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46-456: It is unclear when the mosque was first constructed as different dates are given by different sources, although a mosque may have been rebuilt several times at the same location. According to Hikayat Patani , a history of the Patani Kingdom , two mosques were constructed during the reign of Sultan Muzaffar Shah (d. 1564). One of the mosques was built outside the main gate ("Pintu Gerbang") of

92-561: A brief account of the bendaharas (prime ministers or royal treasurers) who served the rulers of Pattani. Part Four: Datuk Cerak Kin – This story tells of the elephant doctor Cau Hand and his descendants, including the Bendahara Datuk Cerak Kin, who appears to have been a particularly powerful bendahara. A Thai version of the Hikayat Patani, which continues events after 1729, claims that Datuk Cerak Kin succeeded Alung Yunus to

138-552: A centre of culture, producing high quality works of music, dance, drama and handicraft. An Englishman Peter Floris who visited Patani in 1612–1613 described a dance performed in Patani as the finest he had seen in the Indies. Chinese merchants were important in the rise of Patani as a regional trade center. Chinese, Malay and Siamese merchants traded throughout the area, as well as Persians, Indians and Arabs. They were joined by others including

184-550: A diasporic Pasai community near Patani shows the locals had regular contact with Muslims . Patani became more important after Malacca was captured by the Portuguese in 1511 as Muslim traders sought alternative trading ports. A Dutch source indicates that most of the traders were Chinese, but 300 Portuguese traders had also settled in Patani by 1540s, but there were also Siamese and Japanese merchants. Portuguese sources mentioned their attack on Patani in 1524 and Chinese living in

230-508: A few miles west to its present location. The mosque was said to have been rebuilt in the 19th century by Tuan Sulong who governed Pattani from 1816 to 1832. The mosque became known as Krue Se Mosque (Masjid Kerisik in Malay) after the Ban Krue Se (Kampung Kerisik) area it is located. Kerisik likely originated from gersek meaning "coarse-grained sand". The mosque was designated a historical site by

276-589: A more conciliatory stance towards the Siamese. The Siamese had intended to attack Patani again in 1635, but the Raja of Kedah intervened to help with the negotiation. In 1641, Raja Kuning visited the Ayutthayan court to resume good relation. The power of the queen had declined by this period, and she did not appear to wield any significant political power. In 1646, Patani joined other tributary states to rebel against Ayutthaya, but

322-549: A number of original manuscripts, the earliest transcribed by Munshi Abdullah in 1839, and held in the Library of Congress . Part One: Stories of the Inland Dynasty – The first section, which includes pages 1–74 of the 1839 manuscript, details events during the reign of the Inland Dynasty, which ruled Pattani from foundation, as early as the mid-14th century, until its fall in the 17th century. The tales are essentially an account of

368-451: A seven-hour stand-off with Thai military personnel, soldiers attacked and killed all 32. The attack contravened orders from the Minister of Defence to end the confrontation peacefully, and has been the subject of an international inquiry, which concluded the military used excessive force. In 2013, a replica of Phaya Tani , a cannon taken to Bangkok after Pattani was captured by Siam in 1785,

414-555: A sheikh named Sa'id or Shafi'uddin from Kampong Pasai (presumably a small community of traders from Pasai who lived on the outskirts of Patani) reportedly healed the king of a rare skin disease. After much negotiation (and recurrence of the disease), the king agreed to convert to Islam, adopting the name Sultan Ismail Shah. All of the Sultan's officials also agreed to convert. However, there is fragmentary evidence that some local people had begun to convert to Islam prior to this. The existence of

460-457: A stopping place for ships bound for, or arriving from, the Gulf of Thailand . Langkasuka reached its greatest economic success in the 6th and 7th centuries and afterward declined as a major trade center. Political circumstances suggest that by the 11th century, Langkasuka was no longer a major port visited by merchants. However, much of the decline may be due to the silting up of the waterway linking it to

506-488: A style that indicates the authors were contemporary to the events they describe. Once again, the stories concentrate on the deeds of the rulers of Pattani, though this section is filled with the succession conflict and declining economic realities evident in the region after 1688. Two dates are given for the rulers below, the first based upon Teeuw & Wyatt's chronology and the other from al-Fatani (see references below). Part Three: Bendaharas of Pattani – This section gives

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552-510: A town be built where the mouse-deer had disappeared it was then named after "this beach". The founder is named in some sources as either Sri Wangsa or Phaya Tunakpa, a ruler of Kota Malikha or Kota Mahligai. The first ruler of Patani (some sources say his son) later converted to Islam and took the name Sultan Ismail Shah or Mahmud Shah. The Hikayat Patani also mentions that the ruler met an old fisherman there, who replied "Encik Tani" ("Mister Tani") when asked his name. An alternative suggestion

598-614: A way to access the Chinese market. After 1620, the Dutch and English both closed their warehouses, but a prosperous trade was continued by the Chinese, Japanese, and Portuguese for most of the 17th century. Raja Hijau died on 28 August 1616 and was succeeded by her sister Raja Biru (the Blue Queen), who was around 50 when she became queen. Raja Biru persuaded the Kelantan Sultanate that lay to

644-410: Is a stately edifice of red brickwork, gilt very richly within, and adorned with pillars, curiously wrought with figures. In the midst close to the wall is the pulpit, carv'd and gilt all over, unto which the priests are only permitted to ascend by four large steps. The mosque may have been left in ruins after Pattani was captured and sacked by the Siamese in 1785, and the centre of Pattani was relocated

690-673: Is incomplete. Hikayat Patani The Hikayat Patani ( حكاية ڤتني ), meaning Story Of Pattani, is a semi-legendary set of tales that chronicle the history of the Pattani Kingdom , now a southern province of Thailand . These stories date to as early as the late 15th century, but were most likely first recorded at various times between 1690 and 1730 by as many as six different authors (the sections outlined below were first established by linguist Andries Teeuw and historian David K. Wyatt ) and written in Jawi alphabet . The story survives in

736-483: Is no evidence that the building has ever suffered from lightning strikes. A mosque was known to have been constructed by the early 17th century; Jacob van Neck wrote in a Dutch report in 1603 that the then principal mosque of Patani "was very neatly constructed by Chinese workers from red bricks". A later 17th century account by Dutch traveler Johan Nieuhof says of the mosque in Patani: The Mohametan church

782-471: Is therefore that the town was named after the old fisherman, Pak Tani (Father Tani), who was sent by a king from the interior to survey the coast, to find a place for an appropriate settlement. After he established a successful fishing outpost, other people moved to join him. The town that grew into a prosperous trading center would continue to bear his name. Patani has been suggested to be founded some time between 1350 and 1450, although its history before 1500

828-462: Is unclear. According to the Malay Annals , Chau Sri Wangsa, a Siamese prince, founded Patani by conquering Kota Mahligai . He converted to Islam and took on the title of Sri Sultan Ahmad Shah in the late 15th to early 16th century. Patani may have become Islamised some time in the middle of 15th century, one source gives a date of 1470, but earlier dates have been proposed. A story tells of

874-638: The Department of Fine Arts of Thailand in 1935 and a minor renovation was undertaken two years later. Major restoration works on its structure were conducted in 1957 and 1982. Further renovation was completed in 2005. On 28 April 2004, during Thaksin Shinawatra 's premiership and in a period of insurgency by Islamic nationalists in the southernmost provinces, 32 gunmen took shelter in the mosque, after more than 100 militants carried out attacks on 10 police outposts across Pattani, Yala, and Songkhla Provinces. After

920-659: The Portuguese in 1516, the Japanese in 1592, the Dutch in 1602, the English in 1612. The period of prosperity lasted between 1584 to 1688. Many Chinese also moved to Patani, perhaps due to the activity of Chinese pirate Lin Daoqian . A 1603 Dutch report by Jacob van Neck estimated that there may be as many Chinese in Patani as there were native Malays, and that they were responsible for most of

966-478: The 14th century, King Ram Khamhaeng the Great ( c.  1239 – 1317) of Sukhothai occupied Nakhon Si Thammarat and its vassal states which would include Patani if it had existed at that date. The Siamese Ayutthaya Kingdom also conquered the isthmus during the 14th century, and controlled many smaller vassal states in a self-governing system in which the vassal states and tributary provinces pledged allegiance to

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1012-466: The Siamese ownership of Patani in the Burney Treaty in 1826. The throne stayed vacant for a few decades until 1842, when a member of Kelantanese royalty returned to reclaim the throne. While the raja ruled over Patani independently of Siam, Patani also recognised the authority of Siam and regularly sent the bunga mas tribute. In 1902, in a bid to assert full control of Patani, Siam arrested and deposed

1058-432: The Siamese royal title phra chao . Early in her reign she saw off an attempted coup by her prime minister, Bendahara Kayu Kelat. She also ordered that a channel be dug with a river dammed to divert water to ensure the supply of water to Patani. Raja Hijau ruled for 32 years, and brought considerable stability to the country. During her reign, trade with the outside increased, and as a result Pattani prospered. It also become

1104-486: The age of 10, but was later murdered by his half-brother Raja Bima after a dispute, and Raja Bima was himself killed. Raja Hijau (or Ratu Hijau, the Green Queen) came to the throne in 1584, apparently the result of a lack of male heirs after they were all killed in the turbulent preceding period, and became the first queen of Patani. Raja Hijau acknowledged Siamese authority, and adopted the title of peracau derived from

1150-585: The capture and destruction of the city of Ayutthaya in 1767, as well as the death of the king. Siam was shattered, and as rivals fought for the vacant throne, Patani declared its complete independence. King Taksin defeated the Burmese and reunified the country, opening the way for the establishment of the Chakri dynasty by his successor, King Rama I . In 1786 Siam sent an army led by Prince Surasi (Viceroy Boworn Maha Surasinghanat ), younger brother of King Rama I, to seek

1196-466: The citadel beside the town square ( padang ), likely the location of the present Krue Se Mosque. The construction date has also been proposed to be around 1578–93 during the reign of the Ayutthaya king Naresuan the Great; or in 1722 or 1728–29, but left incomplete due to a power struggle between the Sultan of Patani and his brother; or before 1785. The bricks used for the construction of the mosque are from

1242-401: The city. Raja Mahmud ruled in the mid-16th century and was seen as 'ruling justly' which caused considerable developments to the region. Sultan Ismail Shah was succeeded by Mudhaffar Shah. This period saw the rise of Burma , which made war on Ayutthaya. Another Burmese-Siamese war (1563–1564) led by King Bayinnaung forced King Maha Chakkraphat to surrender in 1564. Taking advantage of

1288-521: The commercial activity of Patani. In 1619, John Jourdain , the East India Company's chief factor at Bantam was killed off the coast of Patani by the Dutch. Ships were also lost, which eventually led to the withdrawal of the English from Patani. Potteries from the middle Ming to late Qing dynasties are found in the city, indicating extensive faraway trade. Patani was seen by European traders as

1334-405: The daughter of the Sultan of Patani, claimed to be Raja Hijau , and converted to Islam. Next to the mosque is a garden as well as the gravestone of Lim Ko Niao , described as the sister of Lim Toh Khiam, who in this tale placed a curse so the dome of the mosque could not be completed. Lightning was said to have struck the mosque every time an attempt was made to complete the building, although there

1380-516: The immediate predecessor of Patani was Kota Mahligai ("the citadel town") whose ruler founded Patani, perhaps some time between 1350 and 1450. This Patani was located in Keresik (name in Malay) or Kru Se (in Thai), a few kilometers to the east of the current city. However, some think Patani was the same country known to the Chinese as Pan Pan . The region had been subject to Siamese control for some time. In

1426-505: The instability in Ayutthaya, the sultan of Patani Mudhaffar Shah attacked Ayutthaya in 1563 due to his unwelcome reception in the Thai court in the years prior. King Chakkraphat fled the city for two months but Mudhaffar failed to take the throne. He died suddenly in 1564 on his way back to Patani. His brother Sultan Manzur Shah (1564–1572) who was left in charge in Patani while he was away then became

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1472-420: The invasion, political disorder continued for five decades, during which the local rulers were helpless to end the lawlessness of the region, and most foreign merchants abandoned trade with Patani. Towards the end of the 17th century, Patani was described in Chinese sources as sparsely populated and barbaric. In the 18th century, Ayutthaya under King Ekkathat faced another Burmese invasion . This culminated in

1518-426: The king of Ayutthaya , but otherwise ran their own affairs. The Hikayat Patani suggests the name Patani means "this beach" which is " pata ni " ( pantai ini ) in the local Malay language . In this story, a ruler went hunting one day and saw a beautiful white mouse-deer the size of a goat, which then disappeared. He asked his men where the animal had gone, and they replied: "Pata ni lah!" This ruler then ordered

1564-531: The late 17th century and it was invaded by Siam in 1786, which eventually absorbed the state after its last raja was deposed in 1902. An early kingdom in the Patani area was the Hindu - Buddhist Langkasuka , founded in the region as early as the 2nd century. It appeared in many accounts by Chinese travellers, among them was the Buddhist pilgrim Yijing . The kingdom drew trade from Chinese, Indian , and local traders as

1610-531: The latter period of the Ayudhaya era, and construction dates of 1656–1688 have therefore also been suggested. At the base of the mosque are bricks in the style of the Dvaravati period. The bricks, however, may be from somewhere else and older than the mosque itself. Some believe that the mosque was built by the Chinese pirate Lim Toh Khiam , who established a base in Patani in 1578. According to local lore, Lim married

1656-474: The rajas, in succession. No explanation is given for the emergence of the tradition of female rulership, so one must assume the authors of the chronicle thought the matter irrelevant. Part Two: Stories of the Kelantan Dynasty – This section, comprising pages 74–78 in the 1839 manuscript, tells of the rise to power of Raja Bakal and the succession of kings until the fall of Alung Yunus. These stories possess

1702-413: The reign of the first of its four successive queens, Raja Hijau (The Green Queen), who came to the throne in 1584 and was followed by Raja Biru (The Blue Queen), Raja Ungu (The Purple Queen) and Raja Kuning (The Yellow Queen). During this period the kingdom's economic and military strength was greatly increased to the point that it was able to fight off four major Siamese invasions. It had declined by

1748-438: The ruler of Patani. Manzur Shah ruled for nine years, and after his death, Patani entered a period of political instability and violence. Two of its rulers were murdered by their relatives in fights for succession. The nine-year-old Raja Patik Siam (son of Mudhaffar Shah) and his regent (his aunt Raja Aisyah), were both murdered by his brother Raja Mambang, who was in turn killed. The son of Manzur Shah, Raja Bahdur, succeeded at

1794-573: The sea. The most substantial ruins believed to be ancient Langkasuka have been found in Yarang located approximately 15 kilometres from the sea and the current city of Pattani . How or when Langkasuka was replaced by Patani is unknown. Patani is not mentioned in the Javanese text Nagarakretagama written in 1365, but places such as Langkasuka, Sai and Kelantan are, which may indicate Patani had yet to be founded in this period. Hikayat Patani indicates that

1840-595: The south to become incorporated into Patani. After Raja Biru died in 1624, she was succeeded by her younger sister Raja Ungu (the Purple Queen). Raja Ungu, was more confrontational towards the Siamese, and abandoned the Siamese title peracau , using instead paduka syah alam ("her excellency ruler of the world"). She stopped paying the bunga mas tribute to Siam, and formed an alliance with Johor , marrying her daughter (who later became Raja Kuning ) off to their ruler Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah III . However, her daughter

1886-474: The submission of Patani. The siege of Patani by Siam occurred in 1786, this is followed by the destruction of the town, massacres as well as deportations of the inhabitants. Further, Siam invaded Patani several times in 1789–1791, 1808, 1831–1832 and 1838. This served to completely end the centuries old mandala system, effectively ending Pattani's status of an independent state. Bangkok divided Patani into seven small principalities ( hua muang ). Britain recognised

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1932-572: The text itself. Patani Kingdom Patani , or the Sultanate of Patani ( Jawi : كسلطانن ڤطاني) was a Malay sultanate in the historical Pattani Region . It covered approximately the area of the modern Thai provinces of Pattani , Yala , Narathiwat and part of the Malaysian state of Kelantan . The 2nd–15th century state of Langkasuka and the 6–7th century state of Pan Pan may have been related. The golden age of Patani started during

1978-412: The throne of Pattani, but did not survive long. Part Five: Datuk Sai – This story tells of the activities of Datuk Sai and the struggle between various contenders for the throne during the Kelantan Dynasty. Part Six: Laws of Pattani – This section, among other things, details how the royal orchestra is supposed to perform during important royal ceremonies. This section fully exhibits the sacred power of

2024-504: Was already married to the king of Bordelong ( Phatthalung ), Okphaya Déca, who prompted the Siamese to attack Patani in 1633–1634. Siam, however, failed to take Patani. Raja Ungu died in 1634, and was succeeded by the last of four successive female rulers of Patani, Raja Kuning (or Ratu Kuning, the Yellow Queen). The war with Siam had caused considerable suffering to Patani as well as a significant decline in trade, and Raja Kuning adopted

2070-654: Was created and placed in front of Krue Se Mosque. However, it was damaged due to bombing by separatists who saw it as 'faked' and wanted the return of the original cannon regarded as the symbol of Pattani. The mosque is constructed of bricks built on a base with a dimension of 15.1m in width and 29.6m in length. Its height from floor to ceiling is 6.5m. Its pillars are similar to the European style of columns. Its columns with pointed arches, arched doors and rounded-arch windows, have been described as European Gothic, but they are more likely Middle Eastern or Persian. The building itself

2116-568: Was later subdued by Ayutthaya. According to Kelantanese sources, Raja Kuning was deposed in 1651 by the Raja of Kelantan , who installed his son as the ruler of Patani, and the period of Kelantanese dynasty in Patani began. A different queen appeared to have been in control of Patani again by 1670, and three queens of Kelantan lineage may have ruled Patani from 1670 to 1718. When Phetracha took control of Ayutthaya in 1688, Patani refused to acknowledge his authority and rebelled. Ayutthaya then invaded with 50,000 men and subdued Patani. Following

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