe Hideyoshi being sent to study at a temple as a young man, but he rejected temple life and went in search of adventure. Under the name Kinoshita Tōkichirō ( 木下 藤吉郎 ) , he first joined the Imagawa clan as a servant to a local ruler named Matsushita Yukitsuna [ ja ] ( 松下之綱 ) . In 1558, Hideyoshi became an ashigaru for the powerful Oda clan ,
5850-414: Was succeeded by his younger brother, Arima Yoshiyori. Conflicts over the reform of the domain finances and administration developed into intense power struggles between factions of retainers, complicated further by conflicts between Sonnō-jōi supporters and pro-Shogunate supporters. In 1852, the Sonnō-jōi faction was suppressed. Kurume Domain attempted to modernize and established a navy, even purchasing
5928-588: Was the capital of the Joseon dynasty of Korea, on June 19. After Seoul fell, Japanese commanders held a war council in June in Seoul and determined targets of subjugation called Hachidokuniwari literally, Eight(八) Route(道), Country(国) Division(割) . Each targeted province was attacked by one of the army's eight divisions: Within four months, Hideyoshi's forces had a route into Manchuria and had occupied much of Korea. The Korean king Seonjo of Joseon escaped to Uiju and requested military intervention from China. In 1593,
6006-514: Was vehemently opposed in samurai quarters. The fact that the Tokugawa Shogunate was powerless against the foreigners despite the will expressed by the Imperial court was taken as evidence by Yoshida Shōin and other anti-Tokugawa leaders that the sonnō (revere the Emperor) portion of the philosophy was not working, and that the Shogunate must be replaced by a government more able to show its loyalty to
6084-473: Was willing to cut back on redundant expenses and became a model for saving money. On the death of the fifth daimyō , Arima Yoriichi, the direct lineage died out, and the sixth daimyō , Arima Naritsugu came from a hatamoto cadet branch of the clan. He took over the reforms to the domain's government for financial reconstruction that had been continued since Yorimoto and which had achieved some success. The seventh daimyō , Arima Yoritsuki, took over as head of
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