An abbreviation (from Latin brevis , meaning "short" ) is a shortened form of a word or phrase, by any method including shortening, contraction , initialism (which includes acronym) or crasis .
162-516: The Tun Abdul Razak Complex ( abbrev. Komtar ) is a civic complex of five buildings within the central business district of George Town , Penang . It first opened on 2 December 1976. At the time of its completion in 1985, the central skyscraper of the complex, Komtar Tower, at 231.7 metres (760 ft), was the tallest skyscraper in Southeast Asia . The complex contains 1,420,000 square feet (132,000 m) of office and retail space on
324-423: A 10 percent emigrant supply shock would increase wages in the sending country by 2–5.5%. A study of emigration from Poland shows that it led to a slight increase in wages for high- and medium-skilled workers for remaining Poles. A 2013 study finds that emigration from Eastern Europe after the 2004 EU enlargement increased the wages of remaining young workers in the country of origin by 6%, while it had no effect on
486-459: A 27-acre (11 ha) superblock . It is a major bus terminal for Rapid Penang , and the seat of the Penang state government and the chief minister of Penang . The modernist complex was built between 1974 and 1986 at an initial cost of RM279.5 million (equivalent to RM642.5 million in 2023). The complex was proposed by chief minister Lim Chong Eu in 1969, while his brother Chong Keat designed
648-441: A Western-style shopping mall for middle-class residents from the city's outer suburbs. The shopping mall contained 460,000 square feet (43,000 m) of retail space. Elsewhere, the podium houses a bus terminal , a public theater, a national archives , a police and fire station, and a rooftop indoor orchid garden with a reflective pool . A hotel for travelers was planned at the third floor. Six pairs of escalators are installed in
810-561: A brain drain and the relocation of innovative firms outside the EU. Promising companies and talent to relocate overseas. This undermines the local business environment and hampers Europe's capacity to retain industry leaders and foster new technological advancements. In 2006, over 250,000 Europeans emigrated to the United States (164,285), Australia (40,455), Canada (37,946) and New Zealand (30,262). Germany alone saw 155,290 people leave
972-599: A burden on the state and the cause of social problems such as increased crime rates and the introduction of major cultural differences . The EU lags significantly behind the US and China in venture capital investments, with the EU capturing only 5% of global venture capital compared to 52% in the US and 40% in China. A high percentage of EU scale-ups involve foreign lead investors, and many end up being acquired by foreign entities or listen on foreign stock exchanges. This trend contributes to
1134-404: A country experiences a "brain gain" or "brain drain" depends on factors such as composition of migration, level of development, and demographic aspects including its population size, language and geographic location. Some research suggests that migration (both low- and high-skilled) is beneficial both to the receiving and exporting countries, while other research suggests detrimental effect on
1296-543: A developed economy and better living conditions ( pull factors) that attract talent. At the individual level, family influences (relatives living overseas, for example), as well as personal preferences, career ambitions and other motivating factors, can be considered. The term "brain drain" was coined by the Royal Society to describe the emigration of " scientists and technologists" to North America from post– World War II Europe . Another source indicates that this term
1458-515: A few examples, there is Aldi , from Theo Albrecht , the name of its founder, followed by discount ; Haribo , from Hans Riegel , the name of its founder, followed by Bonn , the town of its head office; and Adidas , from Adolf "Adi" Dassler , the nickname of its founder followed by his surname. Human capital flight Human capital flight is the emigration or immigration of individuals who have received advanced training in their home country. The net benefits of human capital flight for
1620-424: A geodesic dome (phase 2D) and an 11-acre (480,000 sq ft) rooftop garden above the podium (phase 2E). The total cost of the second phase was estimated at RM110 million in 1983. A further RM7 million was allocated for the geodesic dome. However, work was abruptly halted when a major fire broke out on the tower between 23 and 24 January, which gutted the 41st to 47th floors. The fire was reportedly visible across
1782-618: A lesser degree, science. After the peace treaty between the Persian and the Byzantine empires in 532 guaranteed their personal security, some members of this group found sanctuary in the Pagan stronghold of Harran , near Edessa . One of the last leading figures of this group was Simplicius , a pupil of Damascius , the last head of the Athenian school. The students of an academy-in-exile may have survived into
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#17328558650611944-672: A migration stream of Jewish people started which was characterized by highly skilled individuals. This pronounced selectivity was not caused by economic incentives, but by political persecution. The suppression of the Society of Jesus in Spanish America in 1767 caused the Jesuit vineyards in Peru to be auctioned at high prices, but new owners did not have the same expertise as the Jesuits, contributing to
2106-475: A person's name, such as Migjeni —an abbreviation from his original name ( Millosh Gjergj Nikolla ) a famous Albanian poet and writer—or ASDRENI ( Aleksander Stavre Drenova ), another famous Albanian poet. Other such names which are used commonly in recent decades are GETOAR, composed from Gegeria + Tosks (representing the two main dialects of the Albanian language, Gegë and Toskë), and Arbanon —which
2268-555: A plural of an initialization without an apostrophe can also be used for a number, or a letter. Examples: For units of measure, the same form is used for both singular and plural. Examples: When an abbreviation contains more than one period, Hart's Rules recommends putting the s after the final one. Examples: However, the same plurals may be rendered less formally as: According to Hart's Rules , an apostrophe may be used in rare cases where clarity calls for it, for example when letters or symbols are referred to as objects. However,
2430-560: A positive effect on democratization and on the quality of political institutions in the country of origin. There are several types of human capital flight: As with other human migration , the social environment is often considered to be a key reason for this population shift. In source countries, lack of opportunities, political instability or oppression, economic depression, health risks and more ( push factors) contribute to human capital flight, whereas host countries usually offer rich opportunities, political stability and freedom,
2592-424: A positive effect on political institutions and democratization in the country of origin. Research shows that exposure to emigrants boosts turnout. Research also shows that remittances can lower the risk of civil war in the country of origin. Migration leads to lower levels of terrorism. Return migration from countries with liberal gender norms has been associated with the transfer of liberal gender norms to
2754-409: A production decline. Also, after the suppression, the production and importance of yerba mate-producing regions , which had been dominated by Jesuits, began to decline. Excessive exploitation of indigenous labour in the plantations led to decay in the industry and the scattering of Guaranís living in the missions. With the fall of the Jesuits, and the mismanagement of their former enterprises by
2916-494: A proposed light rail transit line running along Penang Island . In anticipation of future construction, Sia Boey Market closed in 2004, even though the site remained abandoned for years, due to uncertainties in the light rail transit project. In 2012, a proposal intended to rebrand phase five into an arts district known as the "Penang Heritage Square". It featured the construction of a five-storey cultural centre with complete restoration of heritage shophouses nearby. This project
3078-614: A single hotel building. The hotel opened as the Shangri-La Inn in 1986. The main framework for the geodesic dome was completed and inaugurated in July by Tunku Abdul Rahman . In mid-1990, a pedestrian mall was constructed as the final adjoining part of phase two, occupying half of Maxwell Road and the Prangin Canal, forcing the remnants of the adjacent Prangin Road to merge into a one road. By 1990,
3240-554: A single letter and was originally spelled with lower case letters then there is no need for capitalization. However, when abbreviating a phrase where only the first letter of each word is taken, then all letters should be capitalized, as in YTD for year-to-date , PCB for printed circuit board and FYI for for your information . However, see the following section regarding abbreviations that have become common vocabulary: these are no longer written with capital letters. A period (a.k.a. full stop)
3402-508: A symbol such as "km" for " kilometre ". In the International System of Units (SI) manual the word "symbol" is used consistently to define the shorthand used to represent the various SI units of measure. The manual also defines the way in which units should be written , the principal rules being: A syllabic abbreviation is usually formed from the initial syllables of several words, such as Interpol = International + police . It
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#17328558650613564-522: A vehicles' office, a post station and a fire station. The process evicted 3,175 residents to the city's outer suburbs, including Jelutong , Bayan Baru and the PDC-funded Macallum Street Ghaut . The Magazine Circus and most of Gladstone Road was removed. By 1973, the state government projected the total cost of the entire complex at RM200 million (RM1.04 billion in 2023 value); phase one at RM77.6 million, with RM40.8 million allocated for
3726-638: A wine industry. At least 10,000 went to Ireland, where they were assimilated into the Protestant minority during the plantations . Many Huguenots and their descendants prospered. Henri Basnage de Beauval fled France and settled in the Netherlands, where he became an influential writer and historian. Abel Boyer , another noted writer, settled in London and became a tutor to the British royal family . Henry Fourdrinier ,
3888-738: A word to a single letter was common in both Greek and Roman writing. In Roman inscriptions, "Words were commonly abbreviated by using the initial letter or letters of words, and most inscriptions have at least one abbreviation". However, "some could have more than one meaning, depending on their context. (For example, ⟨A⟩ can be an abbreviation for many words, such as ager , amicus , annus , as , Aulus , Aurelius , aurum , and avus .)" Many frequent abbreviations consisted of more than one letter: for example COS for consul and COSS for its nominative etc. plural consules . Abbreviations were frequently used in early English . Manuscripts of copies of
4050-559: Is a syllabic abbreviation of Commonwealth and (Thomas) Edison . Sections of California are also often colloquially syllabically abbreviated, as in NorCal (Northern California), CenCal (Central California), and SoCal (Southern California). Additionally, in the context of Los Angeles, the syllabic abbreviation SoHo (Southern Hollywood) refers to the southern portion of the Hollywood neighborhood. Partially syllabic abbreviations are preferred by
4212-528: Is a variant of the acronym. Syllabic abbreviations are usually written using lower case , sometimes starting with a capital letter , and are always pronounced as words rather than letter by letter. Syllabic abbreviations should be distinguished from portmanteaus , which combine two words without necessarily taking whole syllables from each. Syllabic abbreviations are not widely used in English. Some UK government agencies such as Ofcom (Office of Communications) and
4374-404: Is an abbreviation formed by replacing letters with an apostrophe. Examples include I'm for I am and li'l for little . An initialism or acronym is an abbreviation consisting of the initial letter of a sequence of words without other punctuation. For example, FBI ( /ˌɛf.biːˈaɪ/ ), USA ( /ˌjuː.ɛsˈeɪ/ ), IBM ( /ˌaɪ.biːˈɛm/ ), BBC ( /ˌbiː.biːˈsiː/ ). When initialism is used as
4536-755: Is an alternative way used to describe all Albanian lands. Syllabic abbreviations were and are common in German ; much like acronyms in English, they have a distinctly modern connotation, although contrary to popular belief, many date back to before 1933 , if not the end of the Great War . Kriminalpolizei , literally criminal police but idiomatically the Criminal Investigation Department of any German police force, begat KriPo (variously capitalised), and likewise Schutzpolizei ( protection police or uniform department ) begat SchuPo . Along
4698-418: Is controversy as to which should be used. One generally accepted rule is to be consistent in a body of work. To this end, publishers may express their preferences in a style guide . Some controversies that arise are described below. If the original word was capitalized then the first letter of its abbreviation should retain the capital, for example Lev. for Leviticus . When a word is abbreviated to more than
4860-454: Is designed as a "controlled social programme" planned and sold for selected families of mixed races. In total, the three apartment blocks can house 800 households, with an emphasis on accommodating lower-income groups. These communities would link to a clubhouse , a library, communal swimming pools, and several cafes, where access corridors between them are thought of as "streets". All three residential blocks are connected with enclosed bridges on
5022-416: Is lack of economic opportunities and corruption. The higher economic class in the country, filled with local and Russian oligarchs, has control over the whole economic system. Young, educated people have few economic opportunities unless they have connections to individuals from the higher class. This encourages them to emigrate and seek opportunities elsewhere. Many citizens of the countries most stricken by
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5184-695: Is sometimes used to signify abbreviation, but opinion is divided as to when and if this convention is best practice. According to Hart's Rules , a word shortened by dropping letters from the end terminates with a period, whereas a word shorted by dropping letters from the middle does not. Fowler's Modern English Usage says a period is used for both of these shortened forms, but recommends against this practice: advising it only for end-shortened words and lower-case initialisms; not for middle-shortened words and upper-case initialisms. Some British style guides, such as for The Guardian and The Economist , disallow periods for all abbreviations. In American English ,
5346-584: Is typically US . There are multiple ways to pluralize an abbreviation. Sometimes this accomplished by adding an apostrophe and an s ( 's ), as in "two PC's have broken screens". But, some find this confusing since the notation can indicate possessive case . And, this style is deprecated by many style guides. For instance, Kate Turabian , writing about style in academic writings, allows for an apostrophe to form plural acronyms "only when an abbreviation contains internal periods or both capital and lowercase letters". For example, "DVDs" and "URLs" and "Ph.D.'s", while
5508-607: The American Economic Review found that German Jewish Émigrés in the US boosted innovation there. The resulting wave of high-skilled immigration greatly bolstered up the scientific development of the United Kingdom and United States of America. As a result of Nazi intellectual purges, the Anglosphere replaced Germany as the world's scientific leader. German historian Michael Grüttner [ de ] stated that
5670-641: The 2007–2008 financial crisis reduced political change in Italy. Return migration can also be a boost to the economy of developing states, as the migrants bring back newly acquired skills, savings and assets. A study of Yugoslav refugees during the Yugoslav Wars of the early 1990s found that citizens of former Yugoslavia who were allowed temporary stays in Germany brought back skills, knowledge and technologies to their home countries when they returned home in 1995 (after
5832-468: The Dayton accords ), leading to greater productivity and export performance. Studies show that the elimination of barriers to migration would have profound effects on world GDP, with estimates of gains ranging between 67 and 147.3%. Research also finds that migration leads to greater trade in goods and services between the sending and receiving countries. Using 130 years of data on historical migrations to
5994-636: The Eastern Bloc aspired to independence and wanted the Soviets to leave. By the early 1950s, the approach of the Soviet Union to restricting emigration was emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc , including East Germany . Even after the official closing of the Inner German border in 1952, the border between the sectors of East Berlin and West Berlin remained considerably more accessible than
6156-651: The Edict of Fontainebleau . After this, many Huguenots (estimates range from 200,000 to 1 million ) fled to surrounding Protestant countries: England , the Netherlands , Switzerland , Norway , Denmark and Prussia —whose Calvinist great elector, Frederick William , welcomed them to help rebuild his war-ravaged and under-populated country. Many went to the Dutch colony at the Cape (South Africa), where they were instrumental in establishing
6318-716: The European Union . In the first year of its EU membership, 100,000 Poles registered to work in England, joining an estimated 750,000 residents of Polish descent. However, with the rapid growth of salaries in Poland, its booming economy, the strong value of the zloty , and decreasing unemployment (which fell from 14.2% in May 2006 to 8% in March 2008 ), the flight of Polish workers slowed. In 2008 and early 2009 people who came back outnumbered those leaving
6480-579: The Journal of Political Economy found that Swedish emigration to the United States during the late 19th and early 20th century strengthened the labour movement and increased left-wing politics and voting trends. The authors argue that the ability to emigrate strengthened the bargaining position of labour, as well as provided exit options for political dissidents who might have been oppressed. Research finds that emigration and low migration barriers has net positive effects on human capital formation and innovation in
6642-616: The Malayan campaign , killing hundreds. George Town was established as a free port in 1786 and served as a major entrepôt in British Malaya , trading spices and tin . It was also the first port of call east of the Indian subcontinent . After Malayan independence , the federal government shifted commercial and trading activities to Kuala Lumpur , intending to focus on the development of Port Klang . In 1966, federal amendments to customs made
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6804-551: The Modern Language Association explicitly says, "do not use an apostrophe to form the plural of an abbreviation". Also, the American Psychological Association specifically says, "without an apostrophe". However, the 1999 style guide for The New York Times states that the addition of an apostrophe is necessary when pluralizing all abbreviations, preferring "PC's, TV's and VCR's". Forming
6966-679: The Old English poem Beowulf used many abbreviations, for example the Tironian et ( ⁊ ) or & for and , and y for since , so that "not much space is wasted". The standardisation of English in the 15th through 17th centuries included a growth in the use of such abbreviations. At first, abbreviations were sometimes represented with various suspension signs, not only periods. For example, sequences like ⟨er⟩ were replaced with ⟨ɔ⟩ , as in mastɔ for master and exacɔbate for exacerbate . While this may seem trivial, it
7128-474: The Penang Strait at Perai , and required the mobilisation of fire fighting units as far as Nibong Tebal . Later investigations determined that the fire was likely started by welding sparks. Construction resumed by mid-1983, reaching the 60th floor by 1984. The skyscraper structurally topped out at the 65th floor on 1 January 1985. In May 1985, plans for the apartment blocks were scrapped and replaced with
7290-473: The Tower Palace . Other attractions include a video room and an amphitheatre for cultural shows. Abbreviation An abbreviation may be a shortened form of a word with a trailing period. For example: etcetera is usually abbreviated etc. and abbreviation is sometimes abbreviated abbr. , abbrv. , or abbrev. . But sometimes the trailing period is not used for such shortened forms. A contraction
7452-625: The University in Exile . The most prolific research center in maths and physics before the war was the German University of Göttingen , that became a focal point for the Nazi crackdown on "Jewish physics", as represented by the work of Albert Einstein . In what was later called the "great purge" of 1933 , academics were expelled or fled, ending up in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. Following
7614-532: The University of Amsterdam , describes the brain drain as a "myth", whilst political philosopher Adam James Tebble argues that more open borders aid both the economic and institutional development of poorer migrant sending countries, contrary to proponents of "brain-drain" critiques of migration. However, according to University of Louvain (UCLouvain) economist Frederic Docquier, human capital flight has an adverse effect on most developing countries, even if it can be beneficial for some developing countries. Whether
7776-481: The University of Penang and a traffic consultant provided additional input for the project. Lim Chong Keat designed the entire complex in five phases, where the main structure occupies the first two. Location-wise, it was designed to link with a then-proposed coastal highway system that leads southwards to a cross-strait linkage and the Penang International Airport . Construction of the first phase
7938-783: The mayor of George Town (level 17). Other office tenants include the Penang Island City Council , Public Services Commission , the Immigration Department of Malaysia , the Malaysian Inland Revenue Board , Tenaga Nasional , Maybank , Pos Malaysia , and the National Higher Education Fund Corporation . In July 1980, Komtar's first major office sale occurred when the federal government bought 91,000 square feet (8,500 m) of office space. Between December 1982 and January 1984,
8100-459: The "German universities suffered a loss of 20.5% of their teaching staff" after the Nazi seizure of power. He estimates that about 70% of fired scientists lost their position because of Jewish or "non-Aryan" ancestry, 10% lost their position because they were married to a Jew, and 20% were fired for political reasons. As over 60% of fired scientists emigrated, Grüttner argues that Germany lost even more than
8262-530: The 12th and 17th floors. In 1984, chief minister Lim Chong Eu moved his offices into the 28th floor. By February 1985, occupancy reached the 33rd floor. In 1986, the offices of the Penang state government, which had been located at the Tuanku Syed Putra Building since 1962, moved to Komtar permanently. By 1990, RM162.7 million worth of office space were sold. In July 1992, an indoor golf club, reportedly
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#17328558650618424-691: The 1930s and 1940s Hungarian was the third-most-often-used language in Hollywood. "The Martians" were a group of prominent Hungarian scientists of Jewish descent (mostly, but not exclusively, physicists and mathematicians) who escaped to the United States during and after World War II due to Nazism or Communism. They included, among others, Theodore von Kármán , John von Neumann , Paul Halmos , Eugene Wigner , Edward Teller , George Pólya , John G. Kemeny and Paul Erdős . Several were from Budapest, and were instrumental in American scientific progress (e.g., developing
8586-456: The 1990s led to a marked rise in colloquial abbreviation. This was due largely to increasing popularity of textual communication services such as instant and text messaging. The original SMS supported message lengths of 160 characters at most (using the GSM 03.38 character set), for instance. This brevity gave rise to an informal abbreviation scheme sometimes called Textese , with which 10% or more of
8748-417: The 2000s, many Turkish professionals emigrated, and students studying overseas chose to remain abroad, mainly due to better economic opportunities. This human capital flight was given national media attention, and in 2000, the government formed a task force to investigate the "brain drain" problem. There is a considerable number of people leaving the United Kingdom for other countries, especially Australia and
8910-652: The 20th century. The contractions in Newspeak are supposed to have a political function by virtue of their abbreviated structure itself: nice sounding and easily pronounceable, their purpose is to mask all ideological content from the speaker. A more recent syllabic abbreviation has emerged with the disease COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019) caused by the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (itself frequently abbreviated to SARS-CoV-2 , partly an initialism). In Albanian, syllabic acronyms are sometimes used for composing
9072-515: The 65th, was a helipad . Instead, the first publicly accessible observatory decks in the skyscraper were between the 57th to 60th floors. On 15 November 1989, the main observatory deck, the Tower Tourist Centre , was inaugurated at the 58th floor. A duty-free shop , the Metropolitan , opened at the 57th floor in mid-February 1990. The 59th and 60th floors housed a Chinese restaurant known as
9234-476: The American green card —which "seeks to draw an additional 20 million workers from Asia, Africa and the Americas in the next two decades". Although the EU recognizes a need for extensive immigration to mitigate the effects of an aging population, national populist political parties have gained support in many European countries by calling for stronger laws restricting immigration. Immigrants are perceived both as
9396-508: The CAPU including AT3 amounted to RM4.8 million in 1974, a figure disputed by opposition politicians who alleged that RM10 million was paid to AT3 alone. Throughout 1971, the CAPU conducted extensive planning studies for the project. A report dated August 1972 noted that the project should be located on a 22.4 acres (9.1 ha) site bounded by Penang Road , Prangin Road, Magazine Road and Beach Street , with parking for 3,000 vehicles. Academics from
9558-472: The European Union. This has given rise to programs to curb the outflow by encouraging skilled technicians and scientists to remain in the region to work on international projects. Serbia is one of the top countries that has experienced human capital flight due to the fall of Yugoslavia and its successive civil wars . In 1991, people started emigrating to Italy and Greece, and then began going farther, to
9720-546: The H-1B visa program surprisingly contributed to the growth of the Indian IT sector. A greater number of Indians were induced to enroll in computer science programs in order to move to the United States; however, a large number of these Indians never moved to the United States (due to caps in the H-1B program) or returned to India after the completion of their visas. One 2011 study finds that emigration has mixed effects on innovation in
9882-700: The Penang Urban Centre. The state government selected Singaporean architectural firm Architects Team Three (AT3) for the CAPU, with Lim Chong Eu's brother Chong Keat as its lead architect. Ove Arup was selected as the civil and structural engineer . Although Lim Chong Keat established his reputation in Singapore through the Jurong Town Hall and the DBS Building , the selection was accused of being nepotistic . Consultation fees for all development firms in
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#173285586506110044-536: The Penang state government spent RM45 million buying 210,600 square feet (19,570 m) of office space, occupying 17 storeys of the skyscraper. In 1983, the Penang Municipal Council was forced to move to Komtar by the state government even though its offices at City Hall were sufficient, leading to opposition within the council. This decision, costing RM20 million, relocated the council's offices to 100,000 square feet (9,300 m) of office space between
10206-461: The Queen had also expelled them from the four Kingdoms of Andalusia (Seville, Cordova, Jaén and Granada). Their departure contributed to economic decline in some regions of Spain. Thus, the conservative aristocracy consolidated its power over these newly acquired territories while contributing to their decline. In 1685, Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes and declared Protestantism to be illegal in
10368-763: The US Navy, as they increase readability amidst the large number of initialisms that would otherwise have to fit into the same acronyms. Hence DESRON 6 is used (in the full capital form) to mean "Destroyer Squadron 6", while COMNAVAIRLANT would be "Commander, Naval Air Force (in the) Atlantic". Syllabic abbreviations are a prominent feature of Newspeak , the fictional language of George Orwell 's dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four . The political contractions of Newspeak— Ingsoc (English Socialism), Minitrue (Ministry of Truth), Miniplenty ( Ministry of Plenty )—are described by Orwell as similar to real examples of German ( see below ) and Russian ( see below ) contractions in
10530-561: The United Kingdom following the creation of the Schengen Agreement . Lithuania , for example, has lost about 100,000 citizens since 2003, many of them young and well-educated, to emigration to Ireland in particular. (Ireland itself previously experienced high rates of human capital flight to the United States, Great Britain and Canada before the Celtic Tiger economic programs.) A similar phenomenon occurred in Poland after its entry into
10692-421: The United Kingdom, Canada and the United States. In the last ten years, educated people and professionals have been leaving the country and going to other countries where they feel they can have improved possibilities for better and secure lives. This is a concern for Albania as well, as it is losing its skilled workers and professionals. A major cause of human capital flight in countries like Moldova and Ukraine
10854-406: The United States, one study finds "that a doubling of the number of residents with ancestry from a given foreign country relative to the mean increases by 4.2 percentage points the probability that at least one local firm invests in that country, and increases by 31% the number of employees at domestic recipients of FDI from that country. The size of these effects increases with the ethnic diversity of
11016-528: The United States. The second is a migration of skilled workers from Central and Southeastern Europe into Western Europe, within the EU . While in some countries the trend may be slowing, certain South European countries such as Italy continue to experience extremely high rates of human capital flight. The European Union has noted a net loss of highly skilled workers and introduced a "blue card" policy—much like
11178-455: The apostrophe can be dispensed with if the items are set in italics or quotes: In Latin, and continuing to the derivative forms in European languages as well as English, single-letter abbreviations had the plural being a doubling of the letter for note-taking. Most of these deal with writing and publishing. A few longer abbreviations use this as well. Publications based in the U.S. tend to follow
11340-445: The atomic bomb). Many more left because of communism: Hungarian Nobel-prize winners: György von Békésy , Szent-Györgyi , Harsányi and Hersko and others like Viktor Szebehely , Zoltán Bay , Alexandre Lamfalussy (economist), Mihaly Csikszentmihaly ( Flow ) The process didn't stop, since the region that used to be the Western Block quickly recovered from the economic crisis caused by the World War and stabilized as reconstruction
11502-486: The availability of public services in Mexico, surpassing government spending in some localities. A 2017 study found that remittances can significantly alleviate poverty after natural disasters. Research shows that more educated and higher earning emigrants remit more. Some research shows that the remittance effect is not strong enough to make the remaining natives in countries with high emigration flows better off. A 2016 NBER paper suggests that emigration from Italy due to
11664-696: The brain drain feared by officials in East Germany. Yuri Andropov , then the CPSU director of Relations with Communist and Workers' Parties of Socialist Countries, decided on 28 August 1958 to write an urgent letter to the Central Committee about the 50% increase in the number of East German intelligentsia among the refugees. Andropov reported that, while the East German leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons, testimony from refugees indicated that
11826-414: The central skyscraper was delayed, as stage one (up to the 29th storey) was scheduled for completion by September 1981, and stage two (29th–47th storey) by February 1983. In January 1983, construction moved to phase two. It was carried out in five stages (phases 2A–E), including an electric substation (phase 2A), a department complex (phase 2B), an 11-storey car park with 750 parking spaces (phase 2C),
11988-501: The city, which redesignated the 1962 hawker centre proposal into a civic centre known as the Central Area Redevelopment Plan, the precursor project of Komtar. Komtar was conceived to be a step in 1970s "progressive" urban planning of the Penang state government. It was expected to ease congestion and remove urban slums from George Town's city centre which appeared after the 1960s recession. According to Lim Chong Eu,
12150-618: The closing. Following this abandonment, two of the three pioneers of modern architecture , Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius , left Germany for America (while Le Corbusier stayed in France). They introduced the European Modern movement to the American public and fostered the International Style in architecture and design, helping to transform design education at American universities and influencing later architects. A 2014 study in
12312-440: The complex began on 1 January 1974 in a ceremony officiated by Abdul Razak Hussein. It took place on a 0.4 hectares (1 acre) site, which involves 70 units of retail and office space, where 34 per cent of the total area was reserved to bumiputeras . A two-week exhibition regarding the urban scheme was held near the construction site from 10 to 24 January 1974. In May 1974, work progressed to the skyscraper. Construction of phase one
12474-420: The complex daily, including 1,800 workers from state departments. It was projected that 600,000 to a million visitors visit the skyscraper's observation deck annually. Komtar Tower, which topped out on 1 January 1985, is 248.9 metres (817 ft) tall with 68 storeys. Currently, the skyscraper houses the offices of the Penang state government (level 3, 7–58, and 61–64), the chief minister of Penang (level 28) and
12636-540: The complex had closed down. With reduced local presence, Komtar received an influx of migrant workers, primarily from Nepal , Myanmar , the Philippines , and Indonesia . The atmosphere within the complex drew similarities with Lucky Plaza in Singapore and Victoria Park in Hong Kong. Different floors of the complex housed individually segmented groups of immigrants of different nationalities, functioning as an agora for
12798-503: The complex was a "sign of collaboration" between the federal government and Penang. It was given priority in the New Economic Policy championed under the administration of Abdul Razak Hussein , who said that this project "will change the outlook of George Town from a colonial heritage to a city reflecting a Malaysian society". Plans for a civic centre in central George Town were announced publicly as early as 18 November 1970 as
12960-595: The complex was neglected due to insufficient maintenance. Despite these circumstances, Komtar is Penang's most famous landmark and is seen as a symbol of the state's post-industrialisation prosperity. The site Komtar now occupies was a stretch of the Prangin River, which ran through a swamp. In 1804, the construction of the Prangin Canal began under directions from the British East India Company . The canal
13122-456: The complex was radical and utopian for its time, and was the largest urban regeneration project in Malaysian history. However, it ultimately failed to achieve its objective of rejuvenating George Town's city centre . The construction of the complex was also criticised for demolishing a portion of the city's heritage quarters which displaced thousands of residents. Starting from the late-1990s,
13284-431: The complex, including 24 in the skyscraper, each capable of travelling at 1,200 feet (370 m) per minute. Phase two involves the extension of phase one's retail podium with 2,000,000 square feet (190,000 m) of retail space and several civic amenities. To accommodate the displaced residents from the construction site, three 17-storey apartment blocks were allocated for the two phases. The first block, with 194 flats,
13446-532: The complex. It was planned to be built in five phases, although only two were completed in their original form. The remaining three phases were repurposed as Prangin Mall , 1st Avenue , and the Sia Boey Urban Archaeological Park and were built between 1996 and 2019. Renovations in 2015 extended the height of Komtar Tower to 249 metres (817 ft). Described as a "city within a city", the design of
13608-451: The construction site, leading to subsidence. As a response, the Penang state government requested a geotechnical report from Prangin Mall's developers, although it did not reach state officials until February 1997. On 30 January, citing the developers' failure of compliance, Ikram issued a stop work order on Prangin Mall. The order was expanded to phase three, noting similar circumstances. At its worst, three hundred houses were affected, while
13770-723: The country (though mostly to destinations within Europe). This is the highest rate of worker emigration since reunification , and was equal to the rate in the aftermath of World War II . Portugal has experienced the largest human capital flight in Western Europe. The country has lost 19.5% of its qualified population and is struggling to absorb sufficient skilled immigrants to compensate for losses to Australia, Canada, Switzerland , Germany, United Kingdom and Austria . Central and Eastern European countries have expressed concerns about extensive migration of skilled labourers to Ireland and
13932-439: The country of origin. According to one study, welfare increases in both types of countries: "welfare impact of observed levels of migration is substantial, at about 5% to 10% for the main receiving countries and about 10% in countries with large incoming remittances". According to economists Michael Clemens and Lant Pratchett , "permitting people to move from low-productivity places to high-productivity places appears to be by far
14094-458: The country of origin. Remittances are a large share of GDP in many developing countries, and have been shown to increase the wellbeing of receiving families. In the case of Haiti, the 670,000 adult Haitians living in the OECD sent home about $ 1,700 per migrant per year, well over double Haiti's $ 670 per capita GDP. A study on remittances to Mexico found that remittances lead to a substantial increase in
14256-526: The country. The loss of this technical expertise was a blow from which the kingdom did not fully recover for many years. Mid-19th century Eastern European migration was significantly shaped by religious factors. The Jewish minority experienced strong discrimination in the Russian Empire during this period, which reached its maximum in the pogrom waves of the 1880s. During the 1880s, the mass exodus of more than two million Russian Jews began. Already before,
14418-470: The country. The exodus is likely to continue, however. According to IMF, the emigration of high skilled labour has adversely affected growth in Eastern Europe and slowed down convergence in per capita income between high and low income EU countries. The rapid but small-scale departure of highly skilled workers from Southeastern Europe has caused concern about those nations developing deeper integration in
14580-780: The crown and the new entrepreneurs that had taken over, Paraguay gained an unrivalled position as the main producer of yerba mate . The plantation system of the Jesuits did prevail, however, and mate continued chiefly to be harvested from wild stand through the 18th century and most of the 19th century. Antisemitic sentiments and laws in Europe through the 1930s and 1940s, culminating in the Holocaust , caused an exodus of intelligentsia. Notable examples are: Besides Jews, Nazi persecution extended to liberals and socialists in Germany, further contributing to emigration. Refugees in New York City founded
14742-539: The demolition of the Capitol Theatre and ten other businesses which sat at the site, while construction was projected to complete within three years. The site remained dormant by 1995 and it was only in 1996 that talks of construction resumed. However, it was cancelled after the Asian financial crisis in late-1997. Phase three was a nine-storey RM129 million department complex proposed by Japanese retail group Yaohan , which
14904-655: The descendant of Huguenot settlers in England, founded the modern paper industry. Augustin Courtauld fled to England, settling in Essex and established a dynasty that founded the British silk industry. Noted Swiss mathematician Gabriel Cramer was born in Geneva to Huguenot refugees. Sir John Houblon , the first Governor of the Bank of England , was born into a Huguenot family in London. Isaac Barré ,
15066-416: The diaspora. The complex is also host to homeless vagabonds, drug users, and vandals. Other developments such as Komtar Walk, launched in 2009 as a pedestrian mall, was plagued by legal disputes and was demolished and rebuilt in 2019. In 2001, the Penang state government initiated a programme to shift all government functions at Komtar to Mini Putrajaya , a new administrative capital at Seberang Perai . It
15228-467: The dome is covered with K-13 spray foam for better indoor acoustics. Initial plans for the skyscraper involved a 12-sided cylinder column 45 or 47 stories tall in two stages. It contained 640,000 square feet (59,000 m) of office space. The foundations of the skyscraper are designed to support 60 storeys for potential extensions, which became the actual height reported in promotional materials as early as 1975. Thirty-two high speed lifts are fitted in
15390-493: The drain of East Germany's young population potentially cost it over 22.5 billion marks in lost educational investment. In August 1961, East Germany erected a barbed-wire barrier that would eventually be expanded by construction into the Berlin Wall , effectively closing the loophole. Human capital flight in Europe fits into two distinct trends. The first is an outflow of highly qualified scientists from Western Europe mostly to
15552-414: The economic crisis in Europe have emigrated to countries such as Australia, Brazil, Germany, the United Kingdom, Mexico, Chile, Ecuador, Angola and Argentina. In the 1960s, many skilled and educated people emigrated from Turkey , including many doctors and engineers. This emigration wave is believed to have been triggered by political instability, including the 1960 military coup . In later decades, into
15714-440: The empty land becoming parking space until December 1996. In November 1996, the state government issued a construction ban of all structures beyond five storeys within the city-centre, threatening phase three's cancellation. An updated proposal submitted in 1997 featured a RM170 million 10-storey shopping complex named Mutiara Parade. Construction was scheduled for late-1996 and expected to finish in 1999. However, all construction
15876-410: The extension was replaced with Prangin Mall , a 1,500,000 square feet (140,000 m) shopping complex at a cost of RM200 million. The complex contained 73 escalators, two "bubble" lifts, an international food centre, six Parisian cafés , a garden mall, and four cinemas with a total of 1,800 seats. Excavation works for Prangin Mall began in 1996. During piling works, ground subsidence was sighted at
16038-516: The federal government rebranded the Bayan Lepas line as the Mutiara line , which includes a terminal at Komtar as the receiving end of an elevated rail bridge across the Penang Strait towards Seberang Perai . Construction of the station was originally planned for early-2024, but was delayed to September or October 2024, with an expected completion date of 2030. In the late 1980s to early 1990s, Komtar
16200-568: The first in Malaysia, opened at the 56th floor. In 2008, Telekom Malaysia occupied the 58th floor as a call centre . Similarly, before 2015 the 64th floor had been rented by telecommunication companies to install their equipment. In 2020, nine federal agencies moved into Komtar under the Urban Transformation Centre at the second and third floors, occupying 42,000 square feet (3,900 m) of office space. The top floor of Komtar Tower,
16362-428: The former Oftel (Office of Telecommunications) use this style. New York City has various neighborhoods named by syllabic abbreviation, such as Tribeca (Triangle below Canal Street) and SoHo (South of Houston Street). This usage has spread into other American cities, giving SoMa , San Francisco (South of Market) and LoDo, Denver (Lower Downtown), amongst others. Chicago -based electric service provider ComEd
16524-413: The free port status redundant, and in 1969 the status was formally revoked. These policy changes led to massive unemployment and brain drain within the city, creating a period of recession and urban decay in Penang throughout the 1960s. Amidst rising discontent, during the 1969 general elections , the ruling Alliance Party led by chief minister Wong Pow Nee was voted out in Penang and replaced by
16686-451: The globally popular term OK generally credited as a remnant of its influence. Over the years, however, the lack of convention in some style guides has made it difficult to determine which two-word abbreviations should be abbreviated with periods and which should not. This question is considered below. Widespread use of electronic communication through mobile phones and the Internet during
16848-674: The great purge, the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton took on the role of leading research institution in maths and physics. The Bauhaus , perhaps the most important arts and design school of the 20th century, was forced to close down during the Nazi regime because of their liberal and socialist leanings, which the Nazis considered degenerate . The school had already been shut down in Weimar because of its political stance, but moved to Dessau prior to
17010-448: The home country if the trained people are in short supply there. Research shows that there are significant economic benefits of human capital flight for the migrants themselves and for the receiving country. The consequences for the country of origin are less straightforward, with research suggesting they can be positive, negative or mixed. Research also suggests that emigration, remittances and return migration can have
17172-470: The home country. A 2009 study finds that foreigners educated in democracies foster democracy in their home countries. Studies find that leaders who were educated in the West are significantly more likely to improve their country's prospects of implementing democracy. A 2016 study found that Chinese immigrants exposed to Western media censored in China became more critical of their home government's performance on
17334-500: The incident has since been described as a "crisis" or a "disaster". In March 1997, the developers submitted three mitigation measures to the state government. Mitigation works began in April and lasted for 53 days, costing the developers RM6 million. After mitigation works were complete, the state government lifted the stop work order for Prangin Mall in June under a 20-point agreement. Construction
17496-601: The issues covered in the media and less trusting in official discourse. A 2014 study found that remittances decreased corruption in democratic states. A 2015 study finds that the emigration of women in rural China reduces son preference . After Justinian closed the Platonic Academy in 529 AD, according to the historian Agathias, its remaining members sought protection from the Sassanid ruler, Khosrau I , carrying with them precious scrolls of literature, philosophy and, to
17658-406: The literature on migration and economic growth shows that "migrants contribute to the integration of their country into the world market, which can be particularly important for economic growth in developing countries." Some research suggests that emigration causes an increase in the wages of those who remain in the country of origin. A 2014 survey of the existing literature on emigration finds that
17820-417: The local population, the geographic distance to the origin country, and the ethno-linguistic fractionalization of the origin country." Emigrants have been found to significantly boost Foreign direct investment (FDI) back to their country of origin. According to one review study, the overall evidence shows that emigration helps developing countries integrate into the global economy. A 2016 study reviewing
17982-505: The long-run. According to economist Michael Clemens, it has not been shown that restrictions on high-skill emigration reduce shortages in the countries of origin. A 2021 study found that migration opportunities for Filipino nurses led to a net increase in human capital in the Philippines, thus contradicting the "brain drain" thesis. A 2017 paper found that the emigration opportunities to the United States for high-skilled Indians provided by
18144-525: The mid-2000s, including one in October 2007 which cost RM10 million, and an RM15 million renovation project in April 2008 which refurbished the podium. In 2010, the Penang state government launched plans to renovate the upper sections of the skyscraper. The revitalisation effort, known as The Top , was launched in December 2012, costing RM180 million. As part of the effort, three new floors were constructed, increasing
18306-506: The most efficient generalized policy tool, at the margin, for poverty reduction". A successful two-year in situ anti-poverty program, for instance, helps poor people make in a year what is the equivalent of working one day in the developed world. Research on a migration lottery that allowed Tongans to move to New Zealand found that the lottery winners saw a 263% increase in income from migrating (after only one year in New Zealand) relative to
18468-600: The need for foreign bankers such as the Fugger family and others from Genova . On 7 January 1492, the King ordered the expulsion of all the Jews from Spain —from the kingdoms of Castile and León (Kingdoms of Galicia, Leon, Old Castile, New Castile or Toledo), Navarra and Aragon (Aragon, Principality of Catalonia, Kingdoms of Valencia, Mallorca and the Rousillon and the two Sicilies). Before that,
18630-486: The negative effects are sometimes referred to as "brain drain". According to economist Michael Clemens , it has not been shown that restrictions on high-skill emigration reduce shortages in the countries of origin. According to development economist Justin Sandefur, "there is no study out there... showing any empirical evidence that migration restrictions have contributed to development." Hein de Haas, Professor of Sociology at
18792-656: The ninth century, long enough to facilitate the medieval revival of the Neoplatonist commentary tradition in Baghdad . After the end of the Catholic reconquest of Spain , the Catholic Monarchs pursued the goal of a religiously homogenous kingdom. Thus, Jews were expelled from the country in 1492. As they dominated Spain's financial service industry, their expulsion was instrumental in causing future economic problems, for example
18954-625: The ninth floor. In 1972, PDC began preparations for phase one. The City Council and state government owned 182,516 square feet (16,956.3 m) of land for its construction. Between 1972 and 1973, the state government acquired the necessary land available, predominantly from inherited landlords of the Straits Chinese elite. The total cost of land and property acquisitions was estimated at RM26.2 million in 1977 (RM100.6 million in 2023 value). Demolition works at acquired sites involved 769 houses, 304 shops, 14 factories, four cinemas, three schools,
19116-564: The opposition Malaysian People's Movement Party (Gerakan), with Lim Chong Eu sworn in as chief minister. To address these challenges, Lim established the Penang Development Corporation (PDC) in November 1969 as a development arm of the state government. As early as 1962, the Penang state government proposed to develop a hawker centre in an area around Prangin Road . Malayan architecture firm Malayan Architects Co-Partnership
19278-487: The period is usually included regardless of whether or not it is a contraction, e.g. Dr. or Mrs. . In some cases, periods are optional, as in either US or U.S. for United States , EU or E.U. for European Union , and UN or U.N. for United Nations . There are some house styles, however—American ones included—that remove the periods from almost all abbreviations. For example: Acronyms that were originally capitalized (with or without periods) but have since entered
19440-405: The podium. The geodesic dome, influenced by the designs of Buckminster Fuller , a special consultant of the CAPU, is positioned above the podium directly adjacent to the reflective pool. The dome is 48 metres (157 ft) in diameter, and contains a multipurpose hall with 1,875 seats. It was designed as a column-free structure made from aluminum prefabricated from computer designs. The interior of
19602-511: The preferred term, acronym refers more specifically to when the abbreviation is pronounced as a word rather than as separate letters; examples include SWAT and NASA . Initialisms, contractions and crasis share some semantic and phonetic functions, and are connected by the term abbreviation in loose parlance. In early times, abbreviations may have been common due to the effort involved in writing (many inscriptions were carved in stone) or to provide secrecy via obfuscation . Reduction of
19764-411: The reasons were more political than material. He stated, "the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase." The direct cost of labour force losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion, with East German party leader Walter Ulbricht later claiming that West Germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation, including reparations as well as labour force losses. In addition,
19926-465: The receiving country are sometimes referred to as a " brain gain " whereas the net costs for the sending country are sometimes referred to as a " brain drain ". In occupations with a surplus of graduates, immigration of foreign-trained professionals can aggravate the underemployment of domestic graduates, whereas emigration from an area with a surplus of trained people leads to better opportunities for those remaining. But emigration may cause problems for
20088-431: The remaining population, a substantial number of more educated (numerate, literate) persons emigrate. Given that the term "brain drain", as frequently used, implies that skilled emigration is bad for the country of origin, some scholars recommend against using the term in favor of more neutral and scientific alternative terms. The positive effects of human capital flight are sometimes referred to as "brain gain" whereas
20250-406: The rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers. The Berlin sector border was essentially a "loophole" through which Eastern Bloc citizens could still emigrate. The 3.5 million East Germans, called Republikflüchtlinge , who had left by 1961 totalled approximately 20% of the entire East German population. The emigrants tended to be young and well educated, leading to
20412-789: The same lines, the Swiss Federal Railways' Transit Police—the Transportpolizei —are abbreviated as the TraPo . With the National Socialist German Workers' Party gaining power came a frenzy of government reorganisation, and with it a series of entirely new syllabic abbreviations. The single national police force amalgamated from the Schutzpolizeien of the various states became the OrPo ( Ordnungspolizei , "order police");
20574-401: The secret police) and VoPo for Volkspolizei . The phrase politisches Büro , which may be rendered literally as "office of politics" or idiomatically as "political party steering committee", became Politbüro . Syllabic abbreviations are not only used in politics, however. Many business names, trademarks, and service marks from across Germany are created on the same pattern: for
20736-494: The sending countries. This means that there is a "brain gain" instead of a "brain drain" to emigration. One study finds that sending countries benefit indirectly in the long-run on the emigration of skilled workers because those skilled workers are able to innovate more in developed countries, which the sending countries are able to benefit on as a positive externality . Greater emigration of skilled workers consequently leads to greater economic growth and welfare improvements in
20898-481: The sending country, boosting the number of important innovations but reducing the number of average inventions. A 2019 paper found that emigration from Fiji led to a net increase in skill stocks in Fiji, as citizens increased their education attainment. A 2019 analysis found that emigration of youths from Italy led to a reduction in innovation. Research also suggests that emigration, remittances and return migration can have
21060-1024: The sheer number of dismissed scientists would suggest as top scientists were disproportionately represented among the emigrees. When taking into consideration both those who won Nobel Prize either before or after emigration, a total of 24 Nobel laureates fled either Germany or Austria because of Nazi persecution. Many Jews escaping from German-occupied Europe to the United Kingdom established successful careers in publishing, medicine, science, psychoanalysis and other occupations. Notable scientists include Max Perutz , Rudolf Peierls , Francis Simon , Ernst Boris Chain and Hans Adolf Krebs . Intellectuals include art historians Nikolaus Pevsner and Ernst Gombrich , sociologists Norbert Elias and Karl Mannheim , and philosophers Karl Popper and Ludwig Wittgenstein . Different waves of emigration occurred. Before World War I: József Galamb , engineer and creator of T-Ford; Eugene Farkas , engineer and creator of Fordson tractor; Philipp Lenard (Nobel prize/physics) During
21222-492: The site, leading to cracks appearing on over a hundred houses nearby. Komtar reported similar occurrences, even though officials denied the complex was in danger. In January 1997, nearby residents filed a police report on this issue, leading to investigations by the Malaysian Public Works Institute (Ikram). They concluded that the structure's foundations were flawed, causing underground water to migrate away from
21384-436: The skyscraper topping out in 1981. However, the complex suffered repeated delays, with phase 1B delayed to July 1979 and again to June 1980. Starting from late-1975, hampered by delays, building costs inflated dramatically, with costs rising almost 15 per cent annually as delays progressed. The initial budget for phase one had risen to RM136.2 million by May 1975, and to RM151.8 million by September 1979. Similarly, construction of
21546-613: The skyscraper's height to 248.9 m (817 ft). A 16 metres (52 ft) skywalk , three bubble lifts, and a 90-metre-long (300 ft) rope course were added in 2018. After its completion in late-1985, Komtar stood at 231.7 metres (760 ft) tall, and became the second-tallest skyscraper in Asia , behind Sunshine 60 . It was also the tallest skyscraper in Southeast Asia until 10 November 1986, and in Malaysia until 10 June 1988, when it
21708-469: The skyscraper. The call of tender for the project's construction concluded in December 1973. Komtar is supported by a three-metre thick reinforced concrete raft foundation , with 860 composite piles up to 54 metres (177 ft) deep. These enabled the complex to be resistant to tremors up to four on the Modified Mercalli scale . Piling works of the complex concluded at the end of 1973. Construction of
21870-526: The son of Huguenot settlers in Ireland, became an influential British soldier and politician. Gustav and Peter Carl Fabergé, the descendants of Huguenot refugees, founded the world-famous Fabergé company in Russia, maker of the famous Faberge eggs. The exodus of Huguenots from France created a brain drain, as Huguenots accounted for a disproportionate number of entrepreneurial , artisan and technical occupations in
22032-540: The state KriPos together formed the "SiPo" ( Sicherheitspolizei , "security police"); and there was also the Gestapo ( Geheime Staatspolizei , "secret state police"). The new order of the German Democratic Republic in the east brought about a conscious denazification , but also a repudiation of earlier turns of phrase in favour of neologisms such as Stasi for Staatssicherheit ("state security",
22194-417: The state government only owned one-third of all retail units in the complex. The remaining tenants were purchased and owned by private businesses, leading to serious disagreements on rental rates and occupancies. In 2005, the two largest anchor tenants of the complex, Super Komtar and Parkson , ceased operations in rapid succession, decimating foot traffic in the complex. By 2008, 40 per cent of retailers in
22356-538: The style guides of The Chicago Manual of Style and the Associated Press . The U.S. government follows a style guide published by the U.S. Government Printing Office . The National Institute of Standards and Technology sets the style for abbreviations of units. Many British publications follow some of these guidelines in abbreviation: Writers often use shorthand to denote units of measure. Such shorthand can be an abbreviation, such as "in" for " inch " or can be
22518-451: The thaw might unleash a flood, which we wouldn't be able to control and which could drown us. How could it drown us? It could have overflowed the banks of the Soviet riverbed and formed a tidal wave which would have washed away all the barriers and retaining walls of our society." After Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe at the end of World War II, the majority of those living in the countries of
22680-400: The total cost reached RM279.5 million (RM642.5 million in 2023 value). Plans for phases 2E, three, four, and five were first proposed in 1990–1991. These projects would remain in development until the 2010s as 1st Avenue Mall , Prangin Mall , and the Sia Boey Urban Archaeological Park . In 1989, a parcel of land situated at the junction of Prangin Road and Penang Road, designated phase 2E,
22842-422: The unsuccessful lottery entrants. A 2017 study of Mexican immigrant households in the United States found that by virtue of moving to the United States, the households increase their incomes more than fivefold immediately. The study also found that the "average gains accruing to migrants surpass those of even the most successful current programs of economic development." Remittances increase living standards in
23004-453: The vocabulary as generic words are no longer written with capital letters nor with any periods. Examples are sonar , radar , lidar , laser , snafu , and scuba . When an abbreviation appears at the end of a sentence, only one period is used: The capital of the United States is Washington, D.C. In the past, some initialisms were styled with a period after each letter and a space between each pair. For example, U. S. , but today this
23166-502: The wages of old workers. The wages of Lithuanian men increased as a result of post-EU enlargement emigration. Return migration is associated with greater household firm revenues. A study from the IMF concluded that emigration of high skilled labour from Eastern Europe has adversely affected economic and productivity growth in Eastern Europe and slowed down convergence in per capita income between high and low income EU countries. A 2019 study in
23328-464: The words in a typical SMS message are abbreviated. More recently Twitter, a popular social networking service , began driving abbreviation use with 140 character message limits. In HTML , abbreviations can be annotated using < abbr title = "Meaning of the abbreviation." > abbreviation </ abbr > to reveal its meaning by hovering the cursor . In modern English, there are multiple conventions for abbreviation, and there
23490-450: Was Magazine Circus , a roundabout converging on a junction of six major roads. The Malays named it Simpang Enam ("the six-way junction"), while the Chinese called it Go Pha Teng ("the five lamps"), referencing street lamps set up at the junction. In 1928, the first traffic lights in Penang were set up at the roundabout. Sia Boey was severely bombed during Japanese raids during the start of
23652-633: Was built for agricultural and commercial uses, and marked the furthest boundaries of George Town at the time. Due to its location, the Malays referred to it as Ujong Pasir, while the Chinese called it Sia Boey, both carrying the same meaning of the "end of the village". In 1806, a marketplace was set up at Sia Boey, which evolved into the Sia Boey Market. Since the 1880s, the market centered around an iron market hall, which operated until 2004. Adjacent to Sia Boey
23814-409: Was carried out in four stages (phases 1A–D). Phase 1A, the four-storey retail podium, was planned to be completed by October 1976. It received a soft opening on 2 December 1976. Piling works for phase 1B, an extension of the podium and the central skyscraper began in November 1975. It was initially expected that the next three stages would be completed by September 1978, 1979, and 1980 respectively, with
23976-568: Was completed so the bulk of businesses and capital flocked there, creating a systematic barrier. In the last months of and post World War II, both the American and Soviet governments forcibly recruited and transported thousands of former Nazi scientists to the US and USSR respectively to continue their scientific work in those countries. By 1922, the Soviet Union had issued restrictions making emigration of its citizens to other countries almost impossible. Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev later stated, "We were scared, really scared. We were afraid
24138-454: Was contracted for the project, but it stalled within months. PDC designated four sites within George Town in late-1969 as "comprehensive development areas" for urban redevelopment, which included the construction of low-cost flats on reclaimed land and urban renewal programmes. It then created a "central area planning unit" (CAPU) for monitoring residential and highway infrastructural projects in
24300-453: Was finally complete in mid-2000 and opened in 2001. Phase five, which occupied Sia Boey Market, was planned in 1991 as a mixed retail, office, and residential development. The land was sold in July 1991 for RM31 million to a private developer for potential development scheduled for 1995 or 1996, but stalled. In 2002, phase five was planned as an interchange terminal of the Bayan Lepas line ,
24462-408: Was first used in the United Kingdom to describe the influx of Indian scientists and engineers. Although the term originally referred to technology workers leaving a nation, the meaning has broadened into "the departure of educated or professional people from one country, economic sector, or field for another, usually for better pay or living conditions". Brain drain is a phenomenon where, relative to
24624-411: Was however unsuccessful, being relocated to Macallum Street Ghaut in 2016 due to a revival of the Bayan Lepas line. Eventually, a 2.53 acres (1.02 ha) park known as the Sia Boey Urban Archaeological Park began construction in 2015 and was completed in 2019, costing RM29.1 million. The park, which occupied a disused section of the Prangin Canal, opened for public use on 9 November 2019. In May 2023,
24786-508: Was modeled after Raffles City Singapore . Construction was completed in June 2010 and inaugurated on 25 November 2010. Phase four was originally designed as an extension of Komtar's pedestrian mall, stretching 100 metres (330 ft) along Prangin Road, beyond Carnavon Street, while covering remnants of Maxwell Road. In 1990, 155 traders along Prangin Road were relocated to within Komtar and Chowrasta Market in preparation for phase four. However,
24948-463: Was planned for the complex to convert into a hotel or commercial centre once the relocation was complete. However, the project stalled and was put on hold indefinitely in May 2003, before being canceled in 2008 by Lim Guan Eng due to cost issues. The stalemate over Komtar's redevelopment led to state assemblyman Lim Gim Soon to sarcastically propose in 2007 to convert the complex into a Chinese secondary school. Several renovations were undertaken during
25110-456: Was projected to raise the total revenue in the region from RM114,000 in 1974 to RM3 million in 1984, which was planned as funds for maintenance and upkeep for the complex's amenities. Phase one involves the construction of a four-storey podium, a geodesic dome , and a 60-storey central skyscraper covering an area of 301,000 square feet (28,000 m). The complex's podium was designed to rejuvenate George Town's declining inner-city economy with
25272-577: Was put up for sale. In 1991, Malaysian retail chain Metrojaya submitted plans for Metro Plaza, a six-storey department complex for phase 2E. The complex was to cost RM47 million with 340,000 square feet (32,000 m) of retail space. Metrojaya would acquire necessary parcels of land throughout 1991. In early-1992, the project was scaled down to a five-storey department complex with 312,000 square feet (29,000 m) of built-up area, 240 parking spaces and 650 staff. Preparation of Metro Plaza began in 1992 with
25434-517: Was surpassed by One Raffles Place and Maybank Tower respectively. With 65 floors, it had the highest floor count of any building in Asia until the completion of the Bank of China Tower in January 1990. Upon its opening, it was advertised as the premier commercial district of George Town. It was among the most popular places of congregation for teenagers in the city in the 1980s. Typically, 5,000 people work in
25596-563: Was suspended in February 1997 due to concerns of unstable soil influenced by flaws in foundational works for Prangin Mall nearby. Construction never resumed and was cancelled amidst the Asian financial crisis in late-1997. The cancellation of Mutiara Parade suspended any construction at the site until October 2007, when construction began on 1st Avenue , an 11-storey 430,000 square feet (40,000 m) shopping mall. The development, costing RM300 million,
25758-469: Was symptomatic of an attempt by people manually reproducing academic texts to reduce the copy time. Mastɔ subwardenɔ y ɔmēde me to you. And wherɔ y wrot to you the last wyke that y trouyde itt good to differrɔ thelectionɔ ovɔ to quīdenaɔ tinitatis y have be thougħt me synɔ that itt woll be thenɔ a bowte mydsomɔ. In the Early Modern English period, between the 15th and 17th centuries, the thorn Þ
25920-474: Was the premier retail hub in Penang. A combination of economic decline after the 1997 Asian financial crisis and rising competition from newer and upscale shopping complexes in the outer suburbs such as Gurney Plaza and Penang Times Square caused a significant decline in commercial traffic. The complex was also poorly maintained and disliked by tenants due to its cramped, outdated, and confusing interior layouts. Attempts of renovation in Komtar were difficult as
26082-437: Was to be completed by 1993. The project sat on an 84,000 square feet (7,800 m) plot of land running largely parallel to the Prangin Canal and was to be built by Kumagai Gumi . In 1992, citing its inability to allow majority local participation of the project as required, Yaohan rescinded the 1990 agreement, which led to a private takeover by Lion Group . Demolition works for the site began in 1992 with twelve shophouses, with
26244-447: Was used for th , as in Þ ('the'). In modern times, ⟨Þ⟩ was often used (in the form ⟨y⟩ ) for promotional reasons, as in Y Olde Tea Shoppe . During the growth of philological linguistic theory in academic Britain, abbreviating became very fashionable. Likewise, a century earlier in Boston , a fad of abbreviation started that swept the United States, with
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