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29-510: Kujula Kadphises (Kushan language: Κοζουλου Καδφιζου, also Κοζολα Καδαφες; Kharosthi : 𐨐𐨂𐨗𐨂𐨫 𐨐𐨯 , IAST : Ku-ju-la Ka-sa , Kujula Kasa ; Chinese : 丘就卻 ; pinyin : Qiūjiùquè ; r. 30–80 CE, or 40–90 CE according to Bopearachchi ) was a Kushan prince who united the Yuezhi confederation in Bactria during the 1st century CE, and became the first Kushan emperor. According to

58-458: A set of numerals that are reminiscent of Roman numerals and Psalter Pahlavi Numerals. The system is based on an additive and a multiplicative principle, but does not have the subtractive feature used in the Roman numeral system. The numerals, like the letters, are written from right to left. There is no zero and no separate signs for the digits 5–9. Numbers are written additively, so, for example,

87-545: Is also known as the arapacana alphabet, and follows the order. This alphabet was used in Gandharan Buddhism as a mnemonic for the Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra , a series of verses on the nature of phenomena. A bar above a consonant ⟨ 𐨸 ⟩ can be used to indicate various modified pronunciations depending on the consonant, such as nasalization or aspiration. It

116-449: Is used for initial vowels in words. Other initial vowels use the a character modified by diacritics. Each syllable includes the short /a/ sound by default , with other vowels being indicated by diacritic marks. Long vowels are marked with the diacritic ⟨ 𐨌 ⟩ . An anusvara ⟨ 𐨎 ⟩ indicates nasalization of the vowel or a nasal segment following the vowel. A visarga ⟨ 𐨏 ⟩ indicates

145-400: Is used with k, ṣ, g, c, j, n, m, ś, ṣ, s, and h. The cauda ⟨ 𐨹 ⟩ changes how consonants are pronounced in various ways, particularly fricativization . It is used with g, j, ḍ, t, d, p, y, v, ś, and s. The dot below ⟨ 𐨺 ⟩ is used with m and h, but its precise phonetic function is unknown. Kharosthi includes only one standalone vowel character, which

174-557: The British Library in 1994. The entire set of British Library manuscripts are dated to the 1st century CE, although other collections from different institutions contain Kharosthi manuscripts from 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE, making them the oldest Buddhist manuscripts yet discovered. Kharosthi is mostly written right to left. Some variations in both the number and order of syllables occur in extant texts. The Kharosthi alphabet

203-744: The Edicts of Ashoka , some of which were written in the Kharosthi script (the Major Rock Edicts at Mansehra and Shahbazgarhi ). The study of the Kharosthi script was recently invigorated by the discovery of the Gandhāran Buddhist texts , a set of birch bark manuscripts written in Kharosthi, discovered near the Afghan city of Hadda just west of the Khyber Pass in Pakistan . The manuscripts were donated to

232-519: The Gandhari script ( 𐨒𐨌𐨣𐨿𐨢𐨌𐨪𐨁𐨌𐨫𐨁𐨤𐨁 , gāndhārī lipi ), was an ancient Indic script used by various peoples from the north-western outskirts of the Indian subcontinent (present-day Pakistan ) to Central Asia via Afghanistan . An abugida , it was introduced by the middle of the 3rd century BCE, possibly during the 4th century BCE, and remained in use until it died out in its homeland around

261-710: The Journal of the Asiatic society of Bengal , India) and by Carl Ludwig Grotefend (in 1836, published in Blätter für Münzkunde , Germany), with Grotefend "evidently not aware" of Prinsep's article, followed by Christian Lassen (1838). They all used the bilingual coins of the Indo-Greek Kingdom (obverse in Greek, reverse in Pali , using the Kharosthi script). This in turn led to the reading of

290-571: The Rabatak inscription , he was the great grandfather of Kanishka I . He is considered the founder of the Kushan Empire . The origins of Kujula Kadphises are quite obscure, and he is usually believed to be a descendant of the Kushan ruler Heraios , or possibly identical with him. However, Kujula shares his name (Kushan: Κοζουλου on some of his "Hermaeus" coins, or Κοζολα on his "Augustus" coins) with some of

319-470: The interpretatio Graeca of the Iranian god Verethragna . Contrary to earlier assumptions, which regarded Kujula Kadphises as Buddhist on the basis of the epithet of the 'satyadharmasthita' epithet, it is now clear from the wording of a Mathura inscription, in which Huvishka bears the same epithet satyadharmasthita , that the kingdom was conferred upon him by Sarva (Shiva) and Scamdavira (Candavlra), that is, he

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348-479: The 2nd–3rd century AD. Because of the substantial differences between the Semitic-derived Kharosthi script and its successors, knowledge of Kharosthi may have declined rapidly once the script was supplanted by Brahmi-derived scripts, until its re-discovery by Western scholars in the 19th century. The Kharosthi script was deciphered separately almost concomitantly by James Prinsep (in 1835, published in

377-574: The 3rd century BCE onward show a unified and standard form. An inscription in Aramaic dating back to the 4th century BCE was found in Sirkap , testifying to the presence of the Aramaic script in present-day Pakistan. According to Sir John Marshall , this seems to confirm that Kharoshthi was later developed from Aramaic. While the Brahmi script remained in use for centuries, Kharosthi seems to have been abandoned after

406-614: The 3rd century CE. It was also in use in Bactria , the Kushan Empire , Sogdia , and along the Silk Road . There is some evidence it may have survived until the 7th century in Khotan and Niya , both cities in East Turkestan . The name Kharosthi may derive from the Hebrew kharosheth , a Semitic word for writing, or from Old Iranian *xšaθra-pištra , which means "royal writing". The script

435-686: The bright fortnight of Vaisakha during the auspicious period of the constellation of Rohini , in the year one hundred and three — 100 3 — (during the reign) of the king, the Kshatrapa Lord Rudrasiha (Rudrasimha), the son of the king, the Maha-Kshatrapa Lord Rudradaman (and) son’s son of the king, the Kshatrapa Lord Jayadaman , (and) grandson’s son of the king, the Maha-Kshatrapa Lord Chashtana ,

464-652: The kingdoms call [their king] the Guishuang [Kushan] king, but the Han call them by their original name, Da Yuezhi [Great Yuezhi]. The invasion of the Indo-Parthian kingdom led by Kujula Kadphises is thought to have occurred some time after 45 CE, during the reign of Gondophares 's successors: Abdagases and Sases . The connection of Kujula with other Kushan rulers is described in the Rabatak inscription , discovered in Rabatak in what

493-762: The last Indo-Scythian rulers, such as Liaka Kusulaka (Greek: Λιακα Κοζουλο ), or his son Patika Kusulaka , which might suggest some family connection. In the process of their expansion eastward, Kujula Kadphises and his son Vima Takto (or Vema Tahktu) seem to have displaced the Indo-Parthian kingdom, established in northwestern India by the Parthian Gondophares since around 20 CE: His son, Yangaozhen [probably Vema Tahktu or, possibly, his brother Sadaṣkaṇa ], became king in his place. He defeated Tianzhu [North-western India] and installed Generals to supervise and lead it. The Yuezhi then became extremely rich. All

522-620: The number 1996 would be written as 𐩇𐩃𐩃𐩀𐩆𐩅𐩅𐩅𐩅𐩄𐩃𐩁 . 𐩅𐩅𐩅𐩅𐩄𐩃𐩁 (2+4+10+20+20+20+20) + 𐩃𐩃𐩀𐩆 100x(1+4+4) + 𐩇 1000 𐩅𐩅𐩅𐩅𐩄𐩃𐩁 𐩃𐩃𐩀𐩆 𐩇 (2+4+10+20+20+20+20) + 100x(1+4+4) + 1000 Kharosthi was added to the Unicode Standard in March, 2005 with the release of version 4.1. The Unicode block for Kharosthi is U+10A00–U+10A5F: Rudrasimha I Obv: Bust of Rudrasimha, with corrupted Greek legend "..OHIIOIH.." ( Indo-Greek style). Rudrasimha I

551-557: The numismat R.C Senior considered that these dates might correspond to the much earlier Azes era instead. During his reign, the Abhiras became increasingly important. Some of them were even serving as generals. Ashvini Agrawal thinks that the Abhira king Isvardatta was a general in the service of Rudrasimha I who deposed his master in 188 A.D and ascended the throne. Ashvini Agrawal further says that Rudrasimha I soon deposed him and regained

580-677: The reign of Darius the Great , rather than the monumental cuneiform used for public inscriptions. One theory suggests that the Aramaic script arrived with the Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley in 500 BCE and evolved over the next 200+ years to reach its final form by the 3rd century BCE where it appears in some of the Edicts of Ashoka. However, no intermediate forms have yet been found to confirm this evolutionary model, and rock and coin inscriptions from

609-537: The statues of the Khalchayan palatial site in Bactria , dated circa 50 CE, probably corresponded to the rule of Kujula Kadphises. The coinage of the Kushan ruler, Kujula Kadphises, shows us the enlargement of the religious horizon of the Kushans. His first issue, which has the debased portrait and name of Hermaeus on the obverse, shows Heracles on the reverse, still following the Greek tradition, even though Heracles may be

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638-449: The throne in 190 A.D. Rudrasimha I is also known for an inscription in Sanskrit at Gunda , north Kathiawar , mentioning "the digging of a well for the welfare of society by Senapati Bapaka's son, Rudrabhuti Abhira ", and dated to Saka era 103 (181 CE). The inscription also gives a detailed genealogy of the kings up to Rudrasimha: "Hail ! On the [auspicious] fifth tithi of

667-581: The throne. Ashvini Agrawal further says that Rudrasimha I soon deposed him and regained the throne in 190 A.D. From the reigns of Jivadaman and Rudrasimha I, the date of minting of each coin, reckoned in the Saka era , is usually written on the obverse behind the king's head in Brahmi numerals , allowing for a quite precise datation of the rule of each king. This is a rather uncommon case in Indian numismatics. Some, such as

696-491: The unvoiced syllable-final /h/. It can also be used as a vowel length marker. A further diacritic, the double ring below ⟨ 𐨍 ⟩ appears with vowels -a and -u in some Central Asian documents, but its precise phonetic function is unknown. Salomon has established that the vowel order is /a e i o u/, akin to Semitic scripts, rather than the usual vowel order for Indic scripts /a i u e o/. Nine Kharosthi punctuation marks have been identified: Kharosthi included

725-463: The well was caused to be dug and embanked by the general ( senapati ) Rudrabuthi, the son of the general (senapati) Bapaka, the Abhira , at the village (grama) of Rasopadra, for the welfare and comfort of all living beings." The inscription refers Rudrasimha to as simply a ksatrapa , ignoring the existence of any mahaksatrapa . According to Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya, this indicates that the Abhira general

754-416: Was a Western Kshatrapa ruler, who reigned from 178 to 197 CE. He was son of Rudradaman I , grandson of Jayadaman , and grand-grandson of Chashtana . During his reign, the Abhiras became increasingly important. Some of them were even serving as generals. Ashvini Agrawal thinks that the Abhira king Isvardatta was a general in the service of Rudrasimha I who deposed his master in 188 A.D and ascended

783-1781: Was a devotee of the Hindu God, Shiva , and hence a firm Shaivite . It is striking to see that Kujula Kadphises has already adopted the worship of Siva and the use of Kharosthï script at such an early date. Jayadaman Rudradaman I Damajadasri I Jivadaman Rudrasimha I Isvaradatta Rudrasimha I Jivadaman Rudrasena I Bagamira Arjuna Hvaramira Mirahvara Huvishka ( c.  151  – c.  190 ) Vasudeva I ( c.  190 – 230) Samghadaman Damasena Damajadasri II Viradaman Yasodaman I Vijayasena Damajadasri III Rudrasena II Visvasimha Miratakhma Kozana Bhimarjuna Koziya Datarvharna Datarvharna KUSHANO-SASANIANS Ardashir I ( c.  230 – 250) Ardashir II (?-245) Kanishka II ( c.  230 – 247) Peroz I , "Kushanshah" ( c.  250 – 265) Hormizd I , "Kushanshah" ( c.  265 – 295) Vāsishka ( c.  247 – 267) Kanishka III ( c.  267 – 270) Hormizd II , "Kushanshah" ( c.  295 – 300) GUPTA EMPIRE Chandragupta I Samudragupta Chandragupta II Visvasena Rudrasimha II Jivadaman Peroz II , "Kushanshah" ( c.  300 – 325) Mahi ( c.  300 –305) Shaka ( c.  305 – 335) Yasodaman II Rudradaman II Rudrasena III Simhasena Rudrasena IV Varahran I (325–350) Shapur II Sassanid king and "Kushanshah" ( c.  350 ) Kipunada ( c.  335 – 350) Kharosthi Kharosthi script ( Gāndhārī : 𐨑𐨪𐨆𐨮𐨿𐨛𐨁𐨌𐨫𐨁𐨤𐨁 , romanized:  kharoṣṭhī lipi ), also known as

812-473: Was earlier also known as Indo-Bactrian script , Kabul script and Arian-Pali . Scholars are not in agreement as to whether the Kharosthi script evolved gradually, or was the deliberate work of a single inventor. An analysis of the script forms shows a clear dependency on the Aramaic alphabet but with extensive modifications. Kharosthi seems to be derived from a form of Aramaic used in administrative work during

841-552: Was once Bactria in 1993, which was inscribed by Kanishka . Kanishka states Kujula Kadphises to be his great-grandfather, Vima Taktu to be his grandfather, Vima Kadphises to be his father, and himself Kanishka: And he [Kanishka] gave orders to make images of the same, (namely) of these gods who are written herein, and he gave orders to make (them) for these kings: for King Kujula Kadphises (his) great grandfather, and for King Vima Taktu (his) grandfather, and for King Vima Kadphises (his) father, and for himself, King Kanishka. Some of

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