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42-545: The name of Kuorevesi is derived from the lake's name, which literally means " smelt water". Kuorevesi was first mentioned in 1449 as Kohrevesi , though this may have referred to the lake. The area was a part of the Kangasala parish until 1540 and Orivesi until 1640, after which it became a part of the Längelmäki parish separated from Orivesi in the same year. Kuorevesi acquired its first proper church in 1683. Kuorevesi became

84-573: A controlled environment such as a smoker oven or smokehouse. It requires consistent control of both the temperature of the food and the amount of smoke being applied to it. Some smokers have a heat source built into them, while others use the heat from a stove-top or oven. Like cold smoking, the item may be hung first to develop a pellicle ; it is then smoked from 1 hour to as long as 24 hours. Although foods that have been hot smoked are often reheated or further cooked, they are typically safe to eat without further cooking. The temperature range for hot smoking

126-470: A flavor enhancer for items such as cheese or nuts , along with meats such as chicken breasts, beef , pork chops , salmon , scallops , and steak . The item is often hung in a dry environment first to develop a pellicle ; it can then be cold smoked up to several days to ensure it absorbs the smoke flavor. Some cold smoked foods are baked, grilled, steamed, roasted, or sautéed before eating. Cold smoking meats should not be attempted at home, according to

168-549: A harsh-tasting soot when burned; these woods are not often used for smoking. Cellulose and hemicellulose are aggregate sugar molecules; when burnt, they effectively caramelize , producing carbonyls , which provide most of the color components and sweet, flowery, and fruity aromas. Lignin, a highly complex arrangement of interlocked phenolic molecules, also produces a number of distinctive aromatic elements when burnt, including smoky, spicy, and pungent compounds such as guaiacol , phenol , and syringol , and sweeter scents such as

210-590: A low pH —about 2.5. Some of these compounds are toxic to people as well, and may have health effects in the quantities found in cooking applications. Since different species of trees have different ratios of components, various types of wood do impart a different flavor to food. Another important factor is the temperature at which the wood burns. High-temperature fires see the flavor molecules broken down further into unpleasant or flavorless compounds. The optimal conditions for smoke flavor are low, smoldering temperatures between 300 and 400 °C (570 and 750 °F). This

252-457: A row of pubs and restaurants, the Stintmarkt , is named after the fish. In modern times the smelt was of no real significance because it could only be caught in polluted rivers in small quantities and as a result was not in great demand. As the water quality of rivers has improved it can increasingly often be caught in large numbers by smaller fishmongers . Restaurants have especially benefited from

294-618: A separate municipality in 1873 and a parish in 1881. It remained independent until 2001, when it was merged into Jämsä . This Western Finland location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . European smelt The smelt or European smelt ( Osmerus eperlanus ) is a species of fish in the family Osmeridae . The body of the European smelt is typically 15 to 18 cm (5.9 to 7.1 in) long, slender and slightly flattened on either side. Larger fish may reach 30 cm (12 in) in length. Smelts have

336-553: A slightly translucent body. The back and sides are grey-green to pink in colour, the flanks bright silver. The tailfin has a dark border. The smelt lives for up to six years. One characteristic is its intense smell, reminiscent of fresh cucumbers. The smelt is a sea fish that lives in the coastal waters of Europe from the Baltic Sea to the Bay of Biscay . A freshwater form, known in Germany as

378-437: A two-box system: a fire box and a food box. The fire box is typically adjacent or under the cooking box, and can be controlled to a finer degree. The heat and smoke from the fire box exhausts into the food box, where it is used to cook and smoke the meat. These may be as simple as an electric heating element with a pan of wood chips placed on it, although more advanced models have finer temperature controls. The most convenient of

420-430: Is applied to foods through spraying or dipping. Smoke-roasting refers to any process that has the attributes of both roasting and smoking. This smoking method is sometimes referred to as barbecuing or pit-roasting. It may be done in a smoke-roaster, a closed wood-fired oven, or a barbecue pit, any smoker that can reach above 121 °C (250 °F), or in a conventional oven by placing a pan filled with hardwood chips on

462-696: Is both an antimicrobial and antioxidant , but it is insufficient for preserving food because it does not penetrate far into meat or fish; therefore, if the food is to be preserved, smoking is typically combined with salt-curing or drying . Smoking is especially useful for oily fish, as its antioxidant properties inhibit surface fat rancidification and delay oxygen from reaching the interior fat and degrading it. Some heavily salted, long-smoked fish can keep without refrigeration for weeks or months. Artificial smoke flavoring (such as liquid smoke ) can be purchased to mimic smoking's flavor, but such products have no preservative qualities. Competitive BBQ smoking

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504-587: Is commonly used for hot- smoking fish . In Iceland , dried sheep dung is used to cold-smoke fish , lamb , mutton , and whale. Historically, farms in the Western world included a small building termed the " smokehouse ", where meats could be smoked and stored. This was generally well separated from other buildings both because of fire danger and smoke emanations. The smoking of food may possibly introduce polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons , which may lead to an increased risk of some types of cancer; however, this association

546-590: Is designed to allow the smoking of meat in a somewhat more temperature controlled environment. The primary differences are the sources of heat and of the smoke. In a propane smoker, the heat is generated by a gas burner directly under a steel or iron box containing the wood or charcoal that provides the smoke. The steel box has few vent holes, on the top of the box only. By starving the heated wood of oxygen, it smokes instead of burning. Any combination of woods and charcoal may used. This method uses much less wood but does require propane fuel. This more traditional method uses

588-592: Is exactly what its name suggests: an upright steel drum that has been modified for the purpose of pseudo-indirect hot smoking. There are many ways to accomplish this, but the basics include the use of a complete steel drum, a basket to hold charcoal near the bottom, and a cooking rack (or racks) near the top, all covered by a vented lid of some sort. These smokers have been built using many different sizes of steel drums, such as 30 US gallons (110 L; 25 imp gal), 55 US gallons (210 L; 46 imp gal), and 85 US gallons (320 L; 71 imp gal), but

630-451: Is less than traditional wood or charcoal smokers. In this method the firebox is a narrow trench cut down a slope pointing into the prevailing wind. The middle part of the trench is covered over to make it into a tunnel. At the upper end of the trench is a vertical framework covered to form a chimney within which is placed the rack of foodstuff. At the lower upwind end of the trench is lit a small smokey fire, and sustained day and night until

672-444: Is still being debated. Smoking can be done in four ways: cold smoking, warm smoking, hot smoking, and through the employment of a smoke flavoring, such as liquid smoke . However, these methods of imparting smoke only affect the food surface, and are unable to preserve food, thus, smoking is paired with other microbial hurdles , such as chilling and packaging, to extend food shelf-life. The smoking of food likely dates back to

714-540: Is the process of flavoring , browning , cooking , or preserving food, particularly meat, fish and tea, by exposing it to smoke from burning or smoldering material, most often wood. In Europe , alder is the traditional smoking wood, but oak is more often used now, and beech to a lesser extent. In North America , hickory , mesquite , oak, pecan , alder, maple , and fruit tree woods, such as apple , cherry , and plum , are commonly used for smoking. Other biomass besides wood can also be employed, sometimes with

756-436: Is the temperature of the burning wood itself, not of the smoking environment, which uses much lower temperatures. Woods that are high in lignin content tend to burn hot; to keep them smoldering requires restricted oxygen supplies or a high moisture content. When smoking using wood chips or chunks, the combustion temperature is often raised by soaking the pieces in water before placing them on a fire. The main characteristics of

798-461: Is traditionally rolled in rye flour and then fried in butter with bacon. Typical accompaniments include roast potatoes, potato salad and Apfelmus or apple sauce. In the northern Russian city Saint Petersburg smelt (known locally as koryushka ) is known as a special local delicacy, famous for its "cucumber" smell. The availability of koryushka was reputedly one of the reasons Peter the Great chose

840-428: Is usually between 52 and 80 °C (126 and 176 °F). Foods smoked in this temperature range are usually fully cooked, but still moist and flavorful. At smoker temperatures hotter than 85 °C (185 °F), foods can shrink excessively, buckle, or even split. Smoking at high temperatures also reduces yield, as both moisture and fat are cooked away. Liquid smoke , a product derived from smoke compounds in water,

882-564: The Binnenstint ("Inland smelt"), is common in the larger lakes of Northern Europe . The smelt gather and swim about in the underflows of stronger currents in order to spawn above areas of sand. This takes place from the end of February to March, if the water temperature is above 9 °C (48 °F). The egg count per female can be as much as 40,000. After spawning there are often mass deaths. The smelt feeds mainly on small plankton crabs, ground animals and even its own young. During spawning

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924-414: The paleolithic era. As simple dwellings lacked chimneys, these structures would probably have become very smoky. It is supposed that early humans would hang meat up to dry and out of the way of pests, thus accidentally becoming aware that meat that was stored in smoky areas acquired a different flavor, and was better preserved than meat that simply dried out. This process was later combined with pre-curing

966-764: The vanilla -scented vanillin and clove -like isoeugenol . Guaiacol is the phenolic compound most responsible for the "smoky" taste, while syringol is the primary contributor to smoky aroma. Wood also contains small quantities of proteins , which contribute roasted flavors. Many of the odor compounds in wood smoke, especially the phenolic compounds, are unstable, dissipating after a few weeks or months. A number of wood smoke compounds act as preservatives. Phenol and other phenolic compounds in wood smoke are both antioxidants , which slow rancidification of animal fats, and antimicrobials , which slow bacterial growth. Other antimicrobials in wood smoke include formaldehyde , acetic acid , and other organic acids, which give wood smoke

1008-530: The US National Center for Home Food Preservation: "Most food scientists cannot recommend cold-smoking methods because of the inherent risks." Cold smoking meats should only be attempted by personnel certified in HACCP [...] to ensure that it is safely prepared. Warm smoking exposes foods to temperatures of 25–40 °C (77–104 °F). Hot smoking cooks foods and simultaneously flavors them with smoke in

1050-402: The addition of flavoring ingredients. Chinese tea-smoking uses a mixture of uncooked rice , sugar , and tea , heated at the base of a wok . Some North American ham and bacon makers smoke their products over burning corncobs . Peat is burned to dry and smoke the barley malt used to make Scotch whisky and some beers . In New Zealand , sawdust from the native manuka (tea tree)

1092-552: The basic steps involved remain essentially the same today as they were hundreds if not thousands of years ago. Cold smoking differs from hot smoking in that it does not cook anything; when cold smoking is finished, the food is still raw. Smokehouse temperatures for cold smoking are typically between 20 and 30 °C (68 and 86 °F). In this temperature range, foods take on a smoked flavor, but remain relatively moist. Since cold smoking does not cook foods, meats should be fully cured before cold smoking. Cold smoking can be used as

1134-415: The catching and cooking of smelt because the fish is offered as a seasonal speciality. Some of these restaurants have also been successfully run by the smelt fishermen themselves. Although it is very small, the smelt is prized as food. Its head is usually removed, but the tail and the bones are not because they are very soft. Smelt is generally eaten by hand. The fish is usually fried. In North Germany it

1176-400: The finished product. Racks on wheels or rails are used to hold the product and facilitate movement. A pellet smoker is a temperature controlled smoker that burns wood pellets made of dried-out sawdust, about an inch long and 1/4 inch wide. The wood pellets are stored in a gravity-fed hopper that feeds into a motor-controlled auger by the temperature regulator. This auger pushes the pellets into

1218-444: The fire pot. An ignition rod within the auger ignites the pellets where a combustion fan keeps them smouldering. The motor and the combustion fan regulate the temperature of the smoker by feeding it more pellets and increasing airflow in the auger. Above the auger is a heat shield to disperse the direct heat before it reaches the heat box to allow the wood smoke to keep the heat box at an even temperature throughout. The heat sensor inside

1260-520: The floor of the oven so that the chips can smolder and produce a smoke-bath. In North America , this smoking method is commonly referred to as "barbecuing", "pit baking", or "pit roasting". Hardwoods are made up mostly of three materials: cellulose , hemicellulose , and lignin . Cellulose and hemicellulose are the basic structural material of the wood cells ; lignin acts as a kind of cell-bonding glue. Some softwoods , especially pines and firs , hold significant quantities of resin , which produces

1302-502: The food in salt or salty brine, resulting in a remarkably effective preservation process that was adapted and developed by numerous cultures around the world. Until the modern era, smoking was of a more "heavy duty" nature as the main goal was to preserve the food. Large quantities of salt were used in the curing process and smoking times were quite long, sometimes involving days of exposure. The advent of modern transportation made it easier to transport food products over long distances and

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1344-440: The foodstuff is cured. Commercial smokehouses , mostly made from stainless steel, have independent systems for smoke generation and cooking. Smoke generators use friction, an electric coil or a small flame to ignite sawdust on demand. Heat from steam coils or gas flames is balanced with live steam or water sprays to control the temperature and humidity. Elaborate air handling systems reduce hot or cold spots, to reduce variation in

1386-441: The heat box relays the current temperature inside the box back to the temperature regulator that controls the fan speed and pellet hopper motor, which either increase or decrease the amount of pellets in the auger or the amount of air available to the fire to maintain the desired temperature for the cook. The popularity of this type of smoker is on the rise after many BBQ pit-masters began using them in barbecue competitions. Smoke

1428-508: The location of St Petersburg. In March–April the smelt season opens up with many street vendors offering the fresh merchandise; the cucumber smell allows for them to be found easily. Some restaurants feature smelt in March–April as well, and residents prepare smelt for dinner. The fish are rolled in wheat flour and gently fried. The smelt is also smoked or rolled up and pickled like herring . Smoked Hot-smoked chum salmon Smoking

1470-439: The meat before escaping through an exhaust vent at the opposite end of the cooking chamber. Most manufacturers' models are based on this simple but effective design, and this is what most people picture when they think of a "BBQ smoker". Even large capacity commercial units use this same basic design of a separate, smaller fire box and a larger cooking chamber. The upright drum smoker (also referred to as an ugly drum smoker or UDS)

1512-485: The most popular size is the common 55-gallon drum. This design is similar to smoking with indirect heat due to the distance between the coals and the cooking racks, which is typically 24 inches (61 cm). The temperature is controlled by limiting the air intake at the bottom of the drum, and allowing a similar amount of exhaust out of vents in the lid. UDSs use their fuel very efficiently, and are flexible in their ability to produce proper smoking conditions with or without

1554-624: The need for the time and material intensive heavy salting and smoking declined. Smoking became more of a way to flavor than to preserve food. In 1939 a device called the Torry Kiln was invented at the Torry Research Station in Scotland. The kiln allowed for uniform mass-smoking and is considered the prototype for all modern large-scale commercial smokers. Although refinements in technique and advancements in technology have made smoking much easier,

1596-404: The offset smoker are that the cooking chamber is usually cylindrical in shape, with a shorter, smaller diameter cylinder attached to the bottom of one end for a firebox. To cook the meat, a small fire is lit in the firebox, where airflow is tightly controlled. The heat and smoke from the fire are drawn through a connecting pipe or opening into the cooking chamber. The heat and smoke cook and flavor

1638-528: The smelt can easily be caught with nets. Outside the spawning season in the autumn, smelts are found in the harbours on the Baltic Sea coast, where they can be caught with so-called Heringspaternoster lures. In earlier times smelt could be caught in great quantities in rivers, and washing baskets were used instead of nets. In Hamburg the district name of Stintfang ("smelt catch") indicates this, and in Lüneburg

1680-429: The use of a water pan or drip pan. A vertical water smoker (also referred to as a bullet smoker because of its shape) is a variation of the upright drum smoker. It uses charcoal or wood to generate smoke and heat, and contains a water bowl between the fire and the cooking grates. The water bowl serves to maintain optimal smoking temperatures and also adds humidity to the smoke chamber. It also creates an effect in which

1722-410: The various types of smokers are the insulated electric smokers. These devices house a heating element that can maintain temperatures ranging from that required for a cold smoke all the way up to 135 °C (275 °F) with little to no intervention from the user. Although wood chunks, pellets, and even in some cases automatically fed wood pucks are used to generate smoke, the amount of flavor obtained

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1764-486: The water vapor and smoke condense together, which adds flavor to smoked foods. In addition, the bowl catches any drippings from the meat that may cause a flare-up. Vertical water smokers are extremely temperature stable and require very little adjustment once the desired temperature has been reached. Because of their relatively low cost and stable temperature, they are sometimes used in barbecue competitions where propane and electric smokers are not allowed. A propane smoker

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