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120-526: In January 1882, the Craftsmen's and Education Association stated in a citizens' meeting: "It is desirable that a museum be established in Crefeld that represents the interests of the arts and crafts in particular" . A museum commission was then founded, and in the following year, a museum association. It had 32 members, including the mayor, the district administrator, the school board and several silk manufacturers. In

240-488: A heart attack , the morning after he and his wife Jacqueline entertained friends for dinner. He was interred at the Château of Vauvenargues near Aix-en-Provence , a property he had acquired in 1958 and occupied with Jacqueline between 1959 and 1962. Jacqueline prevented his children Claude and Paloma from attending the funeral. Devastated and lonely after the death of Picasso, Jacqueline killed herself by gunshot in 1986 when she

360-516: A series of works based on Velázquez 's painting of Las Meninas . He also based paintings on works by Goya , Poussin , Manet , Courbet and Delacroix . In addition to his artistic accomplishments, Picasso made a few film appearances, always as himself, including a cameo in Jean Cocteau 's Testament of Orpheus (1960). In 1955, he helped make the film Le Mystère Picasso ( The Mystery of Picasso ) directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot . He

480-452: A German art historian and art collector who became one of the premier French art dealers of the 20th century. He was among the first champions of Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque and the Cubism that they jointly developed. Kahnweiler promoted burgeoning artists such as André Derain , Kees van Dongen , Fernand Léger , Juan Gris , Maurice de Vlaminck and several others who had come from all over

600-495: A Reichsmark. Made entirely of zinc , the 10 ℛ︁₰ is an emergency issue type, similar to the zinc 1 ℛ︁₰ and 5 ℛ︁₰ , and the aluminium 50 ℛ︁₰ coins from the same period. Nazi Germany had a number of mints. Each mint location had its own identifiable letter. It is therefore possible to identify exactly which mint produced what coin by noting the mint mark on the coin. Not all mints were authorized to produce coins every year. The mints were also only authorized to produce

720-622: A Roman department, ironware from the 15th to the 18th century, Italian metalwork, furniture from the Lower Rhine, Rhenish stoneware, pottery, German and Dutch faiences , South German and French furniture of the Rococo and the Empire, Italian furniture of the Renaissance , and a painting gallery. After the death of Kaiser William I in 1888, a museum was proposed to be erected as a memorial to him instead of

840-597: A beautiful young model. Jacqueline Roque (1927–1986) worked at the Madoura Pottery in Vallauris on the French Riviera , where Picasso made and painted ceramics. She became his lover, and then his second wife in 1961. The two were together for the remainder of Picasso's life. His marriage to Roque was also a means of revenge against Gilot; with Picasso's encouragement, Gilot had divorced her then-husband, Luc Simon, with

960-480: A coastal region of north-western Italy. Pablo's maternal great-grandfather, Tommaso Picasso, moved to Spain around 1807. Picasso showed a passion and a skill for drawing from an early age. According to his mother, his first words were "piz, piz", a shortening of lápiz , the Spanish word for "pencil". From the age of seven, Picasso received formal artistic training from his father in figure drawing and oil painting. Ruiz

1080-496: A comedic character usually depicted in checkered patterned clothing, became a personal symbol for Picasso. Picasso met Fernande Olivier , a bohemian artist who became his mistress, in Paris in 1904. Olivier appears in many of his Rose Period paintings, many of which are influenced by his warm relationship with her, in addition to his increased exposure to French painting. The generally upbeat and optimistic mood of paintings in this period

1200-647: A failed attempt by the Reichskanzler Heinrich Brüning to reduce prices through use of 4 ℛ︁₰ pieces instead of 5 ℛ︁₰ coins. Known as the Brüningtaler or Armer Heinrich ('poor Heinrich'), they were demonetized the following year. See Brüningtaler (in German) . The quality of the Reichsmark coins decreased more and more towards the end of World War II and misprints happened more frequently. Since

1320-513: A large composition that depicts his sister, Lola. In the same year, at the age of 14, he painted Portrait of Aunt Pepa , a vigorous and dramatic portrait that Juan-Eduardo Cirlot has called "without a doubt one of the greatest in the whole history of Spanish painting." In 1897, his realism began to show a Symbolist influence, for example, in a series of landscape paintings rendered in non-naturalistic violet and green tones. What some call his Modernist period (1899–1900) followed. His exposure to

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1440-409: A long-standing affair with Marie-Thérèse Walter and fathered a daughter with her, named Maya. Marie-Thérèse lived in the vain hope that Picasso would one day marry her, and hanged herself four years after Picasso's death. In February 1917, Picasso made his first trip to Italy. In the period following the upheaval of World War I, Picasso produced work in a neoclassical style. This " return to order "

1560-593: A minimal acquisition budget, the Kunstmuseen Krefeld was not in a position to invest in classical modernism like bigger museums. Wember therefore bought unknown contemporary art, including works by Yves Klein, Tàpies and Beuys , for example a first painting by Yves Klein in 1959 for DM 500 or two paintings by Piero Manzoni for 200 DM. Wember used a wide range of contacts with gallery owners such as Michael Hertz, Alfred Schmela , Rolf Ricke , Rudolf Zwirner and Conny Fischer for exhibitions and purchases. In 1960,

1680-523: A monument. Eventually, the Kaiser Wilhelm Museum commenced construction in 1894 and opened in 1897. Its north and south wings were extended as early as 1910–1912. The museum started with a collection from Konrad Kramer, who in the Lower Rhine region had, since 1850, been collecting furniture, sculptures, stained glass, stoneware, paintings and weapons. The Krefeld city councillor Albert Oetker bought

1800-735: A nearly bare table. Blindness, a recurrent theme in Picasso's works of this period, is also represented in The Blindman's Meal (1903, the Metropolitan Museum of Art ) and in the portrait of Celestina (1903). Other Blue Period works include Portrait of Soler and Portrait of Suzanne Bloch . The Rose Period (1904–1906) is characterized by a lighter tone and style utilizing orange and pink colours and featuring many circus people, acrobats and harlequins known in France as saltimbanques. The harlequin,

1920-468: A permanent place. A Graphic Studies Cabinet has been set up where visitors can ask to see sheets from the rich collection. Especially since Haus Lange has been available as an exhibition space, the Krefeld art museums have presented a whole series of highly regarded art exhibitions. In the process, Haus Lange and Haus Esters are often regarded by the artists themselves as a field for experimentation, entirely in

2040-486: A pipe, a guitar or a glass, with an occasional element of collage. "Hard-edged square-cut diamonds", notes art historian John Richardson , "these gems do not always have upside or downside". "We need a new name to designate them," wrote Picasso to Gertrude Stein . The term " Crystal Cubism " was later used as a result of visual analogies with crystals at the time. These "little gems" may have been produced by Picasso in response to critics who had claimed his defection from

2160-534: A reinterpretation of his work by contemporary art historians and scholars. According to Jonathan Weinberg, "Given the extraordinary quality of the show and Picasso's enormous prestige, generally heightened by the political impact of Guernica ... the critics were surprisingly ambivalent". Picasso's "multiplicity of styles" was disturbing to one journalist; another described him as "wayward and even malicious"; Alfred Frankenstein 's review in ARTnews concluded that Picasso

2280-404: A set number of coins with some mints allocated a greater production than others. Some of the coins with particular mint marks are therefore scarcer than others. With the silver 2 ℛ︁ℳ︁ and 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁ coins, the mint mark is found under the date on the left side of the coin. On the smaller denomination Reichspfennig coins, the mint mark is found on the bottom center of

2400-431: A son, Paulo Picasso , who would grow up to be a motorcycle racer and chauffeur to his father. Khokhlova's insistence on social propriety clashed with Picasso's bohemian tendencies and the two lived in a state of constant conflict. During the same period that Picasso collaborated with Diaghilev's troupe, he and Igor Stravinsky collaborated on Pulcinella in 1920. Picasso took the opportunity to make several drawings of

2520-418: A special way. The beginning was made in 1961 by Yves Klein with temporary fire columns, which he lit in the garden of the house, as well as a Raum der Leere, a retrofitted room with a floor area of seven square metres, which he whitewashed in a grainy white and which exists unchanged to this day. In 1971, Haus Lange was covered with an airborne construction by the group Haus-Rucker-Co  [ de ] for

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2640-458: A student, Picasso lacked discipline but made friendships that would affect him in later life. His father rented a small room for him close to home so he could work alone, yet he checked up on him numerous times a day, judging his drawings. The two argued frequently. Picasso's father and uncle decided to send the young artist to Madrid's Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando , the country's foremost art school. At age 16, Picasso set off for

2760-542: Is a style of painting Picasso developed with Georges Braque using monochrome brownish and neutral colours. Both artists took apart objects and "analyzed" them in terms of their shapes. Picasso and Braque's paintings at this time share many similarities. In Paris, Picasso entertained a distinguished coterie of friends in the Montmartre and Montparnasse quarters, including André Breton , poet Guillaume Apollinaire , writer Alfred Jarry and Gertrude Stein . In 1911, Picasso

2880-754: Is evident in the work of many European artists in the 1920s, including André Derain , Giorgio de Chirico , Gino Severini , Jean Metzinger , the artists of the New Objectivity movement and of the Novecento Italiano movement. Picasso's paintings and drawings from this period frequently recall the work of Raphael and Ingres . In 1925 the Surrealist writer and poet André Breton declared Picasso as 'one of ours' in his article Le Surréalisme et la peinture , published in Révolution surréaliste . Les Demoiselles

3000-509: Is his depiction of the German bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War – Guernica . This large canvas embodies for many the inhumanity, brutality and hopelessness of war. Asked to explain its symbolism, Picasso said, "It isn't up to the painter to define the symbols. Otherwise it would be better if he wrote them out in so many words! The public who look at the picture must interpret

3120-683: Is reminiscent of the 1899–1901 period (i.e., just prior to the Blue Period), and 1904 can be considered a transition year between the two periods. By 1905, Picasso became a favourite of American art collectors Leo and Gertrude Stein . Their older brother Michael Stein and his wife Sarah also became collectors of his work. Picasso painted a portrait of Gertrude Stein and one of her nephew Allan Stein . Gertrude Stein became Picasso's principal patron, acquiring his drawings and paintings and exhibiting them in her informal Salon at her home in Paris. At one of her gatherings in 1905, he met Henri Matisse , who

3240-453: Is represented, among others, by the marble sculpture Eva (1900) by Auguste Rodin and the painting The Houses of Parliament in London (1904) by Claude Monet . The Modern collection was torn apart in 1937 by the confiscations in the context of degenerate art. Heinrich Campendonk's Pierrot with Sunflower (1925) and the painting Kuhmelken (1913) by Emil Nolde returned to the collection after

3360-532: The Papiermark . This was necessary due to the 1920s German inflation which had reached its peak in 1923. The exchange rate between the old Papiermark and the Reichsmark was 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁ = 10   ℳ︁ (one trillion in American English and French, one billion in German and other European languages and British English of the time; see long and short scale ). To stabilize the economy and to smooth

3480-517: The Barraque D'Dull Odde in its old location and reassembling it in a newly designed exhibition space in which the windows were covered and painted completely white. Afterwards, all the remaining Beuys works were installed in the same room together with the artist. In 1984, Beuys completed it by adding a second room. Even during the renovation of the museum between 2012 and 2016, the ensemble remained in its original place. In 2010, this unique group of works

3600-693: The Blue Period (1901–1904), the Rose Period (1904–1906), the African-influenced Period (1907–1909), Analytic Cubism (1909–1912), and Synthetic Cubism (1912–1919), also referred to as the Crystal period . Much of Picasso's work of the late 1910s and early 1920s is in a neoclassical style, and his work in the mid-1920s often has characteristics of Surrealism . His later work often combines elements of his earlier styles. Exceptionally prolific throughout

3720-510: The Constructivist works by Piet Mondrian , whose rightful ownership has been under discussion for some time, Theo van Doesburg and László Moholy-Nagy . A special feature is the group of works of Rhenish Expressionism  [ de ] , with works by Heinrich Nauen , Helmuth Macke and Johan Thorn Prikker. The collection boasts many new realists . Jean Tinguely , Arman , Raymond Hains , Jacques de la Villeglé and others enrich

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3840-525: The Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur . He was an international celebrity, with often as much interest in his personal life as his art. Picasso was one of 250 sculptors who exhibited in the 3rd Sculpture International held at the Philadelphia Museum of Art in mid-1949. In the 1950s, Picasso's style changed once again, as he took to producing reinterpretations of the art of the great masters. He made

3960-630: The Quattrocento . One focus is on paintings from the 19th century, including works by Franz von Lenbach , Wilhelm Leibl , Johann Wilhelm Schirmer , Hans Thoma and various artists of the Düsseldorf School of Painting. Of particular note is Der Schadow-Kreis  [ de ] , a joint painting by Eduard Bendemann , Theodor Hildebrandt , Julius Hübner , Wilhelm von Schadow and Karl Ferdinand Sohn , created in Rome in 1830. Classical Modernism

4080-709: The Steglitzer Werkstatt  [ de ] and the Wiener Werkstättes . At the same time, an extensive collection of Japanese woodblock prints was created. In the 1920s, prints by Heinrich Campendonk, Erich Heckel , Käthe Kollwitz and Franz Marc joined the collection. Even after the Second World War, special attention was paid to the graphic arts collection. For example, the art museums have 80 prints by Picasso as well as works by Warhol, Beuys and Matisse. In

4200-742: The Still Life with Guitar (1942) and The Charnel House (1944–48). Although the Germans outlawed bronze casting in Paris, Picasso continued regardless, using bronze smuggled to him by the French Resistance . Around this time, Picasso wrote poetry as an alternative outlet. Between 1935 and 1959 he wrote more than 300 poems. Largely untitled except for a date and sometimes the location of where they were written (for example "Paris 16 May 1936"), these works were gustatory, erotic, and at times scatological , as were his two full-length plays, Desire Caught by

4320-905: The U.S. Treasury Department authorized the air transfer of these to the USSR. Using a printing plant in occupied Leipzig , the Soviet authorities printed large runs of occupation marks to fill Soviet coffers with dollars causing inflation and financial instability. An investigation by the United States Congress (Occupation Currency Transactions Hearings before the Committee on Appropriations, Armed Services and Banking and Currency, U.S. Senate , 1947) found that about $ 380,000,000 "more currency than there were appropriations for" had been circulated. In 1947 Rhineland-Palatinate issued 5₰ and 10₰ notes with Geldschein on them. Coins and banknotes for circulation in

4440-449: The bombing of Guernica by German and Italian air forces during the Spanish Civil War . Picasso demonstrated extraordinary artistic talent in his early years, painting in a naturalistic manner through his childhood and adolescence. During the first decade of the 20th century, his style changed as he experimented with different theories, techniques, and ideas. After 1906, the Fauvist work of

4560-545: The Łódź Ghetto . Special issues of Reichsmark currency were issued for use by the Wehrmacht from 1942 to 1944. The first issue was denominated in 1 ℛ︁₰, 5 ℛ︁₰, 10 ℛ︁₰, and 50 ℛ︁₰ and 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁, but was valued at 1 military Reichspfennig = 10 civilian Reichspfennig. This series was printed on only one side. The second issue notes of 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 10 ℛ︁ℳ︁, and 50 ℛ︁ℳ︁ were equal in value to

4680-419: The 1930s after the currency reform in 1948 to expand and round off existing focal points of the collection. Romantic drawings and Impressionist paintings were also purchased to complete the collection. In 1953 and 1954, sheets by Max Ernst , Yves Tanguy , Joan Miró , Matisse and Picasso , among others, could be acquired at favourable prices, and thus the importance of contemporary graphic art increased within

4800-399: The 1930s, the minotaur replaced the harlequin as a common motif in his work. His use of the minotaur came partly from his contact with the surrealists, who often used it as their symbol, and it appears in Picasso's Guernica . The minotaur and Picasso's mistress Marie-Thérèse Walter are heavily featured in his celebrated Vollard Suite of etchings. Arguably Picasso's most famous work

4920-476: The 1980s, works by Gerhard Richter , Nicola De Maria, Abraham David Christian , Mimmo Paladino , A. R. Penck and Norbert Prangenberg were added. In the 1990s, graphic works by artists such as Christian Boltanski , Bethan Huws , Anri Sala or Luc Tuymans entered the collection. Following the fundamental renovation of the Kaiser Wilhelm Museum in 2016, the Graphic Arts Collection has been given

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5040-413: The 4 ℛ︁₰ coin was only slightly larger than the 1 ℳ︁ coin and the imperial eagle looked similar, an attempt was made to pass it off as a 1-reichsmark coin by silvering the 4 ℛ︁₰ coin. The zinc 10 Reichspfennig coin was minted by Nazi Germany between 1940 and 1945 during World War II, replacing the aluminium-bronze version, which had a distinct golden colour. It is worth 1 ⁄ 10 or .10 of

5160-611: The French anti-fascist activist and surrealist photographer, Dora Maar . In addition, her black and white photographs are likely to have influenced the black and white scheme of Guernica , in stark contrast to Picasso's usual colorful paintings. "Maar's practice of photography influenced the art of Picasso – she had a great influence on his work," said Antoine Romand, a Dora Maar expert. "She contested him. She pushed him to do something new and to be more creative politically." Maar had exclusive access to Picasso's studio to observe and photograph

5280-510: The Kaiser Wilhelm Museum closed for an urgently needed general renovation, which, however, was to begin in 1966. With the expiry of the 10 years, exhibition activities in Haus Lange also ended for the time being in 1966, thus closing both museums. In April 1969, the Kaiser Wilhelm Museum was reopened. Ulrich Lange also donated Haus Lange to the city with the condition of exhibiting contemporary art there for 99 years. Wember retired in 1975. In 1976,

5400-516: The Kramer collection and donated it in time for the opening of the museum. The first director of the museum was Friedrich Deneken , beginning in 1897. During his 25-year tenure, the collection grew under his leadership. In an appeal, he wrote: "The Kaiser Wilhelm Museum must preferably be directed towards the acquisition of newer art products". As early as 1900, 26 purchases laid the foundation for today's poster collection. The Italian Renaissance collection

5520-485: The Prikker murals bricked up and thus saved them from destruction. The many purchases made during his tenure were reversed after the war by the victorious powers. The museum, which was closed in 1942, survived the war unscathed and was initially shared by municipal offices and institutions. In 1947, Paul Wember was appointed museum director. With the limited funds at his disposal, Wember attempted to purchase works of art from

5640-675: The Reichsmark and the currencies of the occupied and allied countries , often set so as to give economic benefits to German soldiers and civilian contractors, who were paid their wages in local currency. The rates were as follows: After the Second World War , the Reichsmark continued to circulate in Germany, but with new banknotes ( Allied Occupation Marks ) printed in the US and in the Soviet Zone , as well as with coins (without swastikas ). Inflation in

5760-613: The Reichsmark in order to finance state projects. Nominally exchangeable at a 1:1 rate for Reichsmarks but then discounted by the Reichsbank this created secret monetary expansion without formally renouncing the gold standard of the Reichsmark. With the annexation of the Federal State of Austria by Germany in 1938, the Reichsmark replaced the Austrian schilling . During the Second World War , Germany established fixed exchange rates between

5880-712: The Soviet Occupation Zone (colloquially also "Ostmark", since 1968 officially " Mark der DDR "). The 1948 currency reform under the direction of Ludwig Erhard is considered the beginning of the West German economic recovery ; however, the secret plan to introduce the Deutsche Mark in the Trizone was formulated by economist Edward A. Tenenbaum of the US military government , and was executed abruptly on 21 June 1948. Three days later,

6000-712: The Tail (1941), The Four Little Girls (1949) and The Burial of the Count of Orgaz (1959). In 1944, after the liberation of Paris, Picasso, then 63 years old, began a romantic relationship with a young art student named Françoise Gilot . She was 40 years younger than he was. Picasso grew tired of his mistress Dora Maar ; Picasso and Gilot began to live together. Eventually, they had two children: Claude Picasso , born in 1947 and Paloma Picasso , born in 1949. In her 1964 book Life with Picasso , Gilot describes his abusive treatment and myriad infidelities which led her to leave him, taking

6120-461: The art dealer Léonce Rosenberg . After the loss of Eva Gouel, Picasso had an affair with Gaby Lespinasse . During the spring of 1916, Apollinaire returned from the front wounded. They renewed their friendship, but Picasso began to frequent new social circles. Towards the end of World War I, Picasso became involved with Serge Diaghilev 's Ballets Russes . Among his friends during this period were Jean Cocteau , Jean Hugo , Juan Gris, and others. In

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6240-401: The children with her. This was a severe blow to Picasso. Picasso had affairs with women of an even greater age disparity than his and Gilot's. While still involved with Gilot, in 1951 Picasso had a six-week affair with Geneviève Laporte , who was four years younger than Gilot. By his 70s, many paintings, ink drawings and prints have as their theme an old, grotesque dwarf as the doting lover of

6360-398: The city of Krefeld acquired Haus Esters, the neighbouring house of Haus Lange, which opened in 1981 as another exhibition institute for temporary exhibitions of contemporary art. In 2010, the Kaiser Wilhelm Museum closed once again for a fundamental renovation, which was carried out from 2012. With the completion of the work, the first collection presentation Das Abenteuer unserer Sammlung I

6480-1194: The coin. The first Reichsmark banknotes were introduced by the Reichsbank and state banks such as those of Bavaria , Saxony and Baden . The first Reichsbank issue of 1924 came in denominations of 10 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 20 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 50 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 100 ℛ︁ℳ︁, and 1,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁. This was followed by a second issue in the same denominations, dated between 1929 and 1936. The second issue commemorated persons who made contributions to German agriculture, industry, economy, science, and architecture: 10 ℛ︁ℳ︁ issued in 1929 commemorated agronomist Albrecht Thaer ; 20 ℛ︁ℳ︁ issued in 1929 commemorated engineer, inventor, and industrialist Werner von Siemens ; 50 ℛ︁ℳ︁ issued in 1933 commemorated Prussian politician and banker David Hansemann ; 100 ℛ︁ℳ︁ issued in 1935 commemorated chemist and "father of fertilizer industry" Justus von Liebig ; 1,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁ issued in 1936 commemorated Prussian architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel . A newer version of 20 ℛ︁ℳ︁ note

6600-580: The collection of early works now held by the Museu Picasso in Barcelona , which provides one of the most comprehensive extant records of any major artist's beginnings. During 1893 the juvenile quality of his earliest work falls away, and by 1894 his career as a painter can be said to have begun. The academic realism apparent in the works of the mid-1890s is well displayed in The First Communion (1896),

6720-697: The collection today. From the field of Pop Art , the museum can boast works by artists such as Robert Rauschenberg , Robert Indiana and Andy Warhol . In the 1980s, there was a turn to European positions, especially to artists of the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf , including paintings by Nicola De Maria and Norbert Prangenberg . In addition, works by Erwin Heerich , Hubert Kiecol  [ de ] , Abraham David Christian , Zvi Goldstein , David Rabinowitch , Richard Deacon , Didier Vermeiren, Rosemarie Trockel , Jan Vercruysse and others were collected. At

6840-410: The collection, as do Yaakov Agam , Lucio Fontana , Adolf Luther  [ de ] , Piero Manzoni , Jesús Rafael Soto or Heinz Mack , Otto Piene and Günther Uecker . The house has a special history with Yves Klein, who held his first and only retrospective in Haus Lange. Due to the large number of works, Klein, along with Joseph Beuys, forms a central artistic position that continues to shape

6960-424: The collections. In 1955, Ulrich Lange made his childhood home, built between 1928 and 1930 by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe , available to the city of Krefeld for ten years as an exhibition venue for contemporary art. Under Wember's management, Haus Lange became one of the leading exhibition venues for avant-garde art, and it was here that Yves Klein held his first and last museum retrospective during his lifetime. With

7080-407: The composer. In 1927, Picasso met 17-year-old Marie-Thérèse Walter and began a secret affair with her. Picasso's marriage to Khokhlova soon ended in separation rather than divorce, as French law required an even division of property in the case of divorce, and Picasso did not want Khokhlova to have half his wealth. The two remained legally married until Khokhlova's death in 1955. Picasso carried on

7200-406: The course of his long life, Picasso achieved universal renown and immense fortune for his revolutionary artistic accomplishments, and became one of the best-known figures in 20th-century art . Picasso was born at 23:15 on 25 October 1881, in the city of Málaga , Andalusia, in southern Spain. He was the first child of Don José Ruiz y Blasco (1838–1913) and María Picasso y López. Picasso's family

7320-556: The creation of Guernica . At Picasso's request, Maar painted parts of the dying horse. In 1939 and 1940, the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, under its director Alfred Barr , a Picasso enthusiast, held a major retrospective of Picasso's principal works until that time. This exhibition lionized Picasso, brought into full public view in America the scope of his artistry, and resulted in

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7440-530: The creation of four large murals named Lebensalter by Johan Thorn Prikker on the upper floor. Creutz's death in 1932 marked the beginning of a period of stagnation at the museum. Burghardt Freiherr von Lepel took over as director in 1933, but left again in 1936. Fritz Muthmann's term of office from 1937 to 1943 saw the crackdown on so-called degenerate art under the Nazi regime , and thus almost all of Creutz's collection of modern works were confiscated. Muthmann had

7560-448: The currency of the occupied countries. The coins were originally planned in great numbers of 100 million and 250 million each of the 5 ℛ︁₰ and 10 ℛ︁₰ coins respectively. The first embossing order, which was issued in April 1940, was about 40 million × 5 ℛ︁₰ and 100 million × 10 ℛ︁₰. The total amount was divided between each of the seven German mints after the embossing key of 1939. The contract

7680-497: The end of the 1990s, the collection was supplemented by paintings by Gerhard Richter and Sigmar Polke . With the Beuys Block , the Kunstmuseen Krefeld have a unique group of works consisting of seven objects that the artist arranged himself in several stages. Born in Krefeld in 1921, Beuys was very much associated with the museum. As early as 1952, he created the fountain, a commissioned work that he made – mediated by Paul Wember,

7800-514: The eroticism that had been largely contained or sublimated since 1909", writes art historian Melissa McQuillan. Although this transition in Picasso's work was informed by Cubism for its spatial relations, "the fusion of ritual and abandon in the imagery recalls the primitivism of the Demoiselles and the elusive psychological resonances of his Symbolist work", writes McQuillan. Surrealism revived Picasso's attraction to primitivism and eroticism. During

7920-533: The exhibition Cover, Überleben in verschmutzter Umwelt . Christo laid out his fabric panels in the house and garden for the presentation Wrapped Floors and Wrapped Walk Ways in the same year. In 2009, for the exhibition BRICK BLDG, LG WINDOWS W/XLENT VIEWS, PARTIALLY FURNISHED, RENOWNED ARCHITECT , John Baldessari fully covered the large windows of Haus Lange outside with images of bricks. Reichsmark The Reichsmark ( German: [ˈʁaɪçsˌmaʁk] ; sign : ℛ︁ℳ︁ ; abbreviation: RM )

8040-411: The family moved to Barcelona , where Ruiz took a position at its School of Fine Arts. Picasso thrived in the city, regarding it in times of sadness or nostalgia as his true home. Ruiz persuaded the officials at the academy to allow his son to take an entrance exam for the advanced class. This process often took students a month, but Picasso completed it in a week, and the jury admitted him, at just 13. As

8160-412: The father found his son painting over his unfinished sketch of a pigeon. Observing the precision of his son's technique, an apocryphal story relates, Ruiz felt that the thirteen-year-old Picasso had surpassed him, and vowed to give up painting, though paintings by him exist from later years. In 1895, Picasso was traumatized when his seven-year-old sister, Conchita, died of diphtheria . After her death,

8280-605: The final months of the war had reduced the value of the Reichsmark from 2.50 ℛ︁ℳ︁ = $ 1US to 10 ℛ︁ℳ︁ = $ 1US and a barter economy had emerged due to the rapid depreciation. The Reichsmark was replaced by the Deutsche Mark at a rate of 10:1 (1:1 for cash and current accounts) in June 1948 in the Trizone and later in the same year by the East German mark in

8400-499: The first time on his own, but he disliked formal instruction and stopped attending classes soon after enrollment. Madrid held many other attractions. The Prado housed paintings by Diego Velázquez , Francisco Goya , and Francisco Zurbarán . Picasso especially admired the works of El Greco ; elements such as his elongated limbs, arresting colours, and mystical visages are echoed in Picasso's later work. Picasso's training under his father began before 1890. His progress can be traced in

8520-491: The globe to live and work in Montparnasse at the time. Picasso's African-influenced Period (1907–1909) begins with his painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon . The three figures on the left were inspired by Iberian sculpture , but he repainted the faces of the two figures on the right after being powerfully impressed by African artefacts he saw in June 1907 in the ethnographic museum at Palais du Trocadéro . When he displayed

8640-637: The homes for both families. In the same year, Mies van der Rohe had already realised the furnishing of the Café Samt und Seide at the Berlin trade fair Die Mode der Dame with his then partner Lilly Reich on behalf of the Association of German Silk Weavers with headquarters in Krefeld. The two-storey villas, built between 1928 and 1931 in the style of classical modernism, extend into the site as flat structures consisting of nested cubes and dominant rows of windows. All

8760-563: The house was renovated once again and equipped according to international museum standards for climate and safety. In the process, the mural Lebensalter by Jan Thorn Prikker, created in 1923, was made visible again. In 1927, Hermann Lange, art collector and director of the Vereinigte Seidenwebereien (VerSeidAG), together with Josef Esters, also director of the VerSeidAG, commissioned the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe to design

8880-538: The journal, mostly contributing grim cartoons depicting and sympathizing with the state of the poor. The first issue was published on 31 March 1901, by which time the artist had started to sign his work Picasso . From 1898 he signed his works as "Pablo Ruiz Picasso", then as "Pablo R. Picasso" until 1901. The change does not seem to imply a rejection of the father figure. Rather, he wanted to distinguish himself from others; initiated by his Catalan friends who habitually called him by his maternal surname, much less current than

9000-554: The language and its literature. Soon they shared an apartment; Max slept at night while Picasso slept during the day and worked at night. These were times of severe poverty, cold, and desperation. Much of his work was burned to keep the small room warm. During the first five months of 1901, Picasso lived in Madrid , where he and his anarchist friend Francisco de Asís Soler founded the magazine Arte Joven ( Young Art ), which published five issues. Soler solicited articles and Picasso illustrated

9120-453: The most influential artists of the 20th century, he is known for co-founding the Cubist movement, the invention of constructed sculpture , the co-invention of collage , and for the wide variety of styles that he helped develop and explore. Among his most famous works are the proto-Cubist Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907) and the anti-war painting Guernica (1937), a dramatic portrayal of

9240-494: The movement, through his experimentation with classicism within the so-called return to order following the war. After acquiring some fame and fortune, Picasso left Olivier for Marcelle Humbert, also known as Eva Gouel . Picasso included declarations of his love for Eva in many Cubist works. Picasso was devastated by her premature death from illness at the age of 30 in 1915. At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, Picasso

9360-544: The museum bear the mark of the history of the museum's origins—especially in the many donations and endowments from the early dayswhich form the foundation of the collection. The aforementioned Oetker Collection is particularly worthy of mention, as well as the Kramer Collection with medieval sculptures from the Lower Rhine. So too, the former Beckerath Collection forms a closed complex of Italian Renaissance art with, among other things, several high-quality sculptural works of

9480-487: The museum director at the time – for the Krefelder Edelstahlwerke . Until the last purchase in 1976, 53 further works were brought to Krefeld with the artist's help. The central object is the installation Barraque D'Dull Odde acquired in 1971, a double shelf with a lectern and seating, in which all the relics of Beuys' artistic life can be found. In February 1977, Joseph Beuys spent two days and nights dismantling

9600-462: The museum's collection to Geneva. The war provided the impetus for Picasso's first overtly political work . He expressed anger and condemnation of Francisco Franco and fascists in The Dream and Lie of Franco (1937), which was produced "specifically for propagandistic and fundraising purposes". This surreal fusion of words and images was intended to be sold as a series of postcards to raise funds for

9720-622: The new currency also replaced the Reichsmark in the three Western sectors of Berlin . In November 1945, the Reichsmark was superseded by the Second Austrian schilling in Austria. In 1947, the Saar mark , later replaced with the Saar franc , was introduced in the Saar . In 1924, coins were introduced in denominations of 1 ℛ︁₰ , 2 ℛ︁₰, 5 ℛ︁₰ , 10 ℛ︁₰, and 50 ℛ︁₰ , and 1 ℳ︁ and 3 ℳ︁. 4   Reichspfennig coins were issued in 1932 as part of

9840-474: The occupied territories during the war were issued by the Reichskreditkassen . Holed, zinc coins in 5 ℛ︁₰ and 10 ℛ︁₰ denominations were struck in 1940 and 1941. Banknotes were issued between 1939 and 1945 in denominations of 50 ℛ︁₰, 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 2 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 20 ℛ︁ℳ︁, and 50 ℛ︁ℳ︁. These served as legal tender alongside

9960-400: The older artist Henri Matisse motivated Picasso to explore more radical styles, beginning a fruitful rivalry between the two artists, who subsequently were often paired by critics as the leaders of modern art . Picasso's output, especially in his early career, is often periodized. While the names of many of his later periods are debated, the most commonly accepted periods in his work are

10080-605: The ordinary German Reichsmark and were printed on both sides. The 5 Mark note pictured, front and back, is Allied military currency ("AMC") printed at Forbes Lithograph Manufacturing Company in Boston for occupied Germany. There were different AMCs for each liberated area of Europe. Pablo Picasso Pablo Ruiz Picasso (25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973) was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker , ceramicist , and theatre designer who spent most of his adult life in France . One of

10200-494: The painting to acquaintances in his studio later that year, the nearly universal reaction was shock and revulsion; Matisse angrily dismissed the work as a hoax. Picasso did not exhibit Les Demoiselles publicly until 1916. Other works from this period include Nude with Raised Arms (1907) and Three Women (1908). Formal ideas developed during this period lead directly into the Cubist period that follows. Analytic cubism (1909–1912)

10320-422: The painting's disappearance. Synthetic cubism (1912–1919) was a further development of the genre of cubism, in which cut paper fragments – often wallpaper or portions of newspaper pages – were pasted into compositions, marking the first use of collage in fine art. Between 1915 and 1917, Picasso began a series of paintings depicting highly geometric and minimalist Cubist objects, consisting of either

10440-620: The paternal Ruiz. Picasso's Blue Period (1901–1904), characterized by sombre paintings rendered in shades of blue and blue-green only occasionally warmed by other colours, began either in Spain in early 1901 or in Paris in the second half of the year. Many paintings of gaunt mothers with children date from the Blue Period, during which Picasso divided his time between Barcelona and Paris. In his austere use of colour and sometimes doleful subject matter—prostitutes and beggars are frequent subjects—Picasso

10560-424: The plan to marry Picasso to secure the rights of her children as Picasso's legitimate heirs. Picasso had already secretly married Roque, after Gilot had filed for divorce. His strained relationship with Claude and Paloma was never healed. By this time, Picasso had constructed a huge Gothic home, and could afford large villas in the south of France, such as Mas Notre-Dame-de-Vie on the outskirts of Mougins , and in

10680-480: The same year, the first exhibition Kunstwerke aus Krefelder Privatbesitz was held in the Stadthalle. In the 1880s, the museum association primarily sought donations, objects and paintings as the basis for a museum building. In 1884, the city of Krefeld made the former school at Westwall 60 available free of charge. As early as 1897, the monetary value of the collection was estimated at 112,000 Reichsmark . This included

10800-649: The sense of the then director Paul Wember, who formulated: The exhibition form must become a different one, because art has become different ... We can no longer be content with hanging pictures on the wall or putting sculptures on the plinth. Thus, major exhibitions by Alberto Giacometti , Alexander Calder , ZERO , Marcel Duchamp , Robert Indiana, Claes Oldenburg , among others, can be pointed to, Timm Ulrichs , Adolf Luther , Keith Sonnier , Abraham David Christian , Thomas Schütte , Gerhard Richter, Richard Deacon, Stan Douglas or Andreas Gursky . Some artists incorporated an examination of Mies van der Rohe's buildings in

10920-492: The similarity. The result was landscaped areas with wide lawns, straight paths and flowerbeds whose geometry follows the formal language of the buildings. The gardens are part of the Straße der Gartenkunst zwischen Rhein und Maas  [ de ] . The collection of the Kunstmuseen Krefeld comprises approx. 14,000 works from the fields of painting, sculpture, graphic art, applied art, photography and new media. The older works in

11040-468: The south-facing windows of the house are designed as undivided glass surfaces that can be recessed into the ground except for a low parapet height. This allows the separation between interior and exterior space to be temporarily eliminated. On the street side, however, the buildings appear relatively closed and compact. Inside, the room segments interlock. Mies van der Rohe also designed the gardens for Haus Esters, and presumably also for Haus Lange because of

11160-426: The summer of 1918, Picasso married Olga Khokhlova , a ballerina with Sergei Diaghilev's troupe, for whom Picasso was designing a ballet, Erik Satie's Parade , in Rome; they spent their honeymoon near Biarritz in the villa of glamorous Chilean art patron Eugenia Errázuriz . Khokhlova introduced Picasso to high society, formal dinner parties, and other dimensions of the life of the rich in 1920s Paris. The two had

11280-683: The symbols as they understand them." Guernica was exhibited in July 1937 at the Spanish Pavilion at the Paris International Exposition , and then became the centrepiece of an exhibition of 118 works by Picasso, Matisse , Braque and Henri Laurens that toured Scandinavia and England. After the victory of Francisco Franco in Spain, the painting was sent to the United States to raise funds and support for Spanish refugees. Until 1981 it

11400-500: The time these works were dismissed by most as pornographic fantasies of an impotent old man or the slapdash works of an artist who was past his prime. Only later, after Picasso's death, when the rest of the art world had moved on from abstract expressionism , did the critical community come to see the late works of Picasso as prefiguring Neo-Expressionism . Pablo Picasso died on 8 April 1973 in Mougins , France, from pulmonary edema and

11520-687: The transition, the Papiermark was not directly replaced by the Reichsmark, but by the Rentenmark , an interim currency backed by the Deutsche Rentenbank , owning industrial and agricultural real estate assets. The Reichsmark was put on the gold standard at the rate previously used by the German mark , with the U.S. dollar worth 4.20 ℛ︁ℳ︁. During this period a number of shell companies were created and authorized to issue bonds outside

11640-534: The war. Some gaps were closed again after 1945 through targeted acquisitions. The museum has works by the German Impressionists Max Slevogt, Lois Corinth and Max Liebermann as well as Expressionist works. The Painting Flood (1912) by Wassily Kandinsky Symphony Black and Red by Alexej von Jawlensky and a group of works by Heinrich Campendonk represent the Blaue Reiter . Of particular note are

11760-408: The work of Rossetti , Steinlen , Toulouse-Lautrec and Edvard Munch , combined with his admiration for favourite old masters such as El Greco , led Picasso to a personal version of modernism in his works of this period. Picasso made his first trip to Paris , then the art capital of Europe, in 1900. There, he met his first Parisian friend, journalist and poet Max Jacob , who helped Picasso learn

11880-534: Was 59 years old. Picasso remained aloof from the Catalan independence movement during his youth, despite expressing general support and being friendly with activists within it. He did not join the armed forces for any side or country during World War I , the Spanish Civil War , or World War II. As a Spanish citizen living in France, Picasso was under no compulsion to fight against the invading Germans in either world war. In 1940, he applied for French citizenship, but it

12000-470: Was a traditional academic artist and instructor, who believed that proper training required disciplined copying of the masters, and drawing the human body from plaster casts and live models. His son became preoccupied with art to the detriment of his classwork. The family moved to A Coruña in 1891, where his father became a professor at the School of Fine Arts. They stayed for almost four years. On one occasion,

12120-608: Was acquired by Adolf von Beckerath  [ de ] in the same period. In 1922, Max Creutz succeeded Deneken as museum director. While Deneken's focus had been on modern decorative arts and small-scale art, Creutz shifted it to contemporary fine arts. In the first year of his tenure, he acquired a collection from Deutsches Museum für Kunst in Handel und Gewerbe  [ de ] with works by Peter Behrens and Henry van de Velde . He also purchased paintings by Campendonk , Liebermann and Kirchner . In 1923, Creutz arranged for

12240-615: Was arrested and questioned about the theft of the Mona Lisa from the Louvre . Suspicion for the crime had initially fallen upon Apollinaire due to his links to Géry Pieret, an artist with a history of thefts from the gallery. Apollinaire in turn implicated his close friend Picasso, who had also purchased stolen artworks from the artist in the past. Afraid of a conviction that could result in his deportation to Spain, Picasso denied having ever met Apollinaire. Both were later cleared of any involvement in

12360-552: Was both charlatan and genius. During World War II , Picasso remained in Paris while the Germans occupied the city. Picasso's artistic style did not fit the Nazi ideal of art , so he did not exhibit during this time. He was often harassed by the Gestapo . During one search of his apartment, an officer saw a photograph of the painting Guernica . "Did you do that?" the German asked Picasso. "No," he replied, "You did." Retreating to his studio, he continued to paint, producing works such as

12480-547: Was commissioned to make a maquette for a huge 50-foot (15 m)-high public sculpture to be built in Chicago, known usually as the Chicago Picasso . He approached the project with a great deal of enthusiasm, designing a sculpture which was ambiguous and somewhat controversial. Picasso said the figure represented the head of an Afghan Hound named Kabul. The sculpture, one of the most recognizable landmarks in downtown Chicago,

12600-450: Was entrusted to the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City, as it was Picasso's expressed desire that the painting should not be delivered to Spain until liberty and democracy had been established in the country. Before Guernica , Picasso had never addressed political themes in his art. The politicized nature of the work is largely attributed to his romantic relationship at the time with

12720-409: Was in danger of being torn apart when the collector Helga Lauffs withdrew her collection, which included five works by Beuys, from the museum. With the help of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia , the works of art were kept at the Kaiser Wilhelm Museum. The Kunstmuseen Krefeld have an extensive Graphic Collection with over 12,000 drawings, prints and artists' books. The foundation of this collection

12840-483: Was influenced by a trip through Spain and by the suicide of his friend Carles Casagemas . Starting in autumn of 1901, he painted several posthumous portraits of Casagemas culminating in the gloomy allegorical painting La Vie (1903), now in the Cleveland Museum of Art . The same mood pervades the well-known etching The Frugal Repast (1904), which depicts a blind man and a sighted woman, both emaciated, seated at

12960-865: Was introduced in 1939, using a design taken from an unissued Austrian S 100 banknote type. 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁ notes were issued in 1942. Throughout this period, the Rentenbank also issued banknotes denominated in Rentenmark, mostly in RM 1 and RM 2 denominations. In preparation for the occupation of Germany, the United States issued occupation banknotes dated 1944, printed by the Forbes Lithograph Printing Company of Boston. These were printed in similar colours with different sizes for groups of denominations. Notes were issued for 1 ⁄ 2  ℳ︁, 1 ℳ︁, 5 ℳ︁, 10 ℳ︁, 20 ℳ︁, 50 ℳ︁, 100 ℳ︁, and 1,000 ℳ︁. The issuer

13080-557: Was laid in the early years under the director Friedrich Deneken. The aim was to provide an overview of the artistic development of the 19th century with individual sheets. But the first posters were also purchased for the international poster collection, which today numbers over 1000 sheets. In 1923, the collection expanded abruptly with the acquisition of the model collection of the Deutsches Museum für Kunst in Handel und Gewerbe . This included designs by Peter Behrens, Henry van de Velde,

13200-569: Was living in Avignon . Braque and Derain were mobilized and Apollinaire joined the French artillery, while the Spaniard Juan Gris remained from the Cubist circle. During the war, Picasso was able to continue painting uninterrupted, unlike his French comrades. His paintings became more sombre and his life changed with dramatic consequences. Kahnweiler's contract had terminated on his exile from France. At this point, Picasso's work would be taken on by

13320-506: Was of middle-class background. His father was a painter who specialized in naturalistic depictions of birds and other game. For most of his life, Ruiz was a professor of art at the School of Crafts and a curator of a local museum. Picasso's birth certificate and the record of his baptism include very long names, combining those of various saints and relatives. Ruiz y Picasso were his paternal and maternal surnames, respectively, per Spanish custom. The surname "Picasso" comes from Liguria ,

13440-451: Was opened on 2 June 2016, thus presenting many works to the public for the first time in over six years. The museum building was built in 1894–1897 in the style of eclecticism and extended in 1910–1912 with north and south wings. The building remained undamaged in the Second World War and was rebuilt in 1966–1969. The removal of the grand staircase and the emperor's statue increased the exhibition space by almost 40%. Between 2012 and 2016,

13560-574: Was refused on the grounds of his "extremist ideas evolving towards communism". This information was not revealed until 2003. At the start of the Spanish Civil War in 1936, Picasso was 54 years of age. Soon after hostilities began, the Republicans appointed him "director of the Prado, albeit in absentia", and "he took his duties very seriously", according to John Richardson, supplying the funds to evacuate

13680-466: Was replaced by the East German mark . The Reichsmark was subdivided into 100 Reichspfennig (Rpf or ℛ︁₰). The Mark is an ancient Germanic weight measure, traditionally a half pound, later used for several coins; Reich ( realm in English) comes from the official name for the German state from 1871 to 1945, Deutsches Reich . The Reichsmark was introduced in 1924 as a permanent replacement for

13800-515: Was reproduced for the first time in Europe in the same issue. Yet Picasso exhibited Cubist works at the first Surrealist group exhibition in 1925; the concept of 'psychic automatism in its pure state' defined in the Manifeste du surréalisme never appealed to him entirely. He did at the time develop new imagery and formal syntax for expressing himself emotionally, "releasing the violence, the psychic fears and

13920-726: Was stopped in August 1940 as the Wehrmacht, which had requested the coins for Belgium and France, had no more need of it. When the embossing stopped, only Berlin ("A") and Munich ("D") produced significant quantities, but they still came to only a small extent of original production plans. The majority were melted down due to the limited supply of metal and thus, most mint marks are now quite rare (except for 1940 5 A and D, and 1940 10 A). Various special issues of Reichsmark currency were issued for use in concentration and prisoner of war (POW) camps ( Stalag ). None were legal tender in Germany itself. From 1942 to 1943 tokens were struck for use within

14040-637: Was the Alliierte Militärbehörde ('Allied military authorities') with In Umlauf gesetzt in Deutschland ('in legal circulation in Germany') printed on the obverse. These notes were convertible to US dollars at a rate of 10:1. Seeing an opportunity to procure foreign hard currency, the Soviet Union demanded copies of the engraving plates, ink, and associated equipment in early 1944, and on 14 April 1944 Henry Morgenthau and Harry Dexter White of

14160-518: Was the currency of Germany from 1924 until the fall of Nazi Germany in 1945, and in the American, British and French occupied zones of Germany , until 20 June 1948. The Reichsmark was then replaced by the Deutsche Mark , to become the currency of West Germany and then all of Germany after the 1990 reunification. The Reichsmark was used in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany until 23 June 1948, where it

14280-456: Was to become a lifelong friend and rival. The Steins introduced him to Claribel Cone and her sister Etta, who were American art collectors; they also began to acquire Picasso's and Matisse's paintings. Eventually, Leo Stein moved to Italy. Michael and Sarah Stein became patrons of Matisse, while Gertrude Stein continued to collect Picassos. In 1907, Picasso joined an art gallery that had recently been opened in Paris by Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler ,

14400-430: Was unveiled in 1967. Picasso refused to be paid $ 100,000 for it, donating it to the people of the city. Picasso's final works were a mixture of styles, his means of expression in constant flux until the end of his life. Devoting his full energies to his work, Picasso became more daring, his works more colourful and expressive, and from 1968 to 1971 he produced a torrent of paintings and hundreds of copperplate etchings. At

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