A construction set is a standardized piece assortment allowing for the construction of various different models. Construction sets are most often marketed as toys . Popular construction toy brands include Lincoln Logs and LEGO .
64-593: KRE-O is a line of construction toys manufactured by South Korea -based Oxford and marketed by Hasbro . Kre-O was released in stores in Fall 2011. The name Kre-O comes from the Latin word creo , which means "I create". Kre-O toys feature highly articulated humanoid figures called "Kreons". Kre-O blocks are compatible with Lego bricks and Lego minifigures , hence also compatible with Mega Bloks , Cobi (building blocks) , and other building block brands . Kre-O Transformers
128-452: A neurodevelopmental disorder , but the autism rights movement (and some researchers) see autistic people as part of humanity's natural neurodiversity . From this point of view, autistic people may also be diagnosed with a disability of some sort, but that disability may be rooted in the systemic structures of a society rather than in the person; thus, proponents argue that autistic people should be accommodated rather than cured. On
192-602: A "level" system, which ranks how in need of support the patient is, level 1 being the mildest and level 3 the severest, while the ICD-11 system has two axes, intellectual impairment and language impairment, as these are seen as the most crucial factors. Autism is currently defined as a highly variable neurodevelopmental disorder that is generally thought to cover a broad and deep spectrum , manifesting very differently from one person to another. Some have high support needs, may be nonspeaking , and experience developmental delays; this
256-438: A broader medical condition or syndrome , representing about 25% of ASD cases. The causes of syndromic autism are often known, and monogenic disorders account for approximately 5% of these cases. Non-syndromic autism, also known as classic or idiopathic autism, represents the majority of cases, and its cause is typically polygenic and unknown. Autism has a strong genetic basis, although the genetics of autism are complex and it
320-648: A low demand for coordination that ameliorated many challenges associated with disruptive turns." Autistic interests, and thus conversational topics, seem to be largely driven by an intense interest in specific topics ( monotropism ). Historically, autistic children were said to be delayed in developing a theory of mind , and the empathizing–systemizing theory has argued that while autistic people have compassion ( affective empathy ) for others with similar presentation of symptoms, they have limited, though not necessarily absent, cognitive empathy . This may present as social naïvety, lower than average intuitive perception of
384-589: A major influence, and his son John Lloyd Wright invented the widely-known Lincoln Logs building set. In addition to teaching architectural concepts such as modularity and load-bearing construction, many architects credit construction set play as influencing their later design. Autism Autism , or autism spectrum disorder ( ASD ), is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by repetitive, restricted, and inflexible patterns of behavior, interests, and activities, as well as deficits in social interaction and social communication. Autism generally affects
448-575: A model of social patterns, and develop coping mechanisms, referred to as " masking ", which have recently been found to come with psychological costs and a higher increased risk of suicidality. ASD includes a wide variety of characteristics. Some of these include behavioral characteristics which widely range from slow development of social and learning skills to difficulties creating connections with other people. Autistic people may experience these challenges with forming connections due to anxiety or depression, which they are more likely to experience, and as
512-923: A neurotypical bias in autism research, which has come to be scrutinized for "dehumanization, objectification, and stigmatization". Recent research has proposed that autistics' lack of readability and a neurotypical lack of effort to interpret atypical signals may cause a negative interaction loop, increasingly driving both groups apart into two distinct groups with different social interaction styles. Differences in verbal communication begin to be noticeable in childhood, as many autistic children develop language skills at an uneven pace. Verbal communication may be delayed or never develop ( nonverbal autism ), while reading ability may be present before school age ( hyperlexia ). Reduced joint attention seem to distinguish autistic from non-autistic infants. Infants may show delayed onset of babbling , unusual gestures, diminished responsiveness, and vocal patterns that are not synchronized with
576-563: A person can depend on context, and may vary over time. While the DSM and ICD greatly influence each other, there are also differences. For example, Rett syndrome was included in ASD in the DSM-5, but in the ICD-11 it was excluded and placed in the chapter on Developmental Anomalies. The ICD and the DSM change over time, and there has been collaborative work toward a convergence of the two since 1980 (when DSM-III
640-505: A person's ASD diagnosis did not influence their interest level. Thus, there has been a recent shift to acknowledge that autistic people may simply respond and behave differently than people without ASD. So far, research has identified two unconventional features by which autistic people create shared understanding ( intersubjectivity ): "a generous assumption of common ground that, when understood, led to rapid rapport, and, when not understood, resulted in potentially disruptive utterances; and
704-637: A person's ability to understand and connect with others, as well as their adaptability to everyday situations, with its severity and support needs varying widely across the underlying spectrum . For example, some are nonverbal , while others have proficient spoken language. A formal diagnosis of ASD according to either the DSM-5 or the ICD-11 criteria requires not merely the presence of ASD symptoms, but symptoms that cause significant impairment in multiple domains of functioning, in addition to being atypical or excessive for
SECTION 10
#1732851211814768-547: A pervasive feature of the individual's functioning observable in all settings, although they may vary according to social, educational, or other context. Individuals along the spectrum exhibit a full range of intellectual functioning and language abilities. ICD-11 was produced by professionals from 55 countries out of the 90 involved and is the most widely used reference worldwide. The American Psychiatric Association 's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision ( DSM-5-TR ), released in 2022,
832-628: A result isolate themselves. Other behavioral characteristics include abnormal responses to sensations (such as sights, sounds, touch, taste and smell) and problems keeping a consistent speech rhythm. The latter problem influences social skills, leading to potential problems in understanding for interlocutors. Autistic people's behavioral characteristics typically influence development, language, and social competence. Their behavioral characteristics can be observed as perceptual disturbances, disturbances of development rate, relating, speech and language, and motility. The second core symptom of autism spectrum
896-423: A set of closely related and overlapping diagnoses such as Asperger syndrome and the syndrome formerly known as Kanner syndrome . This created unclear boundaries between the terms, so for the DSM-5 and ICD-11, a spectrum approach was taken. The new system is also more restrictive, meaning fewer people qualify for diagnosis. The DSM-5 and ICD-11 use different categorization tools to define this spectrum. DSM-5 uses
960-491: A small effect, and some of which are rare and have a large effect. The most common gene disrupted with large effect rare variants appeared to be CHD8 , but less than 0.5% of autistic people have such a mutation. The gene CHD8 encodes the protein chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 8, which is a chromatin regulator enzyme that is essential during fetal development. CHD8 is an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)–dependent enzyme. The protein contains an Snf2 helicase domain that
1024-399: A steady course without remission (different developmental timelines are described in more detail below). Autistic people may be severely impaired in some respects but average, or even superior, in others. Clinicians consider assessment for ASD when a patient shows: These features are typically assessed with the following, when appropriate: There are many signs associated with autism;
1088-448: A substantial fraction of autism cases may be traceable to genetic causes that are highly heritable but not inherited: that is, the mutation that causes the autism is not present in the parental genome. As of 2018 , understanding of genetic risk factors had shifted from a focus on a few alleles to an understanding that genetic involvement in ASD is probably diffuse, depending on a large number of variants, some of which are common and have
1152-421: A tendency to be associated with sedation and weight gain . Melatonin supplementation has been shown to improve insomnia related to autism. Stimulant therapy may improve mental processing speed when there is comorbid ADHD. Before the DSM-5 (2013) and ICD-11 (2022) diagnostic manuals were adopted, ASD was found under the diagnostic category pervasive developmental disorder . The previous system relied on
1216-493: A trend of increasing prevalence over time. This increasing prevalence has reinforced the myth perpetuated by anti-vaccine activists that autism is caused by vaccines . Boys are also significantly far more frequently diagnosed than girls. There is no known cure for autism, and some advocates dispute the need to find one. Early intervention services based on applied behavior analysis (ABA) aim to teach children self-care, social and communicative skills. Guidelines from
1280-708: Is a pattern of restricted and repetitive behaviors, activities, and interests. In order to be diagnosed with ASD under the DSM-5-TR, a person must have at least two of the following behaviors: Autistic people can display many forms of repetitive or restricted behavior, which the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBS-R) categorizes as follows. Self-injurious behaviors are relatively common in autistic people, and can include head-banging, self-cutting, self-biting, and hair-pulling. Some of these can result in serious injury or death. Following are theories about
1344-734: Is acquired during childhood. Autistic people display atypical nonverbal behaviors or show differences in nonverbal communication . They may make infrequent eye contact , even when called by name, or avoid it altogether. This may be due to the high amount of sensory input received when making eye contact. Autistic people often recognize fewer emotions and their meaning from others' facial expressions, and may not respond with facial expressions expected by their non-autistic peers. Temple Grandin , an autistic woman involved in autism activism, described her inability to understand neurotypicals ' social communication as leaving her feeling "like an anthropologist on Mars". Autistic people struggle to understand
SECTION 20
#17328512118141408-505: Is based primarily on Hasbro's G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toy line , cartoons , and comic book series , but includes some Adventure Team Kreons as well. Kre-O Star Trek was released as the fourth line of Kre-O sets in April 2013. The initial sets and Kreons are based on the 2009 reboot and its sequel Star Trek Into Darkness . A preview trailer was posted by Hasbro, first on Facebook , then later on YouTube . The trailer re-enacts
1472-661: Is bidirectional, research on communication difficulties has since also begun to study non-autistic behavior, with researcher Catherine Crompton writing in 2020 that non-autistic people "struggle to identify autistic mental states, identify autistic facial expressions, overestimate autistic egocentricity, and are less willing to socially interact with autistic people. Thus, although non-autistic people are generally characterised as socially skilled, these skills may not be functional, or effectively applied, when interacting with autistic people." Any previously observed communication deficits of autistic people may thus have been constructed through
1536-590: Is heritable. After an older child is diagnosed with ASD, 7% to 20% of subsequent children are likely to be as well. If parents have one autistic child, they have a 2% to 8% chance of having a second child who is autistic. If the autistic child is an identical twin, the other will be affected 36% to 95% of the time. A fraternal twin is affected up to 31% of the time. The large number of autistic people with unaffected family members may result from spontaneous structural variation , such as deletions , duplications or inversions in genetic material during meiosis . Hence,
1600-684: Is incorporated. Autistic children who played with building blocks were motivated to initiate social contact with children their age, able to maintain and endure contact with those children, and were also able to surpass the barriers of being withdrawn and highly structured. Red and yellow Lego building blocks, which were manufactured between 1963 and 1981, can release carcinogenic cadmium when exposed to stomach acid in amounts exceeding today's limits about 10-fold. Construction sets can be categorized according to their connection method and geometry: Renowned architect Frank Lloyd Wright credited his childhood building blocks designed by Friedrich Fröbel as
1664-420: Is lowered activity in the fusiform face area of the brain, which is associated with impaired perception of people versus objects. It has been proposed to classify autism using genetics as well as behavior. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be classified into two categories: "syndromic autism" and "non-syndromic autism". Syndromic autism refers to cases where ASD is one of the characteristics associated with
1728-522: Is more likely with other co-existing diagnoses. Others have relatively low support needs; they may have more typical speech-language and intellectual skills but atypical social/conversation skills, narrowly focused interests , and wordy, pedantic communication. They may still require significant support in some areas of their lives. The spectrum model should not be understood as a continuum running from mild to severe, but instead means that autism can present very differently in each person. How it presents in
1792-711: Is possible to identify general factors, but much more difficult to pinpoint specific ones. Given the current state of knowledge, prediction can only be of a global nature and so requires the use of general markers. Research into causes has been hampered by the inability to identify biologically meaningful subgroups within the autistic population and by the traditional boundaries between the disciplines of psychiatry , psychology , neurology and pediatrics . Newer technologies such as fMRI and diffusion tensor imaging can help identify biologically relevant phenotypes (observable traits) that can be viewed on brain scans , to help further neurogenetic studies of autism; one example
1856-422: Is responsible for the hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). CHD8 encodes a DNA helicase that functions as a repressor of transcription, remodeling chromatin structure by altering the position of nucleosomes. CHD8 negatively regulates Wnt signaling . Wnt signaling is important in the vertebrate early development and morphogenesis. It is believed that CHD8 also recruits the linker histone H1 and causes
1920-710: Is the current version of the DSM. It is the predominant mental health diagnostic system used in the United States and Canada, and is often used in Anglophone countries. Its fifth edition, DSM-5 , released in May 2013, was the first to define ASD as a single diagnosis, which is still the case in the DSM-5-TR. ASD encompasses previous diagnoses, including the four traditional diagnoses of autism— classic autism , Asperger syndrome , childhood disintegrative disorder , and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS)—and
1984-465: Is the fifth line of Kre-O sets, based on the popular CityVille online game series. This line introduces "Sonic Motion Technology", which triggers specific movements in special Kre-O bricks. Kre-O Dungeons & Dragons is the sixth Kre-O line, released in January 2014. It is based on the popular role-playing game series of the same name. In early 2017, Hasbro debuted a new line of product based on
Kre-O - Misplaced Pages Continue
2048-625: Is the first line of the Kre-O series. They were first shown in February 2011 at the American International Toy Fair trade show in New York. Transformers Kre-O figures include homages to their live action film, Timelines , Transformers: Prime and Beast Hunters sub-lines. Kre-O G.I. Joe was released as the third Kre-O line in February 2013 as a Toys "R" Us exclusive. This collection
2112-399: Is unclear whether ASD is explained more by rare mutations with major effects, or by rare multi-gene interactions of common genetic variants. Complexity arises due to interactions among multiple genes, the environment, and epigenetic factors which do not change DNA sequencing but are heritable and influence gene expression . Many genes have been associated with autism through sequencing
2176-505: The Trolls movie. Kre-O was featured in a segment of Robot Chicken titled World War B , a spoof of the film World War Z , featuring Lego minifigures being attacked by Kre-O zombies that are also the imitation minifigures . Construction set Construction toy play is beneficial for building social skills and building trust in others because it acts as a collaborative task where individuals have to cooperate to finish
2240-772: The Centres for Disease Control (CDC), NICE, and European Society for Child & Adolescent Psychiatry endorse the use of ABA as it reduces symptoms that impair daily functioning and quality of life, although NICE acknowledges that ABA does not meet the highest level of evidence quality. Additionally, some in the autism rights movement oppose its application due to a perception that it emphasises normalisation. Speech and occupational therapy , as well as augmentative and alternative modes of communication , are effective adjunctive therapies . At present, no medication has been shown to reduce ASD's "core symptoms". Some atypical antipsychotics can alleviate comorbid irritability, though with
2304-486: The Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders published a systematic review of 21 studies investigating associations between ASD, problematic internet use, and gaming disorder where the majority of the studies found positive associations between the disorders. Exactly what causes autism remains unknown. It was long mostly presumed that there is a common cause at the genetic, cognitive, and neural levels for
2368-452: The DSM-5, the DSM separated social deficits and communication deficits into two domains. Further, the DSM-5 changed to an onset age in the early developmental period, with a note that symptoms may manifest later when social demands exceed capabilities, rather than the previous, more restricted three years of age. These changes remain in the DSM-5-TR. For many autistic people, characteristics first appear during infancy or childhood and follow
2432-516: The caregiver. In the second and third years, autistic children may have less frequent and less diverse babbling, consonants, words, and word combinations; their gestures are less often integrated with words. Autistic children are less likely to make requests or share experiences and more likely to simply repeat others' words ( echolalia ). The CDC estimated in 2015 that around 40% of autistic children do not speak at all. Autistic adults' verbal communication skills largely depend on when and how well speech
2496-417: The cause of self-injurious behavior in children with developmental delay, including autistic children: The suicide rate for verbal autistics is nine times that of the general population. Studies have supported the common belief that autistic people become exhausted or burnt out in some situations. Autistic people may have symptoms that do not contribute to the official diagnosis, but that can affect
2560-461: The contrary, other scientists argue that ASD impairs functioning in many ways that are inherent to the disorder itself and unrelated to society. The neurodiversity perspective has led to significant controversy among those who are autistic and advocates, practitioners, and charities. The precise causes of autism are unknown in most individual cases. Research shows that the disorder is highly heritable and polygenic, and neurobiological risks from
2624-513: The current disorder-focused spectrum model deconstruct autism into at least two separate phenomena: (1) a non-pathological spectrum of behavioral traits in the population, and (2) the neuropathological burden of rare genetic mutations and environmental risk factors potentially leading to neurodevelopmental and psychological disorders, (3) governed by an individual's cognitive ability to compensate. The World Health Organization 's International Classification of Diseases (11th revision), ICD-11 ,
Kre-O - Misplaced Pages Continue
2688-400: The development of the autism spectrum, but it cannot be guaranteed that they are determinants for the development. ASD may be under-diagnosed in women and girls due to an assumption that it is primarily a male condition, but genetic phenomena such as imprinting and X linkage have the ability to raise the frequency and severity of conditions in males, and theories have been put forward for
2752-449: The environment are also relevant. Autism frequently co-occurs with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), epilepsy and intellectual disability , and research indicates that autistic people have significantly higher rates of LGBTQ+ identities and feelings than the general population. Disagreements persist about what should be included as part of the diagnosis, whether there are meaningful subtypes or stages of autism, and
2816-682: The exposure starts at a younger age. In April 2021, Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders published a systematic review of 12 studies of video game addiction in ASD subjects that found that children, adolescents, and adults with ASD are at greater risk of video game addiction than those without ASD, and that the data from the studies suggested that internal and external factors (sex, attention and oppositional behavior problems, social aspects, access and time spent playing video games, parental rules, and game genre) were significant predictors of video game addiction in ASD subjects. In March 2022,
2880-562: The genomes of affected people and their parents. But most of the mutations that increase autism risk have not been identified. Typically, autism cannot be traced to a Mendelian (single-gene) mutation or to a single chromosome abnormality , and none of the genetic syndromes associated with ASD have been shown to selectively cause ASD. Numerous genes have been found, with only small effects attributable to any particular gene. Most loci individually explain less than 1% of cases of autism. As of 2018 , it appeared that between 74% and 93% of ASD risk
2944-458: The individual's age and sociocultural context. Common signs of ASD include difficulty with social interaction and verbal and nonverbal communication , along with perseverative interests , stereotypic body movements , rigid routines, and hyper- or hypo-reactivity to sensory input . The World Health Organization (WHO), UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), and American Psychological Association classify autism as
3008-410: The individual's age and sociocultural context. The onset of the disorder occurs during the developmental period, typically in early childhood, but symptoms may not become fully manifest until later, when social demands exceed limited capacities. Deficits are sufficiently severe to cause impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning and are usually
3072-815: The interpersonal relationship difficulties between autistic people and their non-autistic counterparts and how to solve them through teaching neurotypical social skills, but newer research has also evaluated what autistic people want from friendships, such as a sense of belonging and good mental health. Children with ASD are more frequently involved in bullying situations than their non-autistic peers, and predominantly experience bullying as victims rather than perpetrators or victim-perpetrators, especially after controlling for comorbid psychopathology. Prioritizing dependability and intimacy in friendships during adolescence, coupled with lowered friendship quantity and quality, often lead to increased loneliness in autistic people. As they progress through life, autistic people observe and form
3136-580: The original "teaser trailer" for the first film, showing the construction of the U.S.S. Enterprise in Kre-O form and by Kreon construction workers. A press release made at the 2012 New York Toy Fair showed the completed Enterprise model (complete with flip-up "saucer" showing the ship's bridge) and Kreons of Kirk , Spock and Sulu . At ComiCon International 2013, Hasbro announced new brand lines for Dungeons & Dragons and Cityville Invasion plus additional building sets for Star Trek , G.I. Joe and Transformers brand lines. Kre-O Cityville Invasion
3200-443: The other hand, genes controlling expression of glial and immune cells in the brain, e.g. astrocytes and microglia , respectively, are over-expressed, which correlates with increased number of glial and immune cells found in postmortem ASD brains. Some genes under investigation in ASD pathophysiology are those that affect the mTOR signaling pathway, which supports cell growth and survival. All these genetic variants contribute to
3264-572: The person or the family. In September 2018, the Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders published a systematic review of 47 studies published from 2005 to 2016 that concluded that associations between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and screen time was inconclusive. In May 2019, the Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics published a systematic review of 16 studies that found that children and adolescents with ASD are exposed to more screen time than typically developing peers and that
SECTION 50
#17328512118143328-438: The presence of other disorders or factors that likely contribute to the symptoms, other neurodevelopmental or mental disorders, intellectual disability, or language impairment). The symptom domains are (a) social communication and (b) restricted, repetitive behaviors, and there is the option of specifying a separate severity—the negative effect of the symptoms on the person—for each domain, rather than just overall severity. Before
3392-1396: The presentation varies widely: The broader autism phenotype describes people who may not have ASD but do have autistic traits , such as abnormalities in eye contact and stimming . According to the medical model, autistic people experience social communications impairments . Until 2013, deficits in social function and communication were considered two separate symptom domains. The current social communication domain criteria for autism diagnosis require people to have deficits across three social skills: social-emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communication, and developing and sustaining relationships. A deficit-based view predicts that autistic–autistic interaction would be less effective than autistic–non-autistic interactions or even non-functional. But recent research has found that autistic–autistic interactions are as effective in information transfer as interactions between non-autistics are, and that communication breaks down only between autistics and non-autistics. Also contrary to social cognitive deficit interpretations, recent (2019) research recorded similar social cognitive performances in autistic and non-autistic adults, with both of them rating autistic individuals less favorably than non-autistic individuals; however, autistic individuals showed more interest in engaging with autistic people than non-autistic people did, and learning of
3456-419: The range of diagnoses that included the word "autism". Rather than distinguishing among these diagnoses, the DSM-5 and DSM-5-TR adopt a dimensional approach with one diagnostic category for disorders that fall under the autism spectrum umbrella. Within that category, the DSM-5 and the DSM include a framework that differentiates each person by dimensions of symptom severity, as well as by associated features (i.e.,
3520-917: The regulation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and the regulation of X chromosome inactivation (XCI) initiation, via regulation of Xist long non-coding RNA, the master regulator of XCI, though competitive binding to Xist regulatory regions. Some ASD is associated with clearly genetic conditions, like fragile X syndrome , but only around 2% of autistic people have fragile X. Hypotheses from evolutionary psychiatry suggest that these genes persist because they are linked to human inventiveness, intelligence or systemising. Current research suggests that genes that increase susceptibility to ASD are ones that control protein synthesis in neuronal cells in response to cell needs, activity and adhesion of neuronal cells, synapse formation and remodeling, and excitatory to inhibitory neurotransmitter balance. Therefore, although up to 1,000 different genes are thought to increase
3584-772: The repression of β-catenin and p53 target genes. The importance of CHD8 can be observed in studies where CHD8-knockout mice died after 5.5 embryonic days because of widespread p53-induced apoptosis. Some studies have determined the role of CHD8 in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). CHD8 expression significantly increases during human mid-fetal development. The chromatin remodeling activity and its interaction with transcriptional regulators have shown to play an important role in ASD aetiology . The developing mammalian brain has conserved CHD8 target regions that are associated with ASD risk genes. The knockdown of CHD8 in human neural stem cells results in dysregulation of ASD risk genes that are targeted by CHD8. Recently CHD8 has been associated with
3648-448: The risk of ASD, all of them eventually affect normal neural development and connectivity between different functional areas of the brain in a similar manner that is characteristic of an ASD brain. Some of these genes are known to modulate production of the GABA neurotransmitter, the nervous system's main inhibitory neurotransmitter. These GABA-related genes are under-expressed in an ASD brain. On
3712-409: The significance of autism-associated traits in the wider population. The combination of broader criteria, increased awareness, and the potential increase of actual prevalence, has led to considerably increased estimates of autism prevalence since the 1990s. The WHO estimates about 1 in 100 children had autism between 2012 and 2021, as that was the average estimate in studies during that period, with
3776-546: The social and non-social components of ASD's symptoms, described as a triad in the classic autism criteria. But it is increasingly suspected that autism is instead a complex disorder whose core aspects have distinct causes that often cooccur. It is unlikely that ASD has a single cause; many risk factors identified in the research literature may contribute to ASD. These include genetics, prenatal and perinatal factors (meaning factors during pregnancy or very early infancy), neuroanatomical abnormalities, and environmental factors. It
3840-523: The social context and subtext of neurotypical conversational or printed situations, and form different conclusions about the content. Autistic people may not control the volume of their voice in different social settings. At least half of autistic children have atypical prosody . What may look like self-involvement or indifference to non-autistic people stems from autistic differences in recognizing how other people have their own personalities, perspectives, and interests. Most published research focuses on
3904-462: The task – building an object out of Lego , for example. The effect was found in high school students. For children specifically, children who complete models using toy building blocks have much better spatial ability than children who do not complete such models. Spatial ability also predicts completion of models. Construction toy play is also beneficial for autistic children when both individual and group play with building blocks
SECTION 60
#17328512118143968-482: The utility or meaning of body language , social reciprocity, or social expectations, including the habitus , social cues , and some aspects of sarcasm, which to some degree may also be due to comorbid alexithymia . But recent research has increasingly questioned these findings, as the " double empathy problem " theory (2012) argues that there is a lack of mutual understanding and empathy between both non-autistic persons and autistic individuals. As communication
4032-574: Was published and ICD-9 was current), including more rigorous biological assessment—in place of historical experience—and a simplification of the classification system. As of 2023, empirical and theoretical research is leading to a growing consensus among researchers that the established ASD criteria are ineffective descriptors of autism as a whole, and that alternative research approaches must be encouraged, such as going back to autism prototypes, exploring new causal models of autism, or developing transdiagnostic endophenotypes . Proposed alternatives to
4096-462: Was released in June 2018 and came into full effect as of January 2022. It describes ASD as follows: Autism spectrum disorder is characterised by persistent deficits in the ability to initiate and to sustain reciprocal social interaction and social communication, and by a range of restricted, repetitive, and inflexible patterns of behaviour, interests or activities that are clearly atypical or excessive for
#813186