Kr00k (also written as KrØØk ) is a security vulnerability that allows some WPA2 encrypted WiFi traffic to be decrypted. The vulnerability was originally discovered by security company ESET in 2019 and assigned CVE - 2019-15126 on August 17th, 2019. ESET estimates that this vulnerability affects over a billion devices.
31-498: Kr00k was discovered by ESET Experimental Research and Detection Team, most prominently ESET security researcher Miloš Čermák . It was named Kr00k by Robert Lipovský and Štefan Svorenčík . It was discovered when trying variations of the KRACK attack. Initially found in chips made by Broadcom and Cypress , similar vulnerabilities have been found in other implementations, including those by Qualcomm and MediaTek . The vulnerability
62-483: A nonce (a kind of " shared secret ") in the WPA2 protocol. The standard for WPA2 anticipates occasional Wi-Fi disconnections, and allows reconnection using the same value for the third handshake (for quick reconnection and continuity). Because the standard does not require a different key to be used in this type of reconnection, which could be needed at any time, a replay attack is possible. An attacker can repeatedly re-send
93-572: A security guard , prison officer, janitor , or retail store manager. The chain is often retractable, and therefore may be a nylon rope, instead of an actual metal chain. The chain ensures that the keys remain attached to the individual using them, makes accidental loss less likely, and saves on wear and tear on the pockets of the user. Many keychains also offer other functions that the owner wants easily accessible as well. These can include army knives, bottle openers, nail clippers, pill cases, or pepper spray among many others. An electronic key finder
124-432: A central server for the building, which can be programmed to allow access only to those areas in which the tenant or owner is permitted to access, or only within certain time frames. Remote workers may also use a security token – an electronic device often referred to as a fob – that provides one part of a three-way match to log in over an unsecure computer network connection to a secure network. (A well-known example
155-404: A clear line-of-sight to function. These could be copied using a programmable remote control . More recent models use challenge–response authentication over radio frequency , so these are harder to copy and do not need line-of-sight to operate. Programming these remotes sometimes requires the automotive dealership to connect a diagnostic tool, but many of them can be self-programmed by following
186-526: A delayed frame transmission, thereby denying them access to the network, provided TDLS is not enabled. One disadvantage of this method is that, with poor connectivity, key reinstallation failure may cause failure of the Wi-Fi link. In October 2018, reports emerged that the KRACK vulnerability was still exploitable in spite of vendor patches, through a variety of workarounds for the techniques used by vendors to close off
217-743: A few cents to a few dollars each when purchased in large quantities as giveaways. Souvenir keychains or novelty keychains representing bands, movies, games, etc., are also considered to be inexpensive, ranging from US$ 1 up to US$ 15. Electronic keychains including games and small organizers start at a few dollars and can be up to US$ 50. Other keychain electronics including cameras, digital photo frames, and USB drives cost US$ 10 to US$ 100. The most popular focused keychain collections are advertising, souvenir, monument, popular characters and nostalgia-related items. Keychains are typically not made specifically for collecting on large scale, and do not hold their value as well as other collections. A standard keychain that
248-463: A keyring. Some keychains allow one or both ends to rotate, keeping the keychain from becoming twisted, while the item is being used. Keychains are one of the most common souvenir and advertising items. In the 1950s and 1960s, with the improvement of plastic manufacturing techniques, promotional items including keychains became unique. Businesses could place their names and logos on promotional keychains that were three-dimensional for less cost than
279-433: A mechanism to open and securely close the loop. A key fob is a generally decorative and at times useful item many people often carry with their keys , on a ring or a chain, for ease of tactile identification, to provide a better grip, or to make a personal statement. Key fob can also specifically refer to modern electronic car keys , or smart keys , which serve as both a key and remote. The word fob may be linked to
310-797: A message or symbol such as that of a logo (as with conference trinkets) or a sign of an important group affiliation. A fob may be symbolic or strictly aesthetic, but it can also be a small tool. Many fobs are small flashlights , compasses , calculators , penknives , discount cards , bottle openers , security tokens , and USB flash drives . As electronic technology continues to become smaller and cheaper, miniature key-fob versions of (previously) larger devices are becoming common, such as digital photo frames , remote control units for garage door openers , barcode scanners and simple video games (e.g. Tamagotchi ) or other gadgets such as breathalyzers . Some retail establishments such as gasoline stations keep their bathrooms locked and customers must ask for
341-411: A patch, or not provide patches at all in the case of many older devices. Patches are available for different devices to protect against KRACK, starting at these versions: In order to mitigate risk on vulnerable clients, some WPA2-enabled Wi-Fi access points have configuration options that can disable EAPOL-Key frame re-transmission during key installation. Attackers cannot cause re-transmissions with
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#1732844786967372-402: A sequence of steps in the vehicle and usually requires at least one working key. Key fobs are used in apartment buildings and condominium buildings for controlling access to common areas (for example, lobby doors, storage areas, fitness room, pool). These usually contain a passive RFID tag. The fob operates in much the same manner as a proximity card to communicate (via a reader pad) with
403-701: Is a replay attack (a type of exploitable flaw) on the Wi-Fi Protected Access protocol that secures Wi-Fi connections. It was discovered in 2016 by the Belgian researchers Mathy Vanhoef and Frank Piessens of the University of Leuven . Vanhoef's research group published details of the attack in October 2017. By repeatedly resetting the nonce transmitted in the third step of the WPA2 handshake , an attacker can gradually match encrypted packets seen before and learn
434-426: Is also a useful item found on many keys that will beep when summoned for quick finding when misplaced. A keyring or "split ring" is a circle cotter that holds keys and other small items sometimes connected to keychains. Other types of keyrings are made of leather, wood and rubber. These are the central component to a keychain. Keyrings were invented in the 19th century by Samuel Harrison. The most common form of
465-568: Is known to be patched in: During their research, ESET confirmed over a dozen popular devices were vulnerable. Cisco has found several of their devices to be vulnerable and are working on patches. They are tracking the issue with advisory id cisco-sa-20200226-wi-fi-info-disclosure. Known vulnerable devices include: KRACK CVE- 2017-13078 , CVE- 2017-13079 , CVE- 2017-13080 , CVE- 2017-13081 , CVE- 2017-13082 , CVE- 2017-13084 , CVE- 2017-13086 , CVE- 2017-13087 , KRACK (" Key Reinstallation Attack ")
496-556: Is known, and the attacker can read the target's entire traffic on that connection. According to US-CERT : "US-CERT has become aware of several key management vulnerabilities in the 4-way handshake of the Wi-Fi Protected Access II (WPA2) security protocol. The impact of exploiting these vulnerabilities includes decryption, packet replay, TCP connection hijacking, HTTP content injection, and others. Note that as protocol-level issues, most or all correct implementations of
527-641: Is the RSA SecurID token.) This kind of key fob may have a keypad on which the user must enter a PIN to retrieve an access code, or it could be a display-only device. RFID key fobs can be easily cloned with tools like the Proxmark3 , and there are several companies in America that offer this service. The cost of keychains in the United States varies widely depending on their purpose. Advertising keychains begin at only
558-502: The low German dialect for the word Fuppe , meaning "pocket"; however, the real origin of the word is uncertain. Fob pockets (meaning 'sneak proof' from the German word foppen ) were pockets meant to deter thieves. A short "fob chain" was used to attach to items, like a pocket watch, placed in these pockets. Fobs vary considerably in size, style and functionality. Most commonly they are simple discs of smooth metal or plastic, typically with
589-451: The KRACK vulnerability: CVE - 2017-13077 , CVE- 2017-13078 , CVE- 2017-13079 , CVE- 2017-13080 , CVE- 2017-13081 , CVE- 2017-13082 , CVE- 2017-13084 , CVE- 2017-13086 , CVE- 2017-13087 and CVE - 2017-13088 . Some WPA2 users may counter the attack by updating Wi-Fi client and access point device software, if they have devices for which vendor patches are available. However, vendors may delay in offering
620-528: The full keychain used to encrypt the traffic. The weakness is exhibited in the Wi-Fi standard itself, and not due to errors in the implementation of a sound standard by individual products or implementations. Therefore, any correct implementation of WPA2 is likely to be vulnerable. The vulnerability affects all major software platforms, including Microsoft Windows , macOS , iOS , Android , Linux , OpenBSD and others. The widely used open-source implementation wpa_supplicant , utilized by Linux and Android,
651-593: The key from the attendant. In such cases the key often has a very large fob so that customers will not automatically pocket and walk off with the key after completing their ablutions. Key fobs offering added functionalities connected to online services may require additional subscription payment to access them. Access control key fobs are electronic key fobs that are used for controlling access to buildings or vehicles. They are used for activating such things as remote keyless entry systems on motor vehicles . Early electric key fobs operated using infrared and required
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#1732844786967682-486: The keychain collection. According to Guinness World Records , the largest collection of keychains consists of 62,257 items, achieved by Angel Alvarez Cornejo in Sevilla, Spain, as verified on 25 June 2016. His collection began at the age of 7. Due to the tremendous size of his collection he now stores his keychains in his garage and a rented warehouse. The previous record holder was Brent Dixon of Georgia, United States with
713-433: The keyring is a single piece of metal in a 'double loop'. Either end of the loop can be pried open to allow a key to be inserted and slid along the spiral until it becomes wholly engaged onto the ring. Novelty carabiners are also commonly used as keyrings for ease of access and exchange. Often the keyring is adorned with a fob for self-identification or decor. Other forms of rings may use a single loop of metal or plastic with
744-496: The largest collection of keychains, at 41,418 non-duplicated ones. By analogy to the physical object, the terms keychain and keyring are often used for software that stores cryptographic keys . The term keychain was first introduced in a series of IBM developerWorks articles. The term is used in GNU Privacy Guard to store known keys on a keyring. Mac OS X uses a password storage system called Keychain . A " keyring "
775-458: The name of the destination or be shaped like something people relate to the destination, such as a sandal for a beach, or skis for a mountain. The ease of production has created a wide range of options for consumers and businesses alike. A keychain can also be a connecting link between a keyring and the belt , bag, or other garment. Keychains with an actual chain or string are usually used by personnel whose job demands frequent use of keys, such as
806-475: The original attack. Keychain#Computer keychains A keychain ( / ˈ k i t ʃ eɪ n / ) (also keyring ) is a small ring or chain of metal to which several keys , or fobs can be attached. The terms keyring & keychain are often used interchangeably to mean both the individual ring, or a combined unit of a ring and fob. The length of a keychain or fob may also allow an item to be used more easily than if connected directly to
837-527: The standard metal keychains. Keychains are small and inexpensive enough to become promotional items for larger national companies that might give them out by the millions. For example, with the launch of a new movie or television show, those companies might partner with food companies to provide a character keychain in each box of cereal. These same qualities also make them cheap and easy to produce for consumers, and these have become popular souvenir and novelty items. Destination souvenir keychains will often bear
868-514: The standard will be affected. The CERT/CC and the reporting researcher KU Leuven, will be publicly disclosing these vulnerabilities on 16 October 2017." The paper describing the vulnerability is available online, and was formally presented at the ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security on 1 November 2017. US-CERT is tracking this vulnerability, listed as VU#228519, across multiple platforms. The following CVE identifiers relate to
899-407: The third handshake of another device's communication to manipulate or reset the WPA2 encryption key. Each reset causes data to be encrypted using the same values, so blocks with the same content can be seen and matched, working backwards to identify parts of the keychain which were used to encrypt that block of data. Repeated resets gradually expose more of the keychain until eventually the whole key
930-422: Was especially susceptible as it can be manipulated to install an all-zeros encryption key , effectively nullifying WPA2 protection in a man-in-the-middle attack . Version 2.7 fixed this vulnerability. The security protocol protecting many Wi-Fi devices can essentially be bypassed, potentially allowing an attacker to intercept sent and received data. The attack targets the four-way handshake used to establish
961-551: Was purchased for ten dollars new may only be worth less than a dollar once it has been owned regardless of condition. Collectors display and store their keychains in several different ways. Some collections are small enough that the collector can place all of their keychains on their standard key ring. Some larger collections can be stored and displayed on dowels, cork boards, tool racks, on large link chains, in display cases, hung on walls, or displayed on Christmas trees. Some collections are large enough that entire rooms are dedicated to