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53-462: Kunwar (also spelt Kanwar or Kaur or Kuar ) is an Indian title denoting a prince . It is derived from the Sanskrit word Kumar . It was traditionally associated with the feudal Rajputs such as the son of a Rana , Babu and Thakur The following are notable uses of the name Kunwar. Prince The Latin word prīnceps (older Latin *prīsmo-kaps, lit.   ' the one who takes

106-494: A native title into the Latin prīnceps (as for the hereditary ruler of Wales ) or when the lord's territory was allodial . The lord of an allodium owned his lands and exercised prerogatives over the subjects in his territory absolutely, owing no feudal homage or duty as a vassal to a liege lord , nor being subject to any higher jurisdiction. Most small territories designated as principalities during feudal eras were allodial, e.g.

159-603: A reigning monarch), Ukrainian and Russian : князь , romanized :  knyaz , etc., are usually translated as "prince" in English. Some princely titles are derived from those of national rulers, such as tsarevich from tsar . Other examples are (e) mirza (da), khanzada , nawabzada , sahibzada , shahzada , sultanzada (all using the Persian patronymic suffix -zada , meaning "son, descendant"). However, some princely titles develop in unusual ways, such as adoption of

212-454: A slash. If a second title (or set) is also given, then that one is for a Prince of the blood, the first for a principality. Be aware that the absence of a separate title for a prince of the blood may not always mean no such title exists; alternatively, the existence of a word does not imply there is also a reality in the linguistic territory concerned; it may very well be used exclusively to render titles in other languages, regardless whether there

265-605: A specific style other than prince has become customary for dynasts, such as fils de France in the House of Capet , and Infante . Infante was borne by children of the monarch other than the heir apparent in all of the Iberian monarchies. Some monarchies used a specific princely title for their heirs, such as Prince of Asturias in Spain and Prince of Brazil in Portugal. Sometimes

318-782: A specific title is commonly used by various dynasties in a region, e.g. Mian in various of the Punjabi princely Hill States (lower Himalayan region in British India). European dynasties usually awarded appanages to princes of the blood, typically attached to a feudal noble title, such as Prince of Orange in the Netherlands, Britain's royal dukes , the Dauphin in France, the Count of Flanders in Belgium, and

371-778: A style for dynasts which is not pegged to the ruler's title, but rather continues an old tradition (e.g., " grand duke " in Romanov Russia or " archduke " in Habsburg Austria), claims dynastic succession to a lost monarchy (e.g. Prince de Tarente for the La Trémoïlle heirs to the Neapolitan throne ), or descends from a ruler whose princely title or sovereign status was not de jure hereditary, but attributed to descendants as an international courtesy, (e.g., Bibesco-Bassaraba de Brancovan , Poniatowski , Ypsilanti ). In some dynasties,

424-404: A title among the nobility, from the 16th century onwards. These titles were created by elevating a seigneurie to the nominal status of a principality—although prerogatives of sovereignty were never conceded in the letters patent. Princely titles self-assumed by the princes du sang and by the princes étrangers were generally tolerated by the king and used at the royal court, outside

477-446: A title named for a specific and historical territory. The family's possession of prerogatives or properties in that territory might be long past. Such were most of the "princedoms" of France's ancien régime , so resented for their pretentiousness in the memoirs of Saint-Simon . These included the princedoms of Arches-Charleville, Boisbelle-Henrichemont, Chalais, Château-Regnault, Guéménée, Martigues, Mercœur, Sedan, Talmond, Tingrey, and

530-822: A treaty or a victory. Examples include: Eastern Europe In the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , the titles of prince dated either to the times before the Union of Lublin or were granted to Polish nobles by foreign monarchs, as the law in Poland forbade the king from dividing nobility by granting them hereditary titles : see The Princely Houses of Poland . In Ukraine, landlords and rulers of Kievan Rus' were called князь ( knjazʹ ), translated as "prince". Similarly, foreign titles of "prince" were translated as knyaz in Ukrainian (e. g. Ivan Mazepa , "knyaz of Holy Roman Empire"). Princes of Rurik Dynasty obeyed their oldest brother, who

583-504: Is a historical link with any (which often means that linguistic tradition is adopted) Etymologically, we can discern the following traditions (some languages followed a historical link, e.g. within the Holy Roman Empire, not their language family; some even fail to follow the same logic for certain other aristocratic titles): In Netherlands, Belgium, France, Italy, Ukraine, Japan, Lithuania, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Belarus and Hungary

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636-495: Is accorded the masculine equivalent of her title (e.g., emperor, king), at least after he fathered her heir. In previous epochs, husbands of queens regnant were often deemed entitled to the crown matrimonial , sharing their consorts' regnal title and rank jure uxoris . However, in cultures which allow the ruler to have several wives (e.g., four in Islam ) or official concubines (e.g., Imperial China , Ottoman Empire , Thailand ,

689-502: Is also used in this sense in the United States Declaration of Independence . As a title, by the end of the medieval era, prince was borne by rulers of territories that were either substantially smaller than those of or exercised fewer of the rights of sovereignty than did emperors and kings. A lord of even a quite small territory might come to be referred to as a prince before the 13th century, either from translations of

742-578: Is common but in many respects rather dubious. Different (historical, religious...) backgrounds have also begot significantly different dynastic and nobiliary systems, which are poorly represented by the 'closest' western analogy. It therefore makes sense to treat these per civilization. It's crucial to use the proper title while speaking to members of the royal family because Brunei is an absolute monarchy , and inappropriate use might be uncomfortable. The heir apparent and crown prince , styled as Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri (His Royal Highness),

795-454: Is considered equivalent to, Latin rēx and its equivalents in the various European languages . The Germanic term is notably different from the word for "King" in other Indo-European languages ( *rēks "ruler"; Latin rēx , Sanskrit rājan and Irish rí ; however, see Gothic reiks and, e.g., modern German Reich and modern Dutch rijk ). The English word is of Germanic origin, and historically refers to Germanic kingship , in

848-495: Is derived from the Common Germanic * kuningaz . The Common Germanic term was borrowed into Estonian and Finnish at an early time, surviving in these languages as kuningas . It is a derivation from the term *kunjom "kin" ( Old English cynn ) by the -inga- suffix. The literal meaning is that of a "scion of the [noble] kin", or perhaps "son or descendant of one of noble birth" ( OED ). The English term translates, and

901-473: Is officially known as Pengiran Muda Mahkota (Crown Prince); A blood prince is officially known as Pengiran Muda (Prince); their names are styled differently: If they do not have additional titles, the Sultan's sons are addressed as Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri (His Royal Highness); The Pengiran Muda Mahkota's sons are addressed as Yang Teramat Mulia (His Royal Highness). Before Qin dynasty , prince (in

954-512: Is the higher title of a male member of the Imperial family while the latter is the lower. In the Joseon Dynasty , the title "Prince" was used for the king's male-line descendants. The title was divided into two: the king's legitimate son used the title daegun (대군, 大君, literally "grand prince"), but any other male royals used the title gun (군, 君, lit. "prince"). These included the descendants of

1007-441: Is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts. A king is an absolute monarch if he holds the powers of government without control, or the entire sovereignty over a nation ; he is a limited monarch if his power is restrained by fixed laws; and he is an absolute, when he holds the whole legislative , judicial , and executive power , or when the legislative or judicial powers, or both, are vested in other people by

1060-676: Is usually translated as Huang Zi ( 皇子 , lit. Son of the Emperor) or Wang Zi ( 王子 lit., Son of the King), e.g. 查爾斯王子 (Prince Charles). As a title of nobility, prince can be translated as Qin Wang according to tradition, Da Gong (大公, lit., Grand Duke) if one want to emphasize that it is a very high rank but below the King ( Wang ), or just Zhu Hou ( 诸侯 , lit. princes) which refers to princes of all ranks in general. For example, 摩納哥親王 (Prince of Monaco). In Japan,

1113-764: The Late Middle Ages there were a number of large and powerful kingdoms in Europe, which would develop into the great powers of Europe in the Early Modern period . By the end of the Middle Ages, the kings of these kingdoms would start to place arches with an orb and cross on top as an Imperial crown , which only the Holy Roman Emperor had had before. This symbolized them holding the imperium and being emperors in their own realm not subject even theoretically anymore to

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1166-602: The Parlement of Paris . These titles held no official place in the hierarchy of the nobility, but were often treated as ranking just below ducal peerages , since they were often inherited (or assumed) by ducal heirs: This can even occur in a monarchy within which an identical but real and substantive feudal title exists, such as Fürst in German. An example of this is: Spain, France and Netherlands In other cases, such titular princedoms are created in chief of an event, such as

1219-566: The Princedom of Dombes . Lords who exercised lawful authority over territories and people within a feudal hierarchy were also sometimes regarded as princes in the general sense, especially if they held the rank of count or higher. This is attested in some surviving styles for e.g., British earls, marquesses , and dukes are still addressed by the Crown on ceremonial occasions as high and noble princes (cf. Royal and noble styles ). In parts of

1272-556: The Russian Empire , were also accorded the title of knyazʹ —sometimes after first being allowed to use the higher title of tsarevich (e.g. the Princes Gruzinsky and Sibirsky ). In each case, the title is followed (when available) by the female form and then (not always available, and obviously rarely applicable to a prince of the blood without a principality) the name of the territory associated with it, each separated by

1325-470: The Zulu monarchy ), these women, sometimes collectively referred to as a harem , often have specific rules determining their relative hierarchy and a variety of titles, which may distinguish between those whose offspring can be in line for the succession or not, or specifically who is mother to the heir to the throne. To complicate matters, the style His/Her (Imperial/Royal) Highness , a prefix often accompanying

1378-486: The crown prince before the grand duke's abdication, or in form of consortium imperii . Some monarchies even have a practice in which the monarch can formally abdicate in favour of his heir and yet retain a kingly title with executive power, e.g. Maha Upayuvaraja ( Sanskrit for Great Joint King in Cambodia ), though sometimes also conferred on powerful regents who exercised executive powers. In several countries of

1431-657: The immediate states within the historical boundaries of the Holy Roman Empire . In medieval and early modern Europe , there were as many as two hundred such territories, especially in Italy, Germany, and Gaelic Ireland . In this sense, "prince" is used of any and all rulers, regardless of actual title or precise rank. This is the Renaissance use of the term found in Niccolò Machiavelli 's famous work, Il Principe . It

1484-399: The "kingship" of Yvetot, among others. A prince or princess who is the head of state of a territory that has a monarchy as a form of government is a reigning prince. The current princely monarchies include: In the same tradition, some self-proclaimed monarchs of so-called micronations style themselves as princes: Various monarchies provide for different modes in which princes of

1537-542: The 18th century (although Liechtenstein long remained an exception, with cadets and females using Fürst/Fürstin into the 19th century) for dynasties headed by a Fürst in Germany. The custom spread through the Continent to such an extent that a renowned imperial general who belonged to a cadet branch of a reigning ducal family, remains best known to history by the generic dynastic title, " Prince Eugene of Savoy ". Note that

1590-557: The Count of Syracuse in Sicily . Sometimes appanage titles were princely, e.g. Prince of Achaia (Courtenay), Prince de Condé (Bourbon), Prince of Carignan (Savoy), but it was the fact that their owners were of princely rank rather than that they held a princely title which was the source of their pre-eminence. For the often specific terminology concerning an heir apparent, see Crown prince . Other princes derive their title not from dynastic membership as such, but from inheritance of

1643-587: The European continent, such as France, prince can be an aristocratic title of someone having a high rank of nobility or as lord of a significant fief, but not ruling any actual territory and without any necessary link to the royal family , which makes it difficult to compare with the British system of royal princes. France and the Holy Roman Empire The kings of France started to bestow the style of prince, as

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1696-506: The Holy Roman Emperor. Philosophers Works Currently (as of 2023 ), seventeen kings are recognized as the heads of state of sovereign states (i.e. English king is used as official translation of the respective native titles held by the monarchs). Most of these are heads of state of constitutional monarchies ; kings ruling over absolute monarchies are the King of Saudi Arabia ,

1749-408: The Holy Roman Empire in which primogeniture did not prevail (e.g., Germany), all legitimate agnates had an equal right to the family's hereditary titles. While titles such as emperor , king , and elector could only be legally occupied by one dynast at a time, holders of such other titles as duke , margrave , landgrave , count palatine , and prince could only differentiate themselves by adding

1802-518: The dynasty can temporarily or permanently share in the style and/or office of the monarch, e.g. as regent or viceroy . Though these offices may not be reserved legally for members of the ruling dynasty, in some traditions they are filled by dynasts, a fact which may be reflected in the style of the office, e.g. " prince-president " for Napoleon III as French head of state but not yet emperor, or "prince-lieutenant" in Luxembourg , repeatedly filled by

1855-468: The end of the 17th century, the heir apparent to the House of La Tour d'Auvergne 's sovereign duchy bears the title Prince de Bouillon , but he would record in 1728 that the heir's La Tour cousin, the Count of Oliergues, is " known as the Prince Frederick" (" dit le prince Frédéric"). The post-medieval rank of gefürsteter Graf (princely count) embraced but elevated the German equivalent of

1908-515: The first [place/position] ' ), became the usual title of the informal leader of the Roman senate some centuries before the transition to empire , the princeps senatus . Emperor Augustus established the formal position of monarch on the basis of principate , not dominion . He also tasked his grandsons as summer rulers of the city when most of the government were on holiday in the country or attending religious rituals, and, for that task, granted them

1961-606: The former highest title which was then replaced by Huang Di ( 皇帝 , lit. Emperor). Since Western Jin , the Wang rank was divided into two ranks, Qin Wang ( 親王 , lit. King of the Blood) and Jun Wang ( 郡王 , lit. King of the Commandery). Only family of the Emperor can be entitled Qin Wang , so prince is usually translated as Qin Wang , e.g. 菲利普親王 (Prince Philip). For the son of the ruler, prince

2014-414: The habit of inter-marrying with sovereign dynasties. By the 19th century, cadets of a Fürst would become known as Prinzen . The husband of a queen regnant is usually titled " prince consort " or simply "prince", whereas the wives of male monarchs take the female equivalent (e.g., empress, queen) of their husband's title. In Brazil, Portugal and Spain, however, the husband of a female monarch

2067-472: The intermediate French, English and Spanish nobles. In the Holy Roman Empire, these nobles rose to dynastic status by preserving from the Imperial crown ( de jure after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648) the exercise of such sovereign prerogatives as the minting of money; the muster of military troops and the right to wage war and contract treaties ; local judicial authority and constabulary enforcement; and

2120-613: The intermediate positions of counts (or earls ) and dukes . The core of European feudal manorialism in the High Middle Ages were the territories of the former Carolingian Empire , i.e. the kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire (centered on the nominal kingdoms of Germany and Italy ). In the course of the European Middle Ages, the European kingdoms underwent a general trend of centralisation of power, so that by

2173-467: The king up to the grandsons of illegitimate sons of the king and the crown prince, and up to the great grandsons of daegun s, with other royals being able to be named gun if they reached the second rank. But the title of gun wasn't limited to the royal family. It was also granted as an honorary title to the king's father-in-law and to gongsin (공신, 功臣, lit. "servant of merit") and was only conditionally hereditary for gongsin s. King King

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2226-481: The king. Kings are hereditary sovereigns when they hold the powers of government by right of birth or inheritance, and elective when raised to the throne by choice. The term king may also refer to a king consort , a title that is sometimes given to the husband of a queen regnant , but the title of prince consort is more common. The English term king is derived from the Anglo-Saxon cyning , which in turn

2279-591: The kingdom of the Franks developed into the Carolingian Empire by the 8th century, and the kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England were unified into the kingdom of England by the 10th century. With the breakup of the Carolingian Empire in the 9th century, the system of feudalism places kings at the head of a pyramid of relationships between liege lords and vassals, dependent on the regional rule of barons , and

2332-455: The monarch from other members of his dynasty became necessary. Gradual substitution of the title of Prinz for the monarch's title of Fürst occurred, and became customary for cadets in all German dynasties except in the grand duchies of Mecklenburg and Oldenburg . Both Prinz and Fürst are translated into English as "prince", but they reflect not only different but mutually exclusive concepts. This distinction had evolved before

2385-431: The name of their appanage to the family's original title. This tended to proliferate unwieldy titles (e.g. Princess Katherine of Anhalt-Zerbst ; Karl, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Neukastell-Kleeburg ; or Prince Christian Charles of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön-Norburg ) and, as agnatic primogeniture gradually became the norm in the Holy Roman Empire by the end of the 18th century, another means of distinguishing

2438-480: The pre-Christian period a type of tribal kingship . The monarchies of Europe in the Christian Middle Ages derived their claim from Christianisation and the divine right of kings , partly influenced by the notion of sacral kingship inherited from Germanic antiquity . The Early Middle Ages begin with a fragmentation of the former Western Roman Empire into barbarian kingdoms . In Western Europe,

2491-542: The princely title was used as a prefix to his Christian name, which also became customary. Cadets of France's other princes étrangers affected similar usage under the Bourbon kings. Always facing the scepticism of Saint-Simon and like-minded courtiers, these quasi-royal aristocrats' assumption of the princely title as a personal, rather than territorial, designation encountered some resistance. In writing Histoire Genealogique et Chonologique , Père Anselme accepts that, by

2544-599: The sense of royal family member) had no special title. Princes of the Zhou dynasty were specifically referred to as Wangzi (王子) and Wangsun (王孫), which mean "son of the king" and "grandson of the king," while princes of the vassal states were referred to as Gongzi (公子) and Gongsun (公孫), which mean "son of the lord" and "grandson of the lord," respectively. Sons of the vassals may receive nobility titles like Jun (君), Qing (卿), Daifu (大夫) and Shi (仕). Since Han dynasty , royal family members were entitled Wang ( 王 , lit. King),

2597-683: The title Kōshaku ( 公爵 ) was used as the highest title of Kazoku ( 華族 Japanese modern nobility) before the present constitution. Kōshaku , however, is more commonly translated as "Duke" to avoid confusion with the following royal ranks in the Imperial Household: Shinnō ( 親王 literally, Prince of the Blood); Naishinnō ( 内親王 lit., Princess of the Blood in her own right); and Shinnōhi 親王妃 lit., Princess Consort); or Ō ( 王 lit., Prince); Jyo-Ō ( 女王 lit., Princess (in her own right)); and Ōhi ( 王妃 lit., Princess Consort). The former

2650-626: The title of prince has also been used as the highest title of nobility (without membership in a ruling dynasty), above the title of duke , while the same usage (then as Fürst ) has occurred in Germany and Austria but then one rank below the title of duke and above count . The above is essentially the story of European, Christian dynasties and other nobility, also 'exported' to their colonial and other overseas territories and otherwise adopted by rather westernized societies elsewhere (e.g. Haiti). Applying these essentially western concepts, and terminology, to other cultures even when they don't do so,

2703-572: The title of a dynastic prince, may be awarded/withheld separately (as a compromise or consolation prize, in some sense, e.g., Duke of Cádiz , Duchess of Windsor , Princesse de Réthy , Prince d'Orléans-Braganza ). Although the arrangement set out above is the one that is most commonly understood, there are also different systems. Depending on country, epoch, and translation, other usages of "prince" are possible. Foreign-language titles such as Italian : principe , French : prince , German : Fürst , German: Prinz (non-reigning descendant of

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2756-508: The title of princeps. The title has generic and substantive meanings: The original but now less common use of the word was the application of the Latin word prīnceps , from late Roman law and the classical system of government that eventually gave way to the European feudal society. In this sense, a prince is a ruler of a territory that is sovereign or quasi-sovereign, i.e., exercising substantial (though not all) prerogatives associated with monarchs of independent nations, such as

2809-477: Was taking the title of Grand Prince of Kiev . In 14th their ruling role was taken by Lithuanian princes, which used the title of Grand Prince of Lithuania and Ruthenia. With the rise of cossacks, many former Ukrainian princes were incorporated into the new cossack nobility . In the Russian system, knyaz was the highest degree of official nobility. Members of older dynasties, whose realms were eventually annexed to

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