This is an accepted version of this page
97-599: Susan G. Komen (formerly known as Susan G. Komen for the Cure ; originally as The Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation ; often referred to simply as Komen ) is a breast cancer organization in the United States . Komen works on patient navigation and advocacy , providing resources for breast-cancer patients to understand the American medical system. They have funded research into the causes and treatment of breast cancer. However,
194-498: A breast implant or transferring excess tissue from another part of the body. Chemotherapy reduces the chance of cancer recurring in the next ten years by around a third. However, 1-2% of those on chemotherapy experience life-threatening or permanent side effects. To balance these benefits and risks, chemotherapy is typically offered to those with a higher risk of cancer recurrence. There is no established risk cutoff for offering chemotherapy; determining who should receive chemotherapy
291-468: A control group . In April 2010, Komen partnered with fast food restaurant chain KFC to offer "Buckets for the Cure," a promotion in which fried and grilled chicken was sold in pink, branded buckets. The collaboration was criticized by media outlets, including The Colbert Report and Bitch magazine , and raised questions about promoting unhealthy eating habits. KFC contributed over $ 4.2 million to Komen,
388-562: A $ 250,000 matching grant from New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg and a $ 250,000 gift from a foundation run by the CEO of Bonanza Oil Co. in Dallas to replace the lost funding. Four days later, Komen's board of directors reversed the decision and announced that it would amend the policy to "make clear that disqualifying investigations must be criminal and conclusive in nature and not political.". Several top-level staff members resigned from Komen during
485-404: A 30–50% increased risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer themselves. In those with zero, one or two affected relatives, the risk of breast cancer before the age of 80 is 7.8%, 13.3%, and 21.1% with a subsequent mortality from the disease of 2.3%, 4.2%, and 7.6% respectively. Women with certain genetic variants are at higher risk of developing breast cancer. The most well known are variants of
582-472: A 50% increased risk of developing breast cancer. Variants in other tumor suppressor genes can also increase one's risk of developing breast cancer, namely p53 (causes Li–Fraumeni syndrome ), PTEN (causes Cowden syndrome ), and PALB1 . Breast changes like atypical ductal hyperplasia found in benign breast conditions such as fibrocystic breast changes , are correlated with an increased breast cancer risk. Diabetes mellitus might also increase
679-531: A 64% raise. Komen said the last CEO salary hike had taken place in November 2010. Charity Navigator continued to give Komen favorable overall ratings based on figures Komen had declared to the IRS, but Charity Navigator president and CEO Ken Berger called this compensation "extremely high".. This pay package is way outside the norm. It's about a quarter of a million dollars more than what we see for charities of this size. This
776-433: A biopsy reveals cells that are cancerous but have not yet spread beyond their original location. This condition, called carcinoma in situ , is often considered "precancerous" rather than a dangerous cancer itself. Those with ductal carcinoma in situ (in the mammary ducts) are at increased risk for developing true invasive breast cancer – around a third develop breast cancer within five years. Lobular carcinoma in situ (in
873-405: A case in which Komen told the organization Uniting Against Lung Cancer no longer to use the name "Kites for the Cure" for its annual fund-raising event. Komen also wrote to the organization to warn it "against any use of pink in conjunction with 'cure.'" More than 100 small charities have received legal opposition from Komen as a consequence of the use of the words "for the cure" in their names. Among
970-585: A change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, milk rejection , fluid coming from the nipple , a newly inverted nipple, or a red or scaly patch of skin. In those with distant spread of the disease , there may be bone pain , swollen lymph nodes , shortness of breath , or yellow skin . Risk factors for developing breast cancer include obesity , a lack of physical exercise , alcohol consumption, hormone replacement therapy during menopause , ionizing radiation , an early age at first menstruation , having children late in life (or not at all), older age, having
1067-471: A congressional investigation by Representative Cliff Stearns and a newly created internal rule about not funding organizations under federal, state, or local investigation. While conservative religious and anti-abortion groups applauded the move, it was denounced by several editorials, women's health advocacy groups, and politicians. In the 24 hours after the news broke, Planned Parenthood received more than $ 400,000 from 6,000 donors, followed by pledges of
SECTION 10
#17328584772951164-685: A person's age can also impact prognosis. Breast cancer before age 35 is rare, and is more likely to be associated with genetic predisposition to aggressive cancer. Conversely, breast cancer in those aged over 75 is associated with poorer prognosis. Up to 80% of the variation in breast cancer frequency across countries is due to differences in reproductive history that impact a woman's levels of female sex hormones ( estrogens ). Women who begin menstruating earlier (before age 12) or who undergo menopause later (after 51) are at increased risk of developing breast cancer. Women who give birth early in life are protected from breast cancer – someone who gives birth as
1261-651: A prior history of breast cancer, and a family history of breast cancer. About five to ten percent of cases are the result of an inherited genetic predisposition, including BRCA mutations among others. Breast cancer most commonly develops in cells from the lining of milk ducts and the lobules that supply these ducts with milk. Cancers developing from the ducts are known as ductal carcinomas , while those developing from lobules are known as lobular carcinomas . There are more than 18 other sub-types of breast cancer. Some, such as ductal carcinoma in situ , develop from pre-invasive lesions . The diagnosis of breast cancer
1358-407: A role in the development of breast cancer. Smoking tobacco appears to increase the risk of breast cancer, with the greater the amount smoked and the earlier in life that smoking began, the higher the risk. In those who are long-term smokers, the relative risk is increased by 35% to 50%. A lack of physical activity has been linked to about 10% of cases. Sitting regularly for prolonged periods
1455-399: A score of 82 out of 100. In 2023 it ranks 4 stars with a 95% rating. Komen has become controversial for alleged " pinkwashing ". The term criticizes either disproportionate publicity for organizations that donate very little , or organizations using the pink ribbon to promote products that may be carcinogenic . Komen benefits from corporate partnerships, receiving over $ 55 million
1552-514: A second "diagnostic" mammogram and ultrasound – to confirm its presence and location. A biopsy is then taken of the suspected tumor. Breast biopsy is typically done by core needle biopsy , with a hollow needle used to collect tissue from the area of interest. Suspected tumors that appear to be filled with fluid are often instead sampled by fine-needle aspiration . Around 10–20% of breast biopsies are positive for cancer. Most biopsied breast masses are instead caused by fibrocystic breast changes ,
1649-817: A second one. Some respond to a third sequential therapy as well. Adding an mTOR inhibitor , everolimus , can further slow the tumors' progression. Those with HER2-positive metastatic disease can benefit from continued use of trastuzumab, alone, in combination with pertuzumab, or in combination with chemotherapy. Those whose tumors continue to progress on trastuzumab benefit from HER2-targeted antibody drug conjugates (HER2 antibodies linked to chemotherapy drugs) trastuzumab emtansine or trastuzumab deruxtecan . The HER2-targeted antibody margetuximab can also prolong survival, as can HER2 inhibitors lapatinib , neratinib , or tucatinib . Certain therapies are targeted at those whose tumors have particular gene mutations: Alpelisib or capivasertib for those with mutations activating
1746-597: A teenager has around a 70% lower risk of developing breast cancer than someone who does not have children. That protection wanes with higher maternal age at first birth, and disappears completely by age 35. Breastfeeding also reduces one's chance of developing breast cancer, with an approximately 4% reduction in breast cancer risk for every 12 months of breastfeeding experience. Those who lack functioning ovaries have reduced levels of estrogens, and therefore greatly reduced breast cancer risk. Hormone replacement therapy for treatment of menopause symptoms can also increase
1843-403: A term that encompasses benign pockets of fluid, cell growth, or fibrous tissue . Breast cancers are classified by several grading systems, each of which assesses a tumor characteristic that impacts a person's prognosis. First, a tumor is classified by the tissue it arises from, or the appearance of the tumor tissue under a microscope. Most breast cancers (85%) are ductal carcinoma – derived from
1940-454: A third of the more than 700 chemicals used in fracking are endocrine disruptors and at least a quarter increase the risk of cancer. In 2007, the organization changed its name to Susan G. Komen for the Cure and trademarked the running ribbon as part of its branding strategy. Komen has come under fire for legal action against other organizations using the phrase "for the cure" in their names. An August 2010 Wall Street Journal article detailed
2037-463: A woman's risk of developing breast cancer, though the effect depends on the type and duration of therapy. Combined progesterone /estrogen therapy increases breast cancer risk – approximately doubling one's risk after 6–7 years of treatment (though the same therapy decreases the risk of colorectal cancer ). Hormone treatment with estrogen alone has no effect on breast cancer risk, but increases one's risk of developing endometrial cancer , and therefore
SECTION 20
#17328584772952134-501: A year from 216 corporate sponsors. Critics say many of these promotions are deceptive, benefiting the companies more than the charity, and promoting products that may cause cancer. Some campaigns require that consumers mail proof of purchase for a promoted item before the manufacturer donates, and some have a cap on the maximum amount donated. Since its Save Lids to Save Lives campaign began in 1998, Yoplait has donated more than $ 25 million to Komen. In 2010, its annual maximum commitment
2231-412: Is T3. Tumors that extend to the chest wall or to the skin are designated T4. N scores are based on whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. N0 indicates no spread to the lymph nodes. N1 is for tumors that have spread to the closest axillary lymph nodes (called "level I" and "level II" axillary lymph nodes, in the armpit). N2 is for spread to the intramammary lymph nodes (on the other side of
2328-590: Is a common long-distance running event in track and field , approximately equivalent to 3 miles 188 yards or 16,404 feet 2 inches. It is one of the track events in the Olympic Games and the World Championships in Athletics , run over 12 + 1 ⁄ 2 laps of a standard 400 m track, or 25 laps on an indoor 200 m track. The same distance in road running is called a 5K run ; referring to
2425-485: Is almost the same length as the dolichos race held at the Ancient Olympic Games , introduced in 720 BCE. World Athletics keeps official records for both outdoor and indoor 5000-metre track events. The 5000 metres is the (slightly longer) approximate metric equivalent of the 3-mile (4,828.0 m) run, an event common in countries which used the imperial measurement system . The 3-mile event featured in
2522-412: Is another preventive measure in some high risk women. In those who have been diagnosed with cancer, a number of treatments may be used, including surgery, radiation therapy , chemotherapy , hormonal therapy , and targeted therapy . Types of surgery vary from breast-conserving surgery to mastectomy . Breast reconstruction may take place at the time of surgery or at a later date. In those in whom
2619-401: Is assigned a grade based on how distinct it appears from healthy breast. Breast tumors are graded on three features: the proportion of cancer cells that form tubules, the appearance of the cell nucleus , and how many cells are actively replicating. Each feature is scored on a three-point scale, with a higher score indicating less healthy looking tissue. A grade is assigned based on the sum of
2716-796: Is associated with higher mortality from breast cancer. The risk is not negated by regular exercise, though it is lowered. Actions to prevent breast cancer include not drinking alcoholic beverages , maintaining a healthy body composition , avoiding smoking and eating healthy food . Combining all of these (leading the healthiest possible lifestyle) would make almost a quarter of breast cancer cases worldwide preventable. The remaining three-quarters of breast cancer cases cannot be prevented through lifestyle changes. Other risk factors include circadian disruptions related to shift-work and routine late-night eating. A number of chemicals have also been linked, including polychlorinated biphenyls , polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons , and organic solvents . Although
2813-643: Is binary: M0 indicates no evidence metastases; M1 indicates metastases have been detected. TNM scores are then combined with tumor grades and ER/PR/HER2 status to calculate a cancer case's "prognostic stage group". Stage groups range from I (best prognosis ) to IV (worst prognosis), with groups I, II, and III further divided into subgroups IA, IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC. In general, tumors of higher T and N scores and higher grades are assigned higher stage groups. Tumors that are ER, PR, and HER2 positive are slightly lower stage group than those that are negative. Tumors that have metastasized are stage IV, regardless of
2910-462: Is commonplace in most wealthy nations, but remains uncommon in the world's poorer countries. Still, mammography has its disadvantages. Overall, screening mammograms miss about 1 in 8 breast cancers, they can also give false-positive results, causing extra anxiety and making patients overgo unnecessary additional exams, such as bioposies . Those who have a suspected tumor from a mammogram or physical exam first undergo additional imaging – typically
3007-509: Is confirmed by taking a biopsy of the concerning tissue. Once the diagnosis is made, further tests are carried out to determine if the cancer has spread beyond the breast and which treatments are most likely to be effective. Breast cancer screening can be instrumental, given that the size of a breast cancer and its spread are among the most critical factors in predicting the prognosis of the disease. Breast cancers found during screening are typically smaller and less likely to have spread outside
Susan G. Komen for the Cure - Misplaced Pages Continue
3104-783: Is controversial. Chemotherapy drugs are typically given in two- to three-week cycles, with periods of drug treatment interspersed with rest periods to recover from the therapies' side effects. Four to six cycles are given in total. Many classes of chemotherapeutic agents are effective for breast cancer treatment, including the DNA alkylating drugs ( cyclophosphamide ), anthracyclines ( doxorubicin and epirubicin ), antimetabolites ( fluorouracil , capecitabine , and methotrexate ), taxanes ( docetaxel and paclitaxel ), and platinum-based chemotherapies ( cisplatin and carboplatin ). Chemotherapies from different classes are typically given in combination, with particular chemotherapy drugs selected based on
3201-425: Is highest among heavy drinkers. Globally, about one in ten cases of breast cancer is caused by women drinking alcoholic beverages. Alcohol use is among the most common modifiable risk factors. Obesity and diabetes increase the risk of breast cancer. A high body mass index (BMI) causes 7% of breast cancers while diabetes is responsible for 2%. At the same time the correlation between obesity and breast cancer
3298-442: Is injected near the tumor site, and several hours later the lymph node the dye accumulates in is removed. After surgery, many undergo radiotherapy to decrease the chance of cancer recurrence . Those who had lumpectomies receive radiation to the whole breast. Those who had a mastectomy and are at elevated risk of tumor spread – tumor greater than five centimeters wide, or cancerous cells in nearby lymph nodes – receive radiation to
3395-413: Is low-dose X-ray imaging of the breast, called mammography . Each breast is pressed between two plates and imaged. Tumors can appear unusually dense within the breast, distort the shape of surrounding tissue, or cause small dense flecks called microcalcifications . Radiologists generally report mammogram results on a standardized scale – the six-point Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS)
3492-452: Is more than the head of the Red Cross is making for an organization that is one-tenth the size of the Red Cross. After the release of this information, Judith A. Salerno was named CEO, with Brinker named Founder and Chair of Global Strategy. Breast cancer Breast cancer is a cancer that develops from breast tissue. Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast,
3589-424: Is not at all linear. Studies show that those who rapidly gain weight in adulthood are at higher risk than those who have been overweight since childhood. Likewise, excess fat in the midriff seems to induce a higher risk than excess weight carried in the lower body. Dietary factors that may increase risk include a high-fat diet and obesity-related high cholesterol levels. Dietary iodine deficiency may also play
3686-486: Is only given to women who have undergone hysterectomies . In the 1980s, the abortion–breast cancer hypothesis posited that induced abortion increased the risk of developing breast cancer. This hypothesis was the subject of extensive scientific inquiry, which concluded that neither miscarriages nor abortions are associated with a heightened risk for breast cancer. The use of hormonal birth control does not cause breast cancer for most women; if it has an effect, it
3783-400: Is placed into a device inserted at the surgical site the tumor was removed from. Fresh radioactive material is added twice a day for five days, then the device is removed. Surgery plus radiation typically eliminates a person's breast tumor. Less than 5% of those treated have their breast tumor grow back. After surgery and radiation, the breast can be surgically reconstructed , either by adding
3880-462: Is small (on the order of 0.01% per user–year), temporary, and offset by the users' significantly reduced risk of ovarian and endometrial cancers. Among those with a family history of breast cancer, use of modern oral contraceptives does not appear to affect the risk of breast cancer. Drinking alcoholic beverages increases the risk of breast cancer, even among very light drinkers (women drinking less than half of one alcoholic drink per day). The risk
3977-526: Is the leading type of cancer in women, accounting for 25% of all cases. In 2018, it resulted in two million new cases and 627,000 deaths. It is more common in developed countries, and is more than 100 times more common in women than in men . For transgender individuals on gender-affirming hormone therapy , breast cancer is 5 times more common in cisgender women than in transgender men , and 46 times more common in transgender women than in cisgender men. Most people with breast cancer have no symptoms at
Susan G. Komen for the Cure - Misplaced Pages Continue
4074-401: Is the most common globally – where a higher number corresponds to a greater risk of a cancerous tumor. A mammogram also reveals breast density; dense breast tissue appears opaque on a mammogram and can obscure tumors. BI-RADS categorizes breast density into four categories. Mammography can detect around 90% of breast tumors in the least dense breasts (called "fatty" breasts), but just 60% in
4171-411: Is typically recommended for at least five years after surgery and chemotherapy, and is sometimes continued for 10 years or longer. Women with breast cancer who had a lumpectomy or a mastectomy and kept their other breast have similar survival rates to those who had a double mastectomy. There seems to be no survival advantage to removing the other breast, with only a 7% chance of cancer occurring in
4268-492: The BRCA genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 . Women with pathogenic variants in either gene have around a 70% chance of developing breast cancer in their lifetime, as well as an approximately 33% chance of developing ovarian cancer . Pathogenic variants in PALB2 – a gene whose product directly interacts with that of BRCA2 – also increase breast cancer risk; a woman with such a variant has around
4365-642: The Commonwealth Games through 1966, and was a championship in the United States in non-Olympic years from 1953 to 1973. It required 12 laps around a 1 ⁄ 4 -mile (402 m; 440 yd; 1,320 ft) track. Two men have won the Olympic 5000 metres on two occasions, both times back-to-back. Lasse Virén of Finland was the first to achieve the feat, winning the title in 1972 in Munich , before retaining
4462-484: The HER2 -targeted antibody trastuzumab to chemotherapy reduces the chance of cancer recurrence and death by at least a third. Trastuzumab is given weekly or every three weeks for twelve months. Adding a second HER2-targeted antibody, pertuzumab slightly enhances treatment efficacy. In rare cases, trastuzumab can disrupt heart function, and so it is typically not given in conjunction with anthracyclines, which can also damage
4559-457: The Prime Minister of Israel 's wife Sara Netanyahu . As of 2013, Komen raised over $ 36 million a year from over 60 cause marketing partnerships. The Susan G. Komen Race for the Cure is Komen's main fundraising event and the world's largest funding event for breast cancer. It consists of a series of 5K runs and fitness walks to raise money and awareness for breast cancer. The first race
4656-471: The 2008 model year, Ford Motor Company built a branded limited edition of 2,500 Ford Mustang motorcars with a "Warriors in Pink" package as part of its long-running association with Komen; an additional 1,000 were offered for 2009's model year. A longitudinal study found that women employed in the automotive plastics industry are almost five times as likely to develop breast cancer before menopause than women in
4753-489: The Cure and Breast Cancer 3 Day fundraisers. It spent the majority (51%) of this money on education efforts, which included advocacy, patient support services, national campaigns and educational events. 36% of the budget goes toward fundraising and administrative costs, and the remaining 13% is split between research, treatment, and screening efforts. Komen provides funding for basic, clinical, and translational breast cancer research and in breast health education. As of 2007,
4850-605: The Komen affiliate, with the remaining quarter sent to the central organization. Komen's other nationwide events include: In 2010, Komen was rated one of the most trusted nonprofit organizations in America. But, in light of scandals breaking between 2011 and 2017, revenue declined by roughly 80%, and a number of affiliates merged or dissolved. Komen's ranking on Charity Navigator, which was four stars (the highest rating) in 2013, sank to two stars in 2014. As of 2021, it ranks three stars, with
4947-565: The Olympic 5000 metres title twice, Ethiopian Meseret Defar winning in Athens in 2004 , taking silver behind compatriot Tirunesh Dibaba in 2008, before regaining the title in London in 2012 . Defar and Dibaba are the only athletes with three Olympic medals at the distance, with both reaching the podium in 2004, 2008 and 2012. In the World Championships, Great Britain's Mo Farah stands alone,
SECTION 50
#17328584772955044-494: The Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation in 1982. In 2007, the 25th anniversary of the organization , they changed the name to "Susan G. Komen for the Cure" and its logo to the pink ribbon . The logo represents Komen's signature Race for the Cure event, a jogging race that raises money for the foundation. In December 2009, Nancy Brinker was appointed CEO of the organization. Judith A. Salerno became CEO in 2012. In November 2016,
5141-594: The United Arab Emirates, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. In 2010, Komen was active in over 50 countries, with its largest affiliates in Italy and Germany . On October 28, 2010, Jerusalem held its first Susan G. Komen Race for the Cure, with over 5,000 Christian, Muslim, and Jewish participants. Before the race, the Old City 's walls were illuminated pink by Komen's founder, Nancy Brinker, Jerusalem Mayor Nir Barkat , and
5238-537: The absolute dollar amount of those grants had been steadily growing, it was not keeping pace with the surge in donations Komen had received. In 2011, the foundation spent $ 63 million (15%) of its donations on research grants and awards. In 2006, Komen joined the US-Middle East Partnership for Breast Cancer Awareness and Research, a Middle East Partnership Initiative program. Komen has programs in Egypt, Israel,
5335-536: The affected person's health and the different chemotherapeutics' side effects. Anthrocyclines and cyclophosphamide cause leukemia in up to 1% of those treated. Anthrocyclines also cause congestive heart failure in around 1% of people treated. Taxanes cause peripheral neuropathy , which is permanent in up to 5% of those treated. The same chemotherapy agents can be given before surgery – called neoadjuvant therapy – to shrink tumors, making them easier to safely remove. For those whose tumors are HER2-positive, adding
5432-553: The breast (nearly two thirds of cases) have the best prognoses – over 99% survive at least five years. Those whose tumors have metastasized to distant sites have relatively poor prognoses – 31% survive at least five years from the time of diagnosis. Triple-negative breast cancer (up to 15% of cases) and inflammatory breast cancer (up to 5% of cases) are particularly aggressive and have relatively poor prognoses. Those with triple-negative breast cancer have an overall five-year survival rate of 77% – 91% for those whose tumors are confined to
5529-431: The breast , with eczema -like red, scaly irritation on the nipple and areola . Advanced tumors can spread (metastasize) beyond the breast, most commonly to the bones, liver, lungs, and brain. Bone metastases can cause swelling, progressive bone pain , and weakening of the bones that leads to fractures . Liver metastases can cause abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and skin problems – rash , itchy skin, or yellowing of
5626-444: The breast, near the chest center), or for axillary lymph nodes that appear attached to each other or to the tissue around them (a sign of more severely affected tissue). N3 designates tumors that have spread to the highest axillary lymph nodes (called "level 3" axillary lymph nodes, above the armpit near the shoulder), to the supraclavicular lymph nodes (along the neck), or to both the axillary and intramammary lymph nodes. The M score
5723-671: The breast. A 2013 Cochrane review found that it was unclear whether mammographic screening does more harm than good, in that a large proportion of women who test positive turn out not to have the disease. A 2009 review for the US Preventive Services Task Force found evidence of benefit in those 40 to 70 years of age, and the organization recommends screening every two years in women 50 to 74 years of age. The medications tamoxifen or raloxifene may be used in an effort to prevent breast cancer in those who are at high risk of developing it. Surgical removal of both breasts
5820-406: The breast; 12% for those with metastases. Those with inflammatory breast cancer are diagnosed after the cancer has already spread to the skin of the breast. They have an overall five-year survival rate of 39%; 19% for those with metastases. The relatively rare tumors with tubular, mucinous, or medullary growth tend to have better prognoses. In addition to the factors that influence cancer staging,
5917-460: The cancer has spread to other parts of the body, treatments are mostly aimed at improving quality of life and comfort. Outcomes for breast cancer vary depending on the cancer type, the extent of disease , and the person's age. The five-year survival rates in England and the United States are between 80 and 90%. In developing countries, five-year survival rates are lower. Worldwide, breast cancer
SECTION 60
#17328584772956014-788: The cancer, another is started. In addition to the chemotherapeutic drugs used for localized cancer, gemcitabine , vinorelbine , etoposide , and epothilones are sometimes effective. Those with bone metastases benefit from regular infusion of the bone-strengthening agents denosumab and the bisphosphonates ; infusion every three months reduces the chance of bone pain, fractures, and bone hypercalcemia . Up to 70% of those with ER-positive metastatic breast cancer benefit from additional endocrine therapy. Therapy options include those used in localized cancer, plus toremifene and fulvestrant , often used in combination with CDK4/6 inhibitors ( palbociclib , ribociclib , or abemaciclib ). When one endocrine therapy fails, most will benefit from transitioning to
6111-427: The chance of detecting potentially dangerous tumors. Regularly feeling one's own breasts for lumps or other abnormalities, called breast self-examination , does not reduce a person's chance of dying from breast cancer. Clinical breast exams, where a health professional feels the breasts for abnormalities, are common; whether they reduce the risk of dying from breast cancer is not known. Regular breast cancer screening
6208-430: The controversy. In August, Brinker announced she would leave her CEO role. The number of participants at various Komen fundraising events dropped 15–30% in 2012. The Susan G. Komen 3-Day for the Cure fundraising walks were scaled back to seven US cities in 2013 from 14, due to a 37% drop in participation over the preceding four years. In January 2014 it was reported that the foundation saw a decline of 22% in contributions in
6305-406: The distance in metres rather than kilometres serves to disambiguate the two events. The 5000 m has been present on the Olympic programme since 1912 for men and since 1996 for women. Prior to 1996, women had competed in an Olympic 3000 metres race since 1984. The 5000 m has been held at each of the World Championships in Athletics in men's competition and since 1995 in women's. The event
6402-835: The heart. After their chemotherapy course, those whose tumors are ER-positive or PR-positive benefit from endocrine therapy , which reduces the levels of estrogens and progesterones that hormone receptor-positive breast cancers require to survive. Tamoxifen treatment blocks the ER in the breast and some other tissues, and reduces the risk of breast cancer death by around 40% over the next ten years. Chemically blocking estrogen production with GnRH -targeted drugs ( goserelin , leuprolide , or triptorelin ) and aromatase inhibitors ( anastrozole , letrozole , or exemestane ) slightly improves survival, but has more severe side effects. Side effects of estrogen depletion include hot flashes , vaginal discomfort, and muscle and joint pain. Endocrine therapy
6499-562: The largest single contribution in the organization's history. The partnership with KFC, which has since ended, allowed Komen "to reach many millions of women that they had been unable to reach before", said Brinker. In April 2011, Komen introduced a perfume brand, "Promise Me," promoted by Brinker on the Home Shopping Network , only to encounter opposition due to its potentially harmful ingredients coumarin , oxybenzone , toluene , and galaxolide . Komen said it intended to reformulate
6596-443: The lining of the mammary ducts . 10% are lobular carcinoma – derived from the mammary lobes – or mixed ductal/lobular carcinoma. Rarer types include mucinous carcinoma (around 2.5% of cases; surrounded by mucin ), tubular carcinoma (1.5%; full of small tubes of epithelial cells ), medullary carcinoma (1%; resembling "medullary" or middle-layer tissue), and papillary carcinoma (1%; covered in finger-like growths). Oftentimes
6693-758: The majority of their own funds towards research for a cure." Beginning in 2007, Komen granted money to pay for 170,000 clinical breast exams and 6,400 mammogram referrals through the Planned Parenthood Federation of America and affiliates. Komen had said its affiliates provide funds for screening, education, and treatment programs in dozens of communities where Planned Parenthood is the only place poor, uninsured or under-insured women can receive these services. Planned Parenthood clinics do not perform mammograms, instead making referrals for their patients to sites that do them. On January 31, 2012, Komen stopped funding exams provided by Planned Parenthood , citing
6790-421: The mammary lobes) rarely causes a noticeable lump, and is often found incidentally during a biopsy for another reason. It is commonly spread throughout both breasts. Those with lobular carcinoma in situ also have an increased risk of developing breast cancer – around 1% develop breast cancer each year. However, their risk of dying of breast cancer is no higher than the rest of the population. Invasive tumor tissue
6887-441: The mastectomy scar and chest wall. If cancerous cells have spread to nearby lymph nodes, those lymph nodes will be irradiated as well. Radiation is typically given five days per week, for up to seven weeks. Radiotherapy for breast cancer is typically delivered via external beam radiotherapy , where a device focuses radiation beams onto the targeted parts of the body. Instead, some undergo brachytherapy , where radioactive material
6984-677: The most dense breasts (called "extremely dense"). Women with particularly dense breasts can instead be screened by ultrasound , magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or tomosynthesis , all of which more sensitively detect breast tumors. Regular screening mammography reduces breast cancer deaths by at least 20%. Most medical guidelines recommend annual screening mammograms for women aged 50–70. Screening also reduces breast cancer mortality in women aged 40–49, and some guidelines recommend annual screening in this age group as well. For women at high risk for developing breast cancer, most guidelines recommend adding MRI screening to mammography, to increase
7081-477: The most successful and most decorated athlete in the event with three gold medals (2011, 2013 and 2015) and four medals in total (including silver in 2017) between 2011 and 2017. Kenya's Ismael Kirui was the first athlete to win the title twice in 1993 and 1995, and Ethiopia's Muktar Edris the third between 2017 and 2019. Romania's Gabriela Szabo won the title twice between 1995 and 1997. Since then four African runners - two Kenyan, two Ethiopian - have repeated
7178-489: The nipple. Some may experience unusual discharge from the breasts, or swelling of the lymph nodes under the arms or along the collar bone . Some less common forms of breast cancer cause distinctive symptoms. Up to 5% of people with breast cancer have inflammatory breast cancer , where cancer cells block the lymph vessels of one breast, causing the breast to substantially swell and redden over three to six months. Up to 3% of people with breast cancer have Paget's disease of
7275-399: The offending organizations and events were " Par for the Cure," " Surfing for a Cure," " Cupcakes for a Cure, " and " Mush for the Cure ". Komen says that the organization protects its trademarks as a matter of financial stewardship to prevent confusion among donors; others suggest that the trademark issue is more about dominating the pink ribbon market. Critics have also asserted that
7372-620: The organization announced that Salerno would step down as CEO the following month. In 2017, former fashion executive and breast cancer survivor Paula Schneider became the CEO. In 2023, the former executive director of the Nobel Prize-winning organization Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) Donna McKay became the CEO. Komen's Fiscal Year 2020 Spending In the 2020 fiscal year, Komen reported $ 195 million in public support, less direct benefits to donors . Of this, $ 137 million came from contributions and $ 72 million from Komen's flagship Race for
7469-478: The organization had awarded more than 1,000 breast cancer research grants totaling more than $ 180 million. Since 1992, Komen has also annually awarded work in the field of cancer research with the Komen Brinker Award for Scientific Distinction . In 2012, an analysis of Komen's finances by Reuters showed that the proportion of fundraising dollars it spent on research grants decreased by more than half. While
7566-454: The organization has been mired by controversy over pinkwashing , allocation of research funding, and CEO pay. The foundation's revenue and public perception have steeply declined since 2010. The foundation's namesake , Susan Goodman Komen, died of breast cancer in 1980 at age 36. Her younger sister Nancy Brinker , who has stated that she believed Susan's outcome might have been better had she known more about cancer and its treatment, founded
7663-438: The other breast over 20 years. For around 1 in 5 people treated for localized breast cancer, their tumors eventually spread to distant body sites – most commonly the nearby bones (67% of cases), liver (41%), lungs (37%), brain (13%), and peritoneum (10%). Those with metastatic disease can receive further chemotherapy, typically starting with capecitabine, an anthracycline, or a taxane. As one chemotherapy drug fails to control
7760-452: The other scored characteristics. The management of breast cancer depends on the affected person's health, the cancer case's molecular characteristics, and how far the tumor has spread at the time of diagnosis. Those whose tumors have not spread beyond the breast often undergo surgery to remove the tumor and some surrounding breast tissue. The surgery method is typically chosen to spare as much healthy breast tissue as possible, removing just
7857-459: The perfume but did not withdraw existing stocks of the "Promise Me" product from distribution. In October 2014, the Houston-based oil field services company Baker Hughes was reported to have produced 1,000 pink drill bits to raise breast cancer awareness. The bits are used to break up geologic formations in oil patches for hydraulic fracturing . These ties have been criticized because more than
7954-663: The protein PIK3CA . PARP inhibitors ( olaparib and talazoparib ) for those with mutations that inactivate BRCA1 or BRCA2 . The immune checkpoint inhibitor antibody atezolizumab for those whose tumors express PD-L1 . And the similar immunotherapy pembrolizumab for those whose tumors have mutations in various DNA repair pathways. Many breast cancer therapies have side effects that can be alleviated with appropriate supportive care. Chemotherapy causes hair loss , nausea , and vomiting in nearly everyone who receives it. Antiemetic drugs can alleviate nausea and vomiting; cooling
8051-518: The quality of life. Physical activity interventions, yoga and meditation may also have beneficial effects on health related quality of life, cognitive impairment, anxiety, fitness and physical activity in women with breast cancer following adjuvant therapy. Breast cancer prognosis varies widely depending on how far the tumor has spread at the time of diagnosis. Overall, 91% of women diagnosed with breast cancer survive at least five years from diagnosis. Those whose tumor(s) are completely confined to
8148-425: The radiation from mammography is a low dose, it is estimated that yearly screening from 40 to 80 years of age will cause approximately 225 cases of fatal breast cancer per million women screened. Around 10% of those with breast cancer have a family history of the disease or genetic factors that put them at higher risk. Women who have had a first-degree relative (mother or sister) diagnosed with breast cancer are at
8245-583: The risk of breast cancer. Autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus seem also to increase the risk for the acquisition of breast cancer. Women whose breasts have been exposed to substantial radiation doses before the age of 30 – typically due to repeated chest fluoroscopies or treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma – are at increased risk for developing breast cancer. Radioactive iodine therapy (used to treat thyroid disease) and radiation exposures after age 30 are not associated with breast cancer risk. 5000 metres The 5000 metres or 5000-metre run
8342-866: The scalp with a cold cap during chemotherapy treatments may reduce hair loss. Many complain of cognitive issues during chemotherapy treatment . These usually resolve within a few months of the end of chemotherapy treatment. Those on endocrine therapy often experience hot flashes , muscle and joint pain, and vaginal dryness/discomfort that can lead to issues having sex. Around half of women have their hot flashes alleviated by taking antidepressants ; pain can be treated with physical therapy and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ; counseling and use of personal lubricants can improve sexual issues. In women with non-metastatic breast cancer, psychological interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy can have positive effects on outcomes such as cognitive impairment, anxiety, depression and mood disturbance, and can also improve
8439-514: The skin ( jaundice ). Those with lung metastases experience chest pain , shortness of breath, and regular coughing . Metastases in the brain can cause persistent headache , seizures , nausea, vomiting, and disruptions to the affected person's speech, vision, memory, and regular behavior. Breast cancer screening refers to testing otherwise-healthy women for breast cancer in an attempt to diagnose breast tumors early when treatments are more successful. The most common screening test for breast cancer
8536-413: The slogan itself implies that the majority of Komen's income will fund research for a cure instead of mere treatment or detection; however Komen's own figures for the 2020 fiscal year reveal that only 5% of their total budget goes to research. In the words of cancer survivor Alicia Staley, "an organization that is actively pursuing other small charities over the use of the term 'for the cure' does not spend
8633-865: The three scores. Combined scores of 3, 4, or 5 represent grade 1, a slower-growing cancer. Scores of 6 or 7 represent grade 2. Scores of 8 or 9 represent grade 3, a faster-growing, more aggressive cancer. In addition to grading, tumor biopsy samples are tested by immunohistochemistry to determine if the tissue contains the proteins estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Tumors containing either ER or PR are called "hormone receptor-positive" and can be treated with hormone therapies. Around 15 to 20% of tumors contain HER2; these can be treated with HER2-targeted therapies. The remainder that do not contain ER, PR, or HER2 are called "triple-negative" tumors, and tend to grow more quickly than other breast cancer types. After
8730-431: The time of diagnosis; their tumor is detected by a breast cancer screening test. For those who do have symptoms, a new lump in the breast is most common. Most breast lumps are not cancer, though lumps that are painless, hard, and with irregular edges are more likely to be cancerous. Other symptoms include swelling or pain in the breast; dimpling, thickening, redness, or dryness of the breast skin; and pain, or inversion of
8827-560: The title in 1976 in Montreal . Mo Farah of Great Britain matched the achievement, winning the title in 2012 in London , and retaining it four years later in Rio de Janeiro . Both men achieved 5000/10,000 m doubles on each occasion. Finnish legend Paavo Nurmi is the only male runner to have won three Olympic medals at the distance, a gold and two silvers between 1920 and 1928. Only one woman has won
8924-434: The tumor ( lumpectomy ) or a larger part of the breast (partial mastectomy ). Those with large or multiple tumors, high genetic risk of subsequent cancers, or who are unable to receive radiation therapy may instead opt for full removal of the affected breast(s) (full mastectomy). To reduce the risk of cancer spreading, women will often have the nearest lymph node removed in a procedure called sentinel lymph node biopsy. Dye
9021-547: The tumor is evaluated, the breast cancer case is staged using the American Joint Committee on Cancer and Union for International Cancer Control 's TNM staging system . Scores are assigned based on characteristics of the tumor (T), lymph nodes (N), and any metastases (M). T scores are determine by the size and extent of the tumor. Tumors less than 2 centimeters (cm) across are designated T1. Tumors 2–5 cm across are T2. A tumor greater than 5 cm across
9118-549: The year following their decision to cease (and then resume) funding for Planned Parenthood. Karen Handel , the Brinker protégée whose opposition to abortion was at the center of the Planned Parenthood controversy, resigned and has published a book on the controversy titled Planned Bullyhood . In 2006, Komen wrote in its newsletter that embryonic stem cell research had promise for curing breast cancer. One such grant recipient
9215-742: Was Robert A. Weinberg, Ph.D., through Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research at MIT . In 2011, the anti-abortion Coalition on Abortion/Breast Cancer said that Komen gave $ 12 million to institutions such as Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and the U.S. National Cancer Institute that funded stem cell research, which the Coalition considered to be abortion. In 2012, Komen said that it had never funded stem cell research. According to Science magazine, Christopher Umbricht got nearly $ 600,000 from Komen for molecular marker research at Johns Hopkins that includes stem cells. According to Komen's 2011–12 IRS Form 990 declarations, Brinker made $ 684,717 that fiscal year,
9312-635: Was raised to $ 1.6 million. In return, a major sponsor such as Yoplait obtains an exclusive contract; no other yogurt manufacturer may use the branding. In 2002, credit card operator American Express launched the "Charge for a Cure" campaign that claimed that "in the search for a cure, every dollar counts." The amount donated per qualifying transaction, regardless of the purchase amount, was one cent. Several water bottle retailers have partnered with Komen. Water cooler bottles made of polycarbonate may contain BPA , which has been linked to breast cancer tumor growth. For
9409-461: Was run in Dallas, Texas in 1983, with 800 participants. By 2016, over 1.6 million people participated in the race. The race's primary source of revenue is donations collected by the participants. In 2011, Komen said that three-quarters of the event's proceeds were being used locally to pay for community outreach programs, breast health education, and breast cancer screening and treatment projects run by
#294705